Download raw (1000.8 KB)

{
    "title": "Cloud",
    "original_title": "Cloud",
    "pageid": "47515",
    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud",
    "_content": "In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point, or when it gains sufficient moisture (usually in the form of water vapor) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature.\nClouds are seen in the Earth's homosphere, which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Nephology is the science of clouds, which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology.  There are two methods of naming clouds in their respective layers of the homosphere, Latin and common name.\nGenus types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have Latin names because of the universal adoption of Luke Howard's nomenclature that was formally proposed in 1802.  It became the basis of a modern international system that divides clouds into five physical forms which can be further divided or classified into altitude levels to derive ten basic genera. The main representative cloud types for each of these forms are stratiform, cumuliform, stratocumuliform, cumulonimbiform, and cirriform.  Low-level  clouds do not have any altitude-related prefixes.  However mid-level stratiform and stratocumuliform types are given the prefix alto- while high-level variants of these same two forms carry the prefix cirro-.  In both cases, strato- is dropped from the latter form to avoid double-prefixing. Genus types with sufficient vertical extent to occupy more than one level do not carry any altitude related prefixes.  They are classified formally as low- or mid-level depending on the altitude at which each initially forms, and are also more informally characterized as multi-level or vertical.  Most of the ten genera derived by this method of classification can be subdivided into species and further subdivided into varieties. Very low stratiform clouds that extend down to the Earth's surface are given the common names fog and mist, but have no Latin names.\nIn the stratosphere and mesosphere, clouds have common names for their main types. They may have the appearance of stratiform veils or sheets, cirriform wisps, or stratocumuliform bands or ripples. They are seen infrequently, mostly in the polar regions of Earth. Clouds have been observed in the atmospheres of other planets and moons in the Solar System and beyond. However, due to their different temperature characteristics, they are often composed of other substances such as methane, ammonia, and sulfuric acid, as well as water.\nTropospheric clouds can have a direct effect on climate change on Earth.  They may reflect incoming rays from the sun which can contribute to a cooling effect where and when these clouds occur, or trap longer wave radiation that reflects back up from the Earth's surface which can cause a warming effect.  The altitude, form, and thickness of the clouds are the main factors that affect the local heating or cooling of Earth and the atmosphere.  Clouds that form above the troposphere are too scarce and too thin to have any influence on climate change. Clouds are the main uncertainty in climate sensitivity.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\nThe origin of the term \"cloud\" can be found in the Old English words clud or clod, meaning a hill or a mass of stone. Around the beginning of the 13th century, the word came to be used as a metaphor for rain clouds, because of the similarity in appearance between a mass of rock and cumulus heap cloud. Over time, the metaphoric usage of the word supplanted the Old English weolcan, which had been the literal term for clouds in general.\n\n\n== Homospheric nomenclatures and cross-classification ==\nThe table that follows is very broad in scope like the cloud genera template upon which it is partly based. There are some variations in styles of nomenclature between the classification scheme used for the troposphere (strict Latin except for surface based aerosols) and the higher levels of the homosphere (common terms, some informally derived from Latin). However, the schemes presented here share a cross-classification of physical forms and altitude levels to derive the 10 tropospheric genera, the fog and mist that forms at surface level, and several additional major types above the troposphere. The cumulus genus includes four species that indicate vertical size which can affect the altitude levels.\n\n\n== History of cloud science ==\nAncient cloud studies were not made in isolation, but were observed in combination with other weather elements and even other natural sciences. Around 340 BC, Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote Meteorologica, a work which represented the sum of knowledge of the time about natural science, including weather and climate. For the first time, precipitation and the clouds from which precipitation fell were called meteors, which originate from the Greek word meteoros, meaning 'high in the sky'. From that word came the modern term meteorology, the study of clouds and weather. Meteorologica was based on intuition and simple observation, but not on what is now considered the scientific method. Nevertheless, it was the first known work that attempted to treat a broad range of meteorological topics in a systematic way, especially the hydrological cycle.\nAfter centuries of speculative theories about the formation and behavior of clouds, the first truly scientific studies were undertaken by Luke Howard in England and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in France. Howard was a methodical observer with a strong grounding in the Latin language, and used his background to formally classify the various tropospheric cloud types during 1802. He believed that scientific observations of the changing cloud forms in the sky could unlock the key to weather forecasting.\nLamarck had worked independently on cloud classification the same year and had come up with a different naming scheme that failed to make an impression even in his home country of France because it used unusually descriptive and informal French names and phrases for cloud types. His system of nomenclature included 12 categories of clouds, with such names as (translated from French) hazy clouds, dappled clouds, and broom-like clouds. By contrast, Howard used universally accepted Latin, which caught on quickly after it was published in 1803. As a sign of the popularity of the naming scheme, German dramatist and poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe composed four poems about clouds, dedicating them to Howard.\nAn elaboration of Howard's system was eventually formally adopted by the International Meteorological Conference in 1891. This system covered only the tropospheric cloud types.  However, the discovery of clouds above the troposphere during the late 19th century eventually led to the creation of separate classification schemes that reverted to the use of descriptive common names and phrases that somewhat recalled Lamarck's methods of classification.  These very high clouds, although classified by these different methods, are nevertheless broadly similar to some cloud forms identified in the troposphere with Latin names.\n\n\n== Formation ==\n\nTerrestrial clouds can be found throughout most of the homosphere, which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Within these layers of the atmosphere, air can become saturated as a result of being cooled to its dew point or by having moisture added from an adjacent source. In the latter case, saturation occurs when the dew point is raised to the ambient air temperature.\n\n\n=== Adiabatic cooling ===\nAdiabatic cooling occurs when one or more of three possible lifting agents \u2013 convective, cyclonic/frontal, or orographic \u2013 cause a parcel of air containing invisible water vapor to rise and cool to its dew point, the temperature at which the air becomes saturated. The main mechanism behind this process is adiabatic cooling. As the air is cooled to its dew point and becomes saturated, water vapor normally condenses to form cloud drops. This condensation normally occurs on cloud condensation nuclei such as salt or dust particles that are small enough to be held aloft by normal circulation of the air.\n\nOne agent is the convective upward motion of air caused by daytime solar heating at surface level. Low level airmass instability allows for the formation of cumuliform clouds in the troposphere that can produce showers if the air is sufficiently moist. On moderately rare occasions, convective lift can be powerful enough to penetrate the tropopause and push the cloud top into the stratosphere.Frontal and cyclonic lift occur in the troposphere when stable air is forced aloft at weather fronts and around centers of low pressure by a process called convergence. Warm fronts associated with extratropical cyclones tend to generate mostly cirriform and stratiform clouds over a wide area unless the approaching warm airmass is unstable, in which case cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus clouds are usually embedded in the main precipitating cloud layer. Cold fronts are usually faster moving and generate a narrower line of clouds, which are mostly stratocumuliform, cumuliform, or cumulonimbiform depending on the stability of the warm airmass just ahead of the front.\n\nA third source of lift is wind circulation forcing air over a physical barrier such as a mountain (orographic lift). If the air is generally stable, nothing more than lenticular cap clouds form. However, if the air becomes sufficiently moist and unstable, orographic showers or thunderstorms may appear.Clouds formed by any of these lifting agents are initially seen in the troposphere where these agents are most active.  However, water vapor that has been lifted to the top of troposphere can be carried even higher by gravity waves where further condensation can result in the formation of clouds in the stratosphere and mesosphere. \n\n\n=== Non-adiabatic cooling ===\nAlong with adiabatic cooling that requires a lifting agent, three major nonadiabatic mechanisms exist for lowering the temperature of the air to its dew point. Conductive, radiational, and evaporative cooling require no lifting mechanism and can cause condensation at surface level resulting in the formation of fog.\n\n\n=== Adding moisture to the air ===\nSeveral main sources of water vapor can be added to the air as a way of achieving saturation without any cooling process: evaporation from surface water or moist ground, precipitation or virga, and transpiration from plants.\n\n\n== Tropospheric classification ==\n\nClassification in the troposphere is based on a hierarchy of categories with physical forms and altitude levels at the top. These are cross-classified into a total of ten genus types, most of which can be divided into species and further subdivided into varieties which are at the bottom of the hierarchy.\n\n\n=== Physical forms ===\n\nClouds in the troposphere assume five physical forms based on structure and process of formation. These forms are commonly used for the purpose of satellite analysis. They are given below in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity.\nNonconvective stratiform clouds appear in stable airmass conditions and, in general, have flat, sheet-like structures that can form at any altitude in the troposphere. The stratiform group is divided by altitude range into the genera cirrostratus (high-level), altostratus (mid-level), stratus (low-level), and nimbostratus (multi-level). Fog is commonly considered a surface-based cloud layer. The fog may form at surface level in clear air or it may be the result of a very low stratus cloud subsiding to ground or sea level. Conversely, low stratiform clouds result when advection fog is lifted above surface level during breezy conditions.\nCirriform clouds in the troposphere are of the genus cirrus and have the appearance of detached or semimerged filaments. They form at high tropospheric altitudes in air that is mostly stable with little or no convective activity, although denser patches may occasionally show buildups caused by limited high-level convection where the air is partly unstable. Clouds resembling cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus can be found above the troposphere but are classified separately using common names.\nStratocumuliform clouds both cumuliform and stratiform characteristics in the form of rolls, ripples, or elements. They generally form as a result of limited convection in an otherwise mostly stable airmass topped by an inversion layer. If the inversion layer is absent or higher in the troposphere, increased airmass instability may cause the cloud layers to develop tops in the form of turrets consisting of embedded cumuliform buildups. The stratocumuliform group is divided into cirrocumulus (high-level, strato- prefix dropped), altocumulus (mid-level, strato- prefix dropped), and stratocumulus (low-level).\nCumuliform clouds generally appear in isolated heaps or tufts. They are the product of localized but generally free-convective lift where no inversion layers are in the troposphere to limit vertical growth. In general, small cumuliform clouds tend to indicate comparatively weak instability. Larger cumuliform types are a sign of greater atmospheric instability and convective activity. Depending on their vertical size, clouds of the cumulus genus type may be low-level or multi-level with moderate to towering vertical extent.\nCumulonimbus clouds are largest free-convective clouds, which has a towering vertical extent. They occur in highly unstable air and often have fuzzy outlines at the upper parts of the clouds that sometimes include anvil tops. These clouds are the product of very strong convection that can penetrate the lower stratosphere.\n\n\n=== Levels and genera ===\n\nTropospheric clouds form in any of three levels (formerly called \u00e9tages) based on altitude range above the Earth's surface. The grouping of clouds into levels is commonly done for the purposes of cloud atlases, surface weather observations, and weather maps. The base-height range for each level varies depending on the latitudinal geographical zone. Each altitude level comprises two or three genus-types differentiated mainly by physical form.The standard levels and genus-types are summarised below in approximate descending order of the altitude at which each is normally based. Multi-level clouds with significant vertical extent are separately listed and summarized in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity.\n\n\n==== High-level ====\n\nHigh clouds form at altitudes of 3,000 to 7,600 m (10,000 to 25,000 ft) in the polar regions, 5,000 to 12,200 m (16,500 to 40,000 ft) in the temperate regions, and 6,100 to 18,300 m (20,000 to 60,000 ft) in the tropics. All cirriform clouds are classified as high, thus constitute a single genus cirrus (Ci). Stratocumuliform and stratiform clouds in the high altitude range carry the prefix cirro-, yielding the respective genus names cirrocumulus (Cc) and cirrostratus (Cs). If limited-resolution satellite images of high clouds are analysed without supporting data from direct human observations, distinguishing between individual forms or genus types becomes impossible, and they are collectively identified as high-type (or informally as cirrus-type, though not all high clouds are of the cirrus form or genus).\nGenus cirrus (Ci) \u2013 these are mostly fibrous wisps of delicate, white, cirriform, ice crystal clouds that show up clearly against the blue sky. Cirrus are generally non-convective except castellanus and floccus subtypes which show limited convection. They often form along a high altitude jetstream and at the very leading edge of a frontal or low-pressure disturbance where they may merge into cirrostratus. This high-level cloud genus does not produce precipitation.Genus cirrocumulus (Cc) \u2013 this is a pure white high stratocumuliform layer of limited convection. It is composed of ice crystals or supercooled water droplets appearing as small unshaded round masses or flakes in groups or lines with ripples like sand on a beach. Cirrocumulus occasionally forms alongside cirrus and may be accompanied or replaced by cirrostratus clouds near the leading edge of an active weather system. This genus-type occasionally produces virga, precipitation that evaporates below the base of the cloud.Genus cirrostratus (Cs) \u2013 cirrostratus is a thin nonconvective stratiform ice crystal veil that typically gives rise to halos caused by refraction of the sun's rays. The sun and moon are visible in clear outline. Cirrostratus does not produce precipitation, but often thickens into altostratus ahead of a warm front or low-pressure area, which sometimes does.\n\n\n==== Mid-level ====\n\nNonvertical clouds in the middle level are prefixed by alto-, yielding the genus names altocumulus (Ac) for stratocumuliform types and altostratus (As) for stratiform types. These clouds can form as low as 2,000 m (6,500 ft) above surface at any latitude, but may be based as high as 4,000 m (13,000 ft) near the poles, 7,000 m (23,000 ft) at midlatitudes, and 7,600 m (25,000 ft) in the tropics. As with high clouds, the main genus types are easily identified by the human eye, but distinguishing between them using satellite photography alone is not possible. When the supporting data of human observations are not available, these clouds are usually collectively identified as middle-type on satellite images.\nGenus altocumulus (Ac) \u2013 This is a midlevel cloud layer of limited convection that is usually appears in the form of irregular patches or more extensive sheets arranged in groups, lines, or waves. Altocumulus may occasionally resemble cirrocumulus, but is usually thicker and composed of a mix of water droplets and ice crystals, so the bases show at least some light-grey shading. Altocumulus can produce virga, very light precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground.Genus altostratus (As) \u2013 Altostratus is a midlevel opaque or translucent nonconvective veil of grey/blue-grey cloud that often forms along warm fronts and around low-pressure areas. Altostratus is usually composed of water droplets, but may be mixed with ice crystals at higher altitudes. Widespread opaque altostratus can produce light continuous or intermittent precipitation.\n\n\n==== Low-level ====\n\nLow clouds are found from near the surface up to 2,000 m (6,500 ft). Genus types in this level either have no prefix or carry one that refers to a characteristic other than altitude. Clouds that form in the low level of the troposphere are generally of larger structure than those that form in the middle and high levels, so they can usually be identified by their forms and genus types using satellite photography alone.\nGenus stratocumulus (Sc) \u2013 This genus type is a stratocumuliform cloud layer of limited convection, usually in the form of irregular patches or more extensive sheets similar to altocumulus but having larger elements with deeper-gray shading. Stratocumulus is often present during wet weather originating from other rain clouds, but can only produce very light precipitation on its own.Species cumulus humilis \u2013 These are small detached fair-weather cumuliform clouds that have nearly horizontal bases and flattened tops, and do not produce rain showers.Genus stratus (St) \u2013 This is a flat or sometimes ragged nonconvective stratiform type that sometimes resembles elevated fog. Only very weak precipitation can fall from this cloud, usually drizzle or snow grains. When a very low stratus cloud subsides to surface level, it loses its Latin terminology and is given the common name fog if the prevailing surface visibility is less than 1 km (0.62 mi). If the visibility is 1 km or higher, the visible condensation is termed mist.\n\n\n==== Multi-level or moderate vertical ====\n\nThese clouds have low- to mid-level bases that form anywhere from near the surface to about 2,400 m (8,000 ft) and tops that can extend into the mid-altitude range and sometimes higher in the case of nimbostratus.\n\nGenus nimbostratus (Ns) \u2013 This is a diffuse, dark grey, multi-level stratiform layer with great horizontal extent and usually moderate to deep vertical development that looks feebly illuminated from the inside. Nimbostratus normally forms from mid-level altostratus, and develops at least moderate vertical extent when the base subsides into the low level during precipitation that can reach moderate to heavy intensity. It  achieves even greater vertical development when it simultaneously grows upward into the high level due to large-scale frontal or cyclonic lift. The nimbo- prefix refers to its ability to produce continuous rain or snow over a wide area, especially ahead of a warm front. This thick cloud layer lacks any towering structure of its own, but may be accompanied by embedded towering cumuliform or cumulonimbiform types. Meteorologists affiliated with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) officially classify nimbostratus as mid-level for synoptic purposes while informally characterizing it as multi-level. Independent meteorologists and educators appear split between those who largely follow the WMO model and those who classify nimbostratus as low-level, despite its considerable vertical extent and its usual initial formation in the middle altitude range.Species cumulus mediocris \u2013 These cumuliform clouds of free convection have clear-cut, medium-grey, flat bases and white, domed tops in the form of small sproutings and generally do not produce precipitation. They usually form in the low level of the troposphere except during conditions of very low relative humidity, when the clouds bases can rise into the middle-altitude range. Cumulus mediocris is officially classified as low-level and more informally characterized as having moderate vertical extent that can involve more than one altitude level.\n\n\n==== Towering vertical ====\n\nThese very large cumuliform and cumulonimbiform types have cloud bases in the same low- to mid-level range as the multi-level and moderate vertical types, but the tops nearly always extend into the high levels.  Unlike less vertically developed clouds, they are required to be identified by their standard names or abbreviations in all aviation observations (METARS) and forecasts (TAFS) to warn pilots of possible severe weather and turbulence.\nSpecies cumulus congestus \u2013 Increasing airmass instability can cause free-convective cumulus to grow very tall to the extent that the vertical height from base to top is greater than the base-width of the cloud. The cloud base takes on a darker grey coloration and the top commonly resembles a cauliflower. This cloud type can produce moderate to heavy showers and is designated Towering cumulus (Tcu) by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).Genus cumulonimbus (Cb) \u2013 This genus type is a heavy, towering, cumulonimbiform mass of free-convective cloud with a dark-grey to nearly black base and a very high top in the form of a mountain or huge tower. Cumulonimbus can produce thunderstorms, local very heavy downpours of rain that may cause flash floods, and a variety of types of lightning including cloud-to-ground that can cause wildfires. Other convective severe weather may or may not be associated with thunderstorms and include heavy snow showers, hail, strong wind shear, downbursts, and tornadoes. Of all these possible cumulonimbus-related events, lightning is the only one of these that requires a thunderstorm to be taking place since it is the lightning that creates the thunder. Cumulonimbus clouds can form in unstable airmass conditions, but tend to be more concentrated and intense when they are associated with unstable cold fronts.\n\n\n=== Species ===\nGenus types are commonly divided into subtypes called species that indicate specific structural details which can vary according to the stability and windshear characteristics of the atmosphere at any given time and location. Despite this hierarchy, a particular species may be a subtype of more than one genus, especially if the genera are of the same physical form and are differentiated from each other mainly by altitude or level. There are a few species, each of which can be associated with genera of more than one physical form. The species types are grouped below according to the physical forms and genera with which each is normally associated. The forms, genera, and species are listed from left to right in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity.\n\n\n==== Stable or mostly stable ====\nOf the non-convective stratiform group, high-level cirrostratus comprises two species. Cirrostratus nebulosus has a rather diffuse appearance lacking in structural detail. Cirrostratus fibratus is a species made of semi-merged filaments that are transitional to or from cirrus. Mid-level altostratus and multi-level nimbostratus always have a flat or diffuse appearance and are therefore not subdivided into species. Low stratus is of the species nebulosus except when broken up into ragged sheets of stratus fractus (see below).Cirriform clouds have three non-convective species that can form in stable airmass conditions. Cirrus fibratus comprise filaments that may be straight, wavy, or occasionally twisted by wind shear. The species uncinus is similar but has upturned hooks at the ends. Cirrus spissatus appear as opaque patches that can show light grey shading.\n\nStratocumuliform genus-types (cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus) that appear in mostly stable air with limited convection have two species each. The stratiformis species normally occur in extensive sheets or in smaller patches where there is only minimal convective activity. Clouds of the lenticularis species tend to have lens-like shapes tapered at the ends. They are most commonly seen as orographic mountain-wave clouds, but can occur anywhere in the troposphere where there is strong wind shear combined with sufficient airmass stability to maintain a generally flat cloud structure. These two species can be found in the high, middle, or low levels of the troposphere depending on the stratocumuliform genus or genera present at any given time.\n\n\n==== Ragged ====\nThe species fractus shows variable instability because it can be a subdivision of genus-types of different physical forms that have different stability characteristics. This subtype can be in the form of ragged but mostly stable stratiform sheets (stratus fractus) or small ragged cumuliform heaps with somewhat greater instability (cumulus fractus). When clouds of this species are associated with precipitating cloud systems of considerable vertical and sometimes horizontal extent, they are also classified as accessory clouds under the name pannus (see section on supplementary features).\n\n\n==== Partly unstable ====\n\nThese species are subdivisions of genus types that can occur in partly unstable air with limited convection. The species castellanus appears when a mostly stable stratocumuliform or cirriform layer becomes disturbed by localized areas of airmass instability, usually in the morning or afternoon. This results in the formation of embedded cumuliform buildups arising from a common stratiform base. Castellanus resembles the turrets of a castle when viewed from the side, and can be found with stratocumuliform genera at any tropospheric altitude level and with limited-convective patches of high-level cirrus. Tufted clouds of the more detached floccus species are subdivisions of genus-types which may be cirriform or stratocumuliform in overall structure. They are sometimes seen with cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus.A newly recognized species of stratocumulus or altocumulus has been given the name volutus, a roll cloud that can occur ahead of a cumulonimbus formation. There are some volutus clouds that form as a consequence of interactions with specific geographical features rather than with a parent cloud. Perhaps the strangest geographically specific cloud of this type is the Morning Glory, a rolling cylindrical cloud that appears unpredictably over the Gulf of Carpentaria in Northern Australia. Associated with a powerful \"ripple\" in the atmosphere, the cloud may be \"surfed\" in glider aircraft.\n\n\n==== Unstable or mostly unstable ====\nMore general airmass instability in the troposphere tends to produce clouds of the more freely convective cumulus genus type, whose species are mainly indicators of degrees of atmospheric instability and resultant vertical development of the clouds. A cumulus cloud initially forms in the low level of the troposphere as a cloudlet of the species humilis that shows only slight vertical development. If the air becomes more unstable, the cloud tends to grow vertically into the species mediocris, then strongly convective congestus, the tallest cumulus species which is the same type that the International Civil Aviation Organization refers to as 'towering cumulus'.\n\nWith highly unstable atmospheric conditions, large cumulus may continue to grow into even more strongly convective cumulonimbus calvus (essentially a very tall congestus cloud that produces thunder), then ultimately into the species capillatus when supercooled water droplets at the top of the cloud turn into ice crystals giving it a cirriform appearance.\n\n\n=== Varieties ===\nGenus and species types are further subdivided into varieties whose names can appear after the species name to provide a fuller description of a cloud. Some cloud varieties are not restricted to a specific altitude level or form, and can therefore be common to more than one genus or species.\n\n\n==== Opacity-based ====\n\nAll cloud varieties fall into one of two main groups. One group identifies the opacities of particular low and mid-level cloud structures and comprises the varieties translucidus (thin translucent), perlucidus (thick opaque with translucent or very small clear breaks), and opacus (thick opaque). These varieties are always identifiable for cloud genera and species with variable opacity. All three are associated with the stratiformis species of altocumulus and stratocumulus. However, only two varieties are seen with altostratus and stratus nebulosus whose uniform structures prevent the formation of a perlucidus variety. Opacity-based varieties are not applied to high clouds because they are always translucent, or in the case of cirrus spissatus, always opaque.\n\n\n==== Pattern-based ====\n\nA second group describes the occasional arrangements of cloud structures into particular patterns that are discernible by a surface-based observer (cloud fields usually being visible only from a significant altitude above the formations). These varieties are not always present with the genera and species with which they are otherwise associated, but only appear when atmospheric conditions favor their formation. Intortus and vertebratus varieties occur on occasion with cirrus fibratus. They are respectively filaments twisted into irregular shapes, and those that are arranged in fishbone patterns, usually by uneven wind currents that favor the formation of these varieties. The variety radiatus is associated with cloud rows of a particular type that appear to converge at the horizon. It is sometimes seen with the fibratus and uncinus species of cirrus, the stratiformis species of altocumulus and stratocumulus, the mediocris and sometimes humilis species of cumulus, and with the genus altostratus.\n\nAnother variety, duplicatus (closely spaced layers of the same type, one above the other), is sometimes found with cirrus of both the fibratus and uncinus species, and with altocumulus and stratocumulus of the species stratiformis and lenticularis. The variety undulatus (having a wavy undulating base) can occur with any clouds of the species stratiformis or lenticularis, and with altostratus. It is only rarely observed with stratus nebulosus. The variety lacunosus is caused by localized downdrafts that create circular holes in the form of a honeycomb or net. It is occasionally seen with cirrocumulus and altocumulus of the species stratiformis, castellanus, and floccus, and with stratocumulus of the species stratiformis and castellanus.\n\n\n==== Combinations ====\nIt is possible for some species to show combined varieties at one time, especially if one variety is opacity-based and the other is pattern-based. An example of this would be a layer of altocumulus stratiformis arranged in seemingly converging rows separated by small breaks. The full technical name of a cloud in this configuration would be altocumulus stratiformis radiatus perlucidus, which would identify respectively its genus, species, and two combined varieties.\n\n\n=== Other types ===\n\nSupplementary features and accessory clouds are not further subdivisions of cloud types below the species and variety level. Rather, they are either hydrometeors or special cloud types with their own Latin names that form in association with certain cloud genera, species, and varieties. Supplementary features, whether in the form of clouds or precipitation, are directly attached to the main genus-cloud. Accessory clouds, by contrast, are generally detached from the main cloud.\n\n\n==== Precipitation-based supplementary features ====\nOne group of supplementary features are not actual cloud formations, but precipitation that falls when water droplets or ice crystals that make up visible clouds have grown too heavy to remain aloft. Virga is a feature seen with clouds producing precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground, these being of the genera cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, nimbostratus, stratocumulus, cumulus, and cumulonimbus.When the precipitation reaches the ground without completely evaporating, it is designated as the feature praecipitatio. This normally occurs with altostratus opacus, which can produce widespread but usually light precipitation, and with thicker clouds that show significant vertical development. Of the latter, upward-growing cumulus mediocris produces only isolated light showers, while downward growing nimbostratus is capable of heavier, more extensive precipitation. Towering vertical clouds have the greatest ability to produce intense precipitation events, but these tend to be localized unless organized along fast-moving cold fronts. Showers of moderate to heavy intensity can fall from cumulus congestus clouds. Cumulonimbus, the largest of all cloud genera, has the capacity to produce very heavy showers. Low stratus clouds usually produce only light precipitation, but this always occurs as the feature praecipitatio due to the fact this cloud genus lies too close to the ground to allow for the formation of virga.\n\n\n==== Cloud-based supplementary features ====\nIncus is the most type-specific supplementary feature, seen only with cumulonimbus of the species capillatus. A cumulonimbus incus cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.The mamma feature forms on the bases of clouds as downward-facing bubble-like protuberances caused by localized downdrafts within the cloud. It is also sometimes called mammatus, an earlier version of the term used before a standardization of Latin nomenclature brought about by the World Meteorological Organization during the 20th century. The best-known is cumulonimbus with mammatus, but the mamma feature is also seen occasionally with cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, and stratocumulus.A tuba feature is a cloud column that may hang from the bottom of a cumulus or cumulonimbus. A newly formed or poorly organized column might be comparatively benign, but can quickly intensify into a funnel cloud or tornado.An arcus feature is a roll cloud with ragged edges attached to the lower front part of cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus that forms along the leading edge of a squall line or thunderstorm outflow. A large arcus formation can have the appearance of a dark menacing arch.Several new supplementary features have been formally recognized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The feature fluctus can form under conditions of strong atmospheric wind shear when a stratocumulus, altocumulus, or cirrus cloud breaks into regularly spaced crests. This variant is sometimes known informally as a Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz (wave) cloud. This phenomenon has also been observed in cloud formations over other planets and even in the sun's atmosphere. Another highly disturbed but more chaotic wave-like cloud feature associated with stratocumulus or altocumulus cloud has been given the Latin name asperitas. The supplementary feature cavum is a circular fall-streak hole that occasionally forms in a thin layer of supercooled altocumulus or cirrocumulus. Fall streaks consisting of virga or wisps of cirrus are usually seen beneath the hole as ice crystals fall out to a lower altitude. This type of hole is usually larger than typical lacunosus holes. A murus feature is a cumulonimbus wall cloud with a lowering, rotating cloud base than can lead to the development of tornadoes. A cauda feature is a tail cloud that extends horizontally away from the murus cloud and is the result of air feeding into the storm.\n\n\n==== Accessory clouds ====\nSupplementary cloud formations detached from the main cloud are known as accessory clouds. The heavier precipitating clouds, nimbostratus, towering cumulus (cumulus congestus), and cumulonimbus typically see the formation in precipitation of the pannus feature, low ragged clouds of the genera and species cumulus fractus or stratus fractus.A group of accessory clouds comprise formations that are associated mainly with upward-growing cumuliform and cumulonimbiform clouds of free convection. Pileus is a cap cloud that can form over a cumulonimbus or large cumulus cloud, whereas a velum feature is a thin horizontal sheet that sometimes forms like an apron around the middle or in front of the parent cloud. An accessory cloud recently officially recognized by the World meteorological Organization is the flumen, also known more informally as the beaver's tail. It is formed by the warm, humid inflow of a super-cell thunderstorm, and can be mistaken for a tornado. Although the flumen can indicate a tornado risk, it is similar in appearance to pannus or scud clouds and does not rotate.\n\n\n==== Mother clouds ====\n\nClouds initially form in clear air or become clouds when fog rises above surface level. The genus of a newly formed cloud is determined mainly by air mass characteristics such as stability and moisture content. If these characteristics change over time, the genus tends to change accordingly. When this happens, the original genus is called a mother cloud. If the mother cloud retains much of its original form after the appearance of the new genus, it is termed a genitus cloud. One example of this is stratocumulus cumulogenitus, a stratocumulus cloud formed by the partial spreading of a cumulus type when there is a loss of convective lift. If the mother cloud undergoes a complete change in genus, it is considered to be a mutatus cloud.\n\n\n==== Other genitus and mutatus clouds ====\nThe genitus and mutatus categories have been expanded to include certain types that do not originate from pre-existing clouds. The term flammagenitus (Latin for 'fire-made') applies to cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus that are formed by large scale fires or volcanic eruptions. Smaller low-level \"pyrocumulus\" or \"fumulus\" clouds formed by contained industrial activity are now classified as cumulus homogenitus (Latin for 'man-made'). Contrails formed from the exhaust of aircraft flying in the upper level of the troposphere can persist and spread into formations resembling cirrus which are designated cirrus homogenitus.  If a cirrus homogenitus cloud changes fully to any of the high-level genera, they are termed cirrus, cirrostratus, or cirrocumulus homomutatus. Stratus cataractagenitus (Latin for 'cataract-made') are generated by the spray from waterfalls. Silvagenitus (Latin for 'forest-made') is a stratus cloud that forms as water vapor is added to the air above a forest canopy.\n\n\n=== Large scale patterns ===\nSometimes certain atmospheric processes cause clouds to become organized into patterns that can cover large areas.  These patterns are usually difficult to identify from surface level and are best seen from an aircraft or spacecraft.\n\n\n==== Stratocumulus fields ====\nStratocumulus clouds can be organized into \"fields\" that take on certain specially classified shapes and characteristics. In general, these fields are more discernible from high altitudes than from ground level. They can often be found in the following forms:\n\nActinoform, which resembles a leaf or a spoked wheel.\nClosed cell, which is cloudy in the center and clear on the edges, similar to a filled honeycomb.\nOpen cell, which resembles an empty honeycomb, with clouds around the edges and clear, open space in the middle.\n\n\n==== Vortex streets ====\n\nThese patterns are formed from a phenomenon known as a K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex which is named after the engineer and fluid dynamicist Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n,. Wind driven clouds, usually mid level altocumulus or high level cirrus, can form into parallel rows that follow the wind direction. When the wind and clouds encounter high elevation land features such as a vertically prominent islands, they can form eddies around the high land masses that give the clouds a twisted appearance.\n\n\n== Distribution ==\n\n\n=== Convergence along low-pressure zones ===\n\nAlthough the local distribution of clouds can be significantly influenced by topography, the global prevalence of cloud cover in the troposphere tends to vary more by latitude. It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the equator and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres. The adiabatic cooling processes that lead to the creation of clouds by way of lifting agents are all associated with convergence; a process that involves the horizontal inflow and accumulation of air at a given location, as well as the rate at which this happens. Near the equator, increased cloudiness is due to the presence of the low-pressure Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where very warm and unstable air promotes mostly cumuliform and cumulonimbiform clouds. Clouds of virtually any type can form along the mid-latitude convergence zones depending on the stability and moisture content of the air. These extratropical convergence zones are occupied by the polar fronts where air masses of polar origin meet and clash with those of tropical or subtropical origin. This leads to the formation of weather-making extratropical cyclones composed of cloud systems that may be stable or unstable to varying degrees according to the stability characteristics of the various airmasses that are in conflict.\n\n\n=== Divergence along high pressure zones ===\n\nDivergence is the opposite of convergence. In the Earth's troposphere, it involves the horizontal outflow of air from the upper part of a rising column of air, or from the lower part of a subsiding column often associated with an area or ridge of high pressure. Cloudiness tends to be least prevalent near the poles and in the subtropics close to the 30th parallels, north and south. The latter are sometimes referred to as the horse latitudes. The presence of a large-scale high-pressure subtropical ridge on each side of the equator reduces cloudiness at these low latitudes. Similar patterns also occur at higher latitudes in both hemispheres.\n\n\n== Luminance, reflectivity, and coloration ==\nThe luminance or brightness of a cloud is determined by how light is reflected, scattered, and transmitted by the cloud's particles. Its brightness may also be affected by the presence of haze or photometeors such as halos and rainbows. In the troposphere, dense, deep clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70\u201395%) throughout the visible spectrum. Tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color, especially when viewed from the top. Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently, so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the gases. As a result, the cloud base can vary from a very light to very-dark-grey depending on the cloud's thickness and how much light is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer. High thin tropospheric clouds reflect less light because of the comparatively low concentration of constituent ice crystals or supercooled water droplets which results in a slightly off-white appearance. However, a thick dense ice-crystal cloud appears brilliant white with pronounced grey shading because of its greater reflectivity.As a tropospheric cloud matures, the dense water droplets may combine to produce larger droplets. If the droplets become too large and heavy to be kept aloft by the air circulation, they will fall from the cloud as rain. By this process of accumulation, the space between droplets becomes increasingly larger, permitting light to penetrate farther into the cloud. If the cloud is sufficiently large and the droplets within are spaced far enough apart, a percentage of the light that enters the cloud is not reflected back out but is absorbed giving the cloud a darker look. A simple example of this is one's being able to see farther in heavy rain than in heavy fog. This process of reflection/absorption is what causes the range of cloud color from white to black.Striking cloud colorations can be seen at any altitude, with the color of a cloud usually being the same as the incident light. During daytime when the sun is relatively high in the sky, tropospheric clouds generally appear bright white on top with varying shades of grey underneath. Thin clouds may look white or appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background. Red, orange, and pink clouds occur almost entirely at sunrise/sunset and are the result of the scattering of sunlight by the atmosphere. When the sun is just below the horizon, low-level clouds are gray, middle clouds appear rose-colored, and high clouds are white or off-white. Clouds at night are black or dark grey in a moonless sky, or whitish when illuminated by the moon. They may also reflect the colors of large fires, city lights, or auroras that might be present.A cumulonimbus cloud that appears to have a greenish or bluish tint is a sign that it contains extremely high amounts of water; hail or rain which scatter light in a way that gives the cloud a blue color. A green colorization occurs mostly late in the day when the sun is comparatively low in the sky and the incident sunlight has a reddish tinge that appears green when illuminating a very tall bluish cloud. Supercell type storms are more likely to be characterized by this but any storm can appear this way. Coloration such as this does not directly indicate that it is a severe thunderstorm, it only confirms its potential. Since a green/blue tint signifies copious amounts of water, a strong updraft to support it, high winds from the storm raining out, and wet hail; all elements that improve the chance for it to become severe, can all be inferred from this. In addition, the stronger the updraft is, the more likely the storm is to undergo tornadogenesis and to produce large hail and high winds.Yellowish clouds may be seen in the troposphere in the late spring through early fall months during forest fire season. The yellow color is due to the presence of pollutants in the smoke. Yellowish clouds are caused by the presence of nitrogen dioxide and are sometimes seen in urban areas with high air pollution levels.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\n== Effects ==\n\nTropospheric clouds exert numerous influences on Earth's troposphere and climate. First and foremost, they are the source of precipitation, thereby greatly influencing the distribution and amount of precipitation. Because of their differential buoyancy relative to surrounding cloud-free air, clouds can be associated with vertical motions of the air that may be convective, frontal, or cyclonic. The motion is upward if the clouds are less dense because condensation of water vapor releases heat, warming the air and thereby decreasing its density. This can lead to downward motion because lifting of the air results in cooling that increases its density. All of these effects are subtly dependent on the vertical temperature and moisture structure of the atmosphere and result in major redistribution of heat that affect the Earth's climate.The complexity and diversity of clouds in the troposphere is a major reason for difficulty in quantifying the effects of clouds on climate and climate change. On the one hand, white cloud tops promote cooling of Earth's surface by reflecting shortwave radiation (visible and near infrared) from the sun, diminishing the amount of solar radiation that is absorbed at the surface, enhancing the Earth's albedo. Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths. At these wavelengths, however, water in the clouds acts as an efficient absorber. The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface. This is analogous to the greenhouse effect of greenhouse gases and water vapor.High-level genus-types particularly show this duality with both short-wave albedo cooling and long-wave greenhouse warming effects. On the whole, ice-crystal clouds in the upper troposphere (cirrus) tend to favor net warming. However, the cooling effect is dominant with mid-level and low clouds, especially when they form in extensive sheets. Measurements by NASA indicate that on the whole, the effects of low and mid-level clouds that tend to promote cooling outweigh the warming effects of high layers and the variable outcomes associated with vertically developed clouds.As difficult as it is to evaluate the influences of current clouds on current climate, it is even more problematic to predict changes in cloud patterns and properties in a future, warmer climate, and the resultant cloud influences on future climate. In a warmer climate more water would enter the atmosphere by evaporation at the surface; as clouds are formed from water vapor, cloudiness would be expected to increase. But in a warmer climate, higher temperatures would tend to evaporate clouds. Both of these statements are considered accurate, and both phenomena, known as cloud feedbacks, are found in climate model calculations. Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases. But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive. Differing amounts of these feedbacks are the principal reason for differences in climate sensitivities of current global climate models. As a consequence, much research has focused on the response of low and vertical clouds to a changing climate. Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases. For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections.\n\n\n== Stratospheric classification and distribution ==\n\nPolar stratospheric clouds (PSC's) are found in the lowest part of the stratosphere.  Moisture is scarce above the troposphere, so nacreous and non-nacreous clouds at this altitude range are restricted to polar regions in the winter where and when the air is coldest.PSC's show some variation in structure according to their chemical makeup and atmospheric conditions, but are limited to a single very high range of altitude of about 15,000\u201325,000 m (49,200\u201382,000 ft)  Accordingly, they are classified as a singular type with no differentiated altitude levels, genus types, species, or varieties. There is no Latin nomenclature in the manner of tropospheric clouds, but rather descriptive names of several general forms using common English.Supercooled nitric acid and water PSC's, sometimes known as type 1, typically have a stratiform appearance resembling cirrostratus or haze, but because they are not frozen into crystals, do not show the pastel colours of the nacreous types.  This type of PSC has been identified as a cause of ozone depletion in the stratosphere. The frozen nacreous types are typically very thin with mother-of-pearl colorations and an undulating cirriform or lenticular (stratocumuliform) appearance.  These are sometimes known as type 2.\n\n\n== Mesospheric classification and distribution ==\n\nNoctilucent clouds are the highest in the atmosphere and are found near the top of the mesosphere at about 80 to 85 km (50 to 53 mi) or roughly ten times the altitude of tropospheric high clouds.  They are given this Latin derived name because of their illumination well after sunset and before sunrise. They typically have a bluish or silvery white coloration that can resemble brightly illuminated cirrus. Noctilucent clouds may occasionally take on more of a red or orange hue. They are not common or widespread enough to have a significant effect on climate. However, an increasing frequency of occurrence of noctilucent clouds since the 19th century may be the result of climate change.Ongoing research indicates that convective lift in the mesosphere is strong enough during the polar summer to cause adiabatic cooling of small amount of water vapour to the point of saturation.  This tends to produce the coldest temperatures in the entire atmosphere just below the mesopause.  There is evidence that smoke particles from burnt-up meteors provide much of the condensation nuclei required for the formation of noctilucent cloud.Noctilucent clouds have four major types based on physical structure and appearance. Type I veils are very tenuous and lack well-defined structure, somewhat like cirrostratus fibratus or poorly defined cirrus. Type II bands are long streaks that often occur in groups arranged roughly parallel to each other. They are usually more widely spaced than the bands or elements seen with cirrocumulus clouds. Type III billows are arrangements of closely spaced, roughly parallel short streaks that mostly resemble cirrus. Type IV whirls are partial or, more rarely, complete rings of cloud with dark centres.Distribution in the mesosphere is similar to the stratosphere except at much higher altitudes. Because of the need for maximum cooling of the water vapor to produce noctilucent clouds, their distribution tends to be restricted to polar regions of Earth.  Sightings are rare more than 45 degrees south of the north pole or north of the south pole.\n\n\n== Extraterrestrial ==\n\nCloud cover has been seen on most other planets in the Solar System. Venus's thick clouds are composed of sulfur dioxide (due to volcanic activity) and appear to be almost entirely stratiform. They are arranged in three main layers at altitudes of 45 to 65 km that obscure the planet's surface and can produce virga. No embedded cumuliform types have been identified, but broken stratocumuliform wave formations are sometimes seen in the top layer that reveal more continuous layer clouds underneath. On Mars, noctilucent, cirrus, cirrocumulus and stratocumulus composed of water-ice have been detected mostly near the poles. Water-ice fogs have also been detected on Mars.Both Jupiter and Saturn have an outer cirriform cloud deck composed of ammonia, an intermediate stratiform haze-cloud layer made of ammonium hydrosulfide, and an inner deck of cumulus water clouds. Embedded cumulonimbus are known to exist near the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. The same category-types can be found covering Uranus, and Neptune, but are all composed of methane. Saturn's moon Titan has cirrus clouds believed to be composed largely of methane. The Cassini\u2013Huygens Saturn mission uncovered evidence of polar stratospheric clouds and a methane cycle on Titan, including lakes near the poles and fluvial channels on the surface of the moon.Some planets outside the Solar System are known to have atmospheric clouds. In October 2013, the detection of high altitude optically thick clouds in the atmosphere of exoplanet Kepler-7b was announced, and, in December 2013, in the atmospheres of GJ 436 b and GJ 1214 b.\n\n\n== In culture and religion ==\n\nClouds play an important mythical or non-scientific role in various cultures and religious traditions. The ancient Akkadians believed that the clouds (in meteorology, probably the supplementary feature mamma) were the breasts of the sky goddess Antu and that rain was milk from her breasts. In Exodus 13:21\u201322, Yahweh is described as guiding the Israelites through the desert in the form of a \"pillar of cloud\" by day and a \"pillar of fire\" by night. In Mandaeism, uthras (celestial beings) are also occasionally mentioned as being in anana (\"clouds\"; e.g., in Right Ginza Book 17, Chapter 1), which can also be interpreted as female consorts.In the ancient Greek comedy The Clouds, written by Aristophanes and first performed at the City Dionysia in 423 BC, the philosopher Socrates declares that the Clouds are the only true deities and tells the main character Strepsiades not to worship any deities other than the Clouds, but to pay homage to them alone. In the play, the Clouds change shape  to reveal the true nature of whoever is looking at them, turning into centaurs at the sight of a long-haired politician, wolves at the sight of the embezzler Simon, deer at the sight of the coward Cleonymus, and mortal women at the sight of the effeminate informer Cleisthenes. They are hailed the source of inspiration to comic poets and philosophers; they are masters of rhetoric, regarding eloquence and sophistry alike as their \"friends\".In China, clouds are symbols of luck and happiness. Overlapping clouds (in meteorology, probably duplicatus clouds) are thought to imply eternal happiness and clouds of different colors are said to indicate \"multiplied blessings\".Informal cloud watching or cloud gazing is a popular children's activity involving watching the clouds and looking for shapes in them, a form of pareidolia.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nAckerman, Steven A. (2011). Meteorology: Clouds and the Greenhouse Effect. Jones & Bartlett. ISBN 978-0-7637-8927-5.\nDunlop, Storm (June 2003). The Weather Identification Handbook. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-58574-857-0.\nIPCC (2021).  Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.;  et al. (eds.). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (PDF). Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nCurrent global map of total cloud water\nMonthly maps of global cloud cover, from NASA's Earth Observatory\nWorld Meteorological Organization\u2019s (WMO) International Cloud Atlas  International Cloud Atlas",
    "_revision_id": 1144917732,
    "_parent_id": 1144334174,
    "_summary": "In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point, or when it gains sufficient moisture (usually in the form of water vapor) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature.\nClouds are seen in the Earth's homosphere, which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Nephology is the science of clouds, which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology.  There are two methods of naming clouds in their respective layers of the homosphere, Latin and common name.\nGenus types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have Latin names because of the universal adoption of Luke Howard's nomenclature that was formally proposed in 1802.  It became the basis of a modern international system that divides clouds into five physical forms which can be further divided or classified into altitude levels to derive ten basic genera. The main representative cloud types for each of these forms are stratiform, cumuliform, stratocumuliform, cumulonimbiform, and cirriform.  Low-level  clouds do not have any altitude-related prefixes.  However mid-level stratiform and stratocumuliform types are given the prefix alto- while high-level variants of these same two forms carry the prefix cirro-.  In both cases, strato- is dropped from the latter form to avoid double-prefixing. Genus types with sufficient vertical extent to occupy more than one level do not carry any altitude related prefixes.  They are classified formally as low- or mid-level depending on the altitude at which each initially forms, and are also more informally characterized as multi-level or vertical.  Most of the ten genera derived by this method of classification can be subdivided into species and further subdivided into varieties. Very low stratiform clouds that extend down to the Earth's surface are given the common names fog and mist, but have no Latin names.\nIn the stratosphere and mesosphere, clouds have common names for their main types. They may have the appearance of stratiform veils or sheets, cirriform wisps, or stratocumuliform bands or ripples. They are seen infrequently, mostly in the polar regions of Earth. Clouds have been observed in the atmospheres of other planets and moons in the Solar System and beyond. However, due to their different temperature characteristics, they are often composed of other substances such as methane, ammonia, and sulfuric acid, as well as water.\nTropospheric clouds can have a direct effect on climate change on Earth.  They may reflect incoming rays from the sun which can contribute to a cooling effect where and when these clouds occur, or trap longer wave radiation that reflects back up from the Earth's surface which can cause a warming effect.  The altitude, form, and thickness of the clouds are the main factors that affect the local heating or cooling of Earth and the atmosphere.  Clouds that form above the troposphere are too scarce and too thin to have any influence on climate change. Clouds are the main uncertainty in climate sensitivity.",
    "_images": [
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Cirrus-fibratus.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Cloud_types_en.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Clouds_over_Africa.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Cumulus_humilis.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Dreamy_Twilight.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Irid_clouds1.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Morning_Sky_7.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Regnbyge.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Sharp_View.JPG",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Sleepy_Twilight.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Whirpool_Clouds.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Worldclouds_2009.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/54/Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg",
        "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"
    ],
    "_references": [
        "http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2003/08/07/2045486.htm",
        "http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=radiational+cooling&submit=Search",
        "http://www.clouds-online.com",
        "http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cloud",
        "http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/weather/A0857400.html",
        "http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/10/081014-saturn-cyclones.html",
        "http://www.pilotfriend.com/av_weather/meteo/clouds.htm",
        "http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-10/most-richly-detailed-image-ever-taken-icy-distant-uranus",
        "http://www.shorstmeyer.com/wxfaqs/float/float.html",
        "http://www.space.com/18922-neptune-atmosphere.html",
        "http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060828_mars_clouds.html",
        "http://theconversation.com/why-clouds-are-the-missing-piece-in-the-climate-change-puzzle-140812",
        "http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cloud",
        "http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_20.htm",
        "http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_27.htm",
        "http://cumulus-skynews.tumblr.com/post/49212742113/5a-cumulus-humilis-radiatus-the-latin-term",
        "http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/wcumulus.htm",
        "http://www.weatheranswer.com/public/Clouds_WMO.pdf",
        "http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/ingersolletal-2004.pdf",
        "http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/wmovl/VRL/Texts/SATELLITE_METEOROLOGY/CHAPTER-2.PDF",
        "http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/wmovl/vrl/tutorials/satmanu-eumetsat/SatManu/CMs/FgStr/backgr.htm",
        "http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/gen_circ/index.html",
        "http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/adiab.html",
        "http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/scientists-generate-first-map-of-clouds-on-kepler-7b-1003.html",
        "http://vortex.plymouth.edu/cloudboutique/",
        "http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/research/meteorology/storms/hail.php",
        "http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf",
        "http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/dvlp/frnt.rxml/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter06/",
        "http://www.morris.umn.edu/~sboyd/weather/cloudsystems/Clouds_files/speciesandvarieties.htm",
        "http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2009/08/cumulonimbus-incus.html",
        "http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter06/",
        "http://www.news.wisc.edu/14039",
        "http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_CLD_FR",
        "http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5904",
        "http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/41000/41292/cldfrc_TMO_200910_lrg.png",
        "http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/role.html",
        "http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/Aero2000/studweb/glossary/stratcld.html",
        "http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia00506",
        "http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-scientists-find-impossible-cloud-on-titan-again",
        "http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/titan-clouds_prt.htm",
        "http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/images/press/16145-animated.html",
        "http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/CHAMPS-NLCs.html#.UkqY0BAxIgq",
        "http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/sun-surfing.html",
        "http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/december/nasas-hubble-sees-cloudy-super-worlds-with-chance-for-more-clouds/",
        "http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/glossary.htm",
        "http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream//tropics/itcz.htm",
        "http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/otx/outreach/ttalk/virga.php",
        "http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm",
        "http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/wxmaps.htm",
        "http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele-condiv-e.htm",
        "http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283918205171",
        "http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/AboutEUMETSAT/Publications/ConferenceandWorkshopProceedings/2010/groups/cps/documents/document/pdf_conf_p57_s7_08_devalk_v.pdf",
        "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0621573",
        "http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html",
        "http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf",
        "http://www.21stcenturychallenges.org/60-seconds/increasing-cloud-reflectivity/",
        "http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Nimbostratus",
        "http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1433a/",
        "http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/ONC_Sep06.pdf",
        "http://www.mira.org/fts0/planets/100/text/txt002x.htm",
        "http://projectpossum.org/research/noctilucent-cloud/about-noctilucent-clouds/",
        "http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/clouds/cloud_types.html",
        "http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/nacr1.htm",
        "http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/nlc2.htm",
        "http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Sometimes-a-bit-fishy.htm",
        "https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/",
        "https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf",
        "https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf",
        "https://www.farmersalmanac.com/is-that-a-face-in-the-clouds-pareidolia-21911",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=5DKWGZwBBEYC&pg=PA211",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=BR2ft4G5TgQC",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=M56CHHxVMP4C&pg=PA118",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=N8Gwc-IXxbMC&pg=PA124",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&pg=PA66",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=TmGeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA111",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=Vce_OEKtTf4C",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=b93lEgkPquoC&pg=PA128",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=hLeQ8eDWNGUC&pg=PT118",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=isKSDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=ix4qy7FihDcC",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=j3O47dxrDAQC",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=jZvsnsLIkNsC&pg=PA40",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=oh8lqM5obuYC&pg=PA212",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=p8wCsJweUb0C&pg=PA115",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=qC1l1RdWpIwC&pg=PA101",
        "https://books.google.com/books?id=tcCTsENwgGYC&pg=PA411",
        "https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10497-mysterious-waves-seen-in-venuss-clouds.html#.UnjSlRAxKQx",
        "https://www.pmfias.com/pressure-belts-pressure-systems-equatorial-low-sub-tropical-high-sub-polar-low-polar-high/",
        "https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/cloud-atlas-leaps-into-21st-century-with-12-new-cloud-types/80685/",
        "https://www.usatoday.com/weather/wstorm.htm",
        "https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138651&CON_LNG=ENG",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947JAtS....4...91S",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Tell....5...27S",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Sci...186..632M",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982P&SS...30.1147T",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995BoLMe..73..373L",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PPP...164..281S",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RSPTA.361..557F",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3220806B",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ACP.....6.1185G",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JCli...21.4974M",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008TellA..60..688R",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008WtFor..23.1280C",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.6035C",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JGRD..117.2207F",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...776L..25D",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3E2507K",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505...31M",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505...66K",
        "https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505...69K",
        "https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.620.6314",
        "https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.76.7428",
        "https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73164/1/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x.pdf",
        "https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952827m",
        "https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952827m",
        "https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85027191",
        "https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=2270",
        "https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/global-maps/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR",
        "https://history.nasa.gov/SP-441/ch12.htm",
        "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19760014556",
        "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760014556",
        "https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/20may_loststripe/",
        "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20080730.html",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12662454",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17833720",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23978979",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24380949",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24380953",
        "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24380954",
        "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3753593",
        "https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/question.jsp",
        "https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125270-6",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/ac-compared-with-cc.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/appearance-of-clouds-colour.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/appearance-of-clouds-luminance.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/appearance-of-clouds.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/cloud-identification-guide.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-accessory-pannus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-definitions.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-altocumulus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-altostratus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cirrocumulus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cirrostratus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cirrus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cumulonimbus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cumulus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-nimbostratus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-stratocumulus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-stratus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-castellanus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-fibratus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-floccus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-fractus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-nebulosus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-stratiformis.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-varieties-radiatus.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/drizzle.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/home.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/nacreous-clouds.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/nitric-acid-and-water-polar-stratospheric-clouds.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-I-veils.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-II-bands.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-III-billows.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-IV-whirls.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-species.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-varieties.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-supplementary-features.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-mother-clouds.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/snow-grains.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/species-altocumulus-castellanus-ac-cas.html",
        "https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/upper-atmospheric-clouds.html",
        "https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566990",
        "https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F73164",
        "https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20080015842",
        "https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/wind/surface/level/overlay=total_cloud_water/winkel3/",
        "https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00ludl/page/473",
        "https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/182",
        "https://archive.org/details/manualonobservat00worl/page/",
        "https://archive.org/details/manualonobservat00worl/page/35",
        "https://archive.org/details/uranusneptuneplu00elki/page/79",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20040822022845/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/gen_circ/index.html",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20050226160200/http://www.weatheranswer.com/public/Clouds_WMO.pdf",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20060411213048/http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/wmovl/VRL/Texts/SATELLITE_METEOROLOGY/CHAPTER-2.PDF",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20070418104027/http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/ingersolletal-2004.pdf",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20081220230524/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20081224062959/http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074154/http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074155/http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20100527170048/http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/research/meteorology/storms/hail.php",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20100529185735/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/41000/41292/cldfrc_TMO_200910_lrg.png",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20101230041442/http://www.morris.umn.edu/~sboyd/weather/cloudsystems/Clouds_files/speciesandvarieties.htm",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20110512161339/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=radiational+cooling&submit=Search",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20111116001457/http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/AboutEUMETSAT/Publications/ConferenceandWorkshopProceedings/2010/groups/cps/documents/document/pdf_conf_p57_s7_08_devalk_v.pdf",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20121221005913/http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_20.htm",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20130511051600/http://www.21stcenturychallenges.org/60-seconds/increasing-cloud-reflectivity/",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20130518082044/http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_27.htm",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20140502055741/http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter06/",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20140701173917/http://vortex.plymouth.edu/cloudboutique/",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20150101062001/http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/wxmaps.htm",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235551/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0621573",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20170510035919/https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-stratocumulus.html",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20190502122954/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73164/1/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x.pdf",
        "https://web.archive.org/web/20191026053144/http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele-condiv-e.htm",
        "https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.7894",
        "https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.0022",
        "https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.3350",
        "https://discovertheforest.org/activities/cloudgazing",
        "https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00712679",
        "https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-0633(82)90126-X",
        "https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-0182(00)00192-9",
        "https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v073n007.p033",
        "https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL023851",
        "https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JD016457",
        "https://doi.org/10.1038%2F505031a",
        "https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12887",
        "https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12888",
        "https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep02507",
        "https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F776%2F2%2FL25",
        "https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2002.1141",
        "https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPCCGA.2001.962893",
        "https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0870.2008.00331.x",
        "https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1953.tb01032.x",
        "https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.186.4164.632",
        "https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469(1947)004%3C0091:EOAIAC%3E2.0.CO;2",
        "https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477(1972)053%3C0634:AAH%3E2.0.CO;2",
        "https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2008JCLI1995.1",
        "https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2008WAF2222118.1",
        "https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2011JCLI4149.1",
        "https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-6-1185-2006",
        "https://www.quantamagazine.org/cloud-loss-could-add-8-degrees-to-global-warming-20190225/",
        "https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123031505",
        "https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14440075",
        "https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19285155",
        "https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25606767",
        "https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4408861",
        "https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4447642",
        "https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4454617",
        "https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59145525",
        "https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6656499",
        "https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:701011",
        "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8074#identifiers",
        "https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-0477",
        "https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51160155",
        "https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/527635272",
        "https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56559729",
        "https://zenodo.org/record/1234533",
        "https://archive.today/20111114194612/https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/question.jsp",
        "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/clouds/low-level-clouds/stratocumulus",
        "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/clouds/mid-level-clouds/altocumulus",
        "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/fog/difference-mist-and-fog"
    ],
    "_links": [
        "Abiogenesis",
        "Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)",
        "Accessory cloud",
        "Actinoform cloud",
        "Adiabatic lapse rate",
        "Adiabatic process",
        "Advection",
        "Advection fog",
        "Aerosol",
        "Air",
        "Air-mass thunderstorm",
        "Air mass",
        "Air pollution",
        "Akkadian Empire",
        "Albedo",
        "Altitude",
        "Altocumulus",
        "Altocumulus castellanus cloud",
        "Altocumulus cloud",
        "Altocumulus floccus",
        "Altocumulus stratiformis",
        "Altocumulus volutus",
        "Altostratus",
        "Altostratus cloud",
        "Altostratus undulatus cloud",
        "American Meteorological Society",
        "Amihan",
        "Ammonia",
        "Ammonium hydrosulfide",
        "Ancient Greek comedy",
        "Animal",
        "Anticyclone",
        "Anticyclonic tornado",
        "Antu (goddess)",
        "ArXiv (identifier)",
        "Archaea",
        "Arcus cloud",
        "Aristophanes",
        "Aristotle",
        "Asperitas (cloud)",
        "Astrobiology",
        "Atlantic hurricane",
        "Atmosphere",
        "Atmosphere of Earth",
        "Atmospheric Radiation Measurement",
        "Atmospheric chemistry",
        "Atmospheric circulation",
        "Atmospheric convection",
        "Atmospheric instability",
        "Atmospheric physics",
        "Atmospheric pressure",
        "Atmospheric river",
        "Autumn",
        "Bacteria",
        "Bangalore",
        "Baroclinity",
        "Barotropic",
        "Benjamin West",
        "Bibcode (identifier)",
        "Biodiversity",
        "Biological organisation",
        "Biology",
        "Bioprecipitation",
        "Biosphere",
        "Blizzard",
        "Borneo",
        "Bulk Richardson number",
        "Buoyancy",
        "Calculus",
        "Cassini\u2013Huygens",
        "Ceiling (cloud)",
        "Centaur",
        "Chemical element",
        "Cirrocumulus",
        "Cirrocumulus castellanus",
        "Cirrocumulus cloud",
        "Cirrocumulus floccus",
        "Cirrocumulus lacunosus",
        "Cirrocumulus lenticularis",
        "Cirrocumulus stratiformis",
        "Cirrostratus",
        "Cirrostratus cloud",
        "Cirrostratus fibratus",
        "Cirrostratus nebulosus",
        "Cirrus castellanus cloud",
        "Cirrus cloud",
        "Cirrus duplicatus",
        "Cirrus fibratus",
        "Cirrus floccus",
        "Cirrus intortus cloud",
        "Cirrus radiatus",
        "Cirrus spissatus cloud",
        "Cirrus uncinus cloud",
        "Cirrus vertebratus",
        "CiteSeerX (identifier)",
        "Classification",
        "Cleisthenes (son of Sibyrtius)",
        "Cleonymus of Athens",
        "Climate",
        "Climate change",
        "Climate sensitivity",
        "Cloud (disambiguation)",
        "Cloud Appreciation Society",
        "Cloud albedo",
        "Cloud atlas",
        "Cloud base",
        "Cloud condensation nuclei",
        "Cloud cover",
        "Cloud feedback",
        "Cloud forcing",
        "Cloud iridescence",
        "Cloud physics",
        "Cloud seeding",
        "Cloud species",
        "Cloudburst",
        "Clouds (sculpture)",
        "Cloudscape (art)",
        "Cloudscape photography",
        "Coalescence (meteorology)",
        "Cold front",
        "Cold wave",
        "Colorado State University",
        "Common name",
        "Condensation",
        "Conditional symmetric instability",
        "Contrail",
        "Convection",
        "Convective available potential energy",
        "Convective condensation level",
        "Convective inhibition",
        "Convective instability",
        "Convective momentum transport",
        "Convective temperature",
        "Convergence zone",
        "Cumulonimbus",
        "Cumulonimbus calvus",
        "Cumulonimbus capillatus",
        "Cumulonimbus cloud",
        "Cumulonimbus flumen",
        "Cumulonimbus incus",
        "Cumulonimbus velum",
        "Cumulonimbus with mammatus",
        "Cumulus Congestus cloud",
        "Cumulus castellanus cloud",
        "Cumulus cloud",
        "Cumulus congestus",
        "Cumulus congestus cloud",
        "Cumulus humilis",
        "Cumulus humilis cloud",
        "Cumulus mediocris",
        "Cumulus mediocris cloud",
        "Cyclone",
        "Cyclonic",
        "Denmark",
        "Derecho",
        "Dew point",
        "Dew point depression",
        "Diamond dust",
        "Dionysia",
        "Doi (identifier)",
        "Downburst",
        "Drizzle",
        "Drop (liquid)",
        "Dry-bulb temperature",
        "Dry season",
        "Dry thunderstorm",
        "Dust devil",
        "Dust storm",
        "Earth",
        "Earth Observatory",
        "Earth science",
        "Ecology",
        "Ecosystem",
        "Eloquence",
        "Embezzlement",
        "Energy",
        "Equator",
        "Equilibrium level",
        "Equivalent potential temperature",
        "Equivalent temperature",
        "Eukaryote",
        "European windstorm",
        "Evaporation",
        "Exoplanet",
        "Extraterrestrial atmospheres",
        "Extraterrestrial sky",
        "Extratropical cyclone",
        "Extreme weather",
        "Fallstreak hole",
        "Fauna",
        "Field (physics)",
        "Fire whirl",
        "Firestorm",
        "Flash flood",
        "Flora",
        "Fog",
        "Fog season",
        "Forest fire weather index",
        "Fractus",
        "Fractus cloud",
        "France",
        "Free convective layer",
        "Freezing drizzle",
        "Freezing rain",
        "Fungus",
        "Funnel cloud",
        "Future of Earth",
        "GJ 1214 b",
        "GJ 436 b",
        "Gaia hypothesis",
        "Gale",
        "Gavin Pretor-Pinney",
        "Genus",
        "Geographical zone",
        "Geological history of Earth",
        "Geology",
        "Glider (sailplane)",
        "Global dimming",
        "Global warming",
        "Glossary of climate change",
        "Glossary of meteorology",
        "Glossary of tornado terms",
        "Glossary of tropical cyclone terms",
        "Graupel",
        "Great Red Spot",
        "Greenhouse effect",
        "Greenhouse gases",
        "Ground blizzard",
        "Gulf of Carpentaria",
        "Haboob",
        "Hail",
        "Haines Index",
        "Harmattan",
        "Hdl (identifier)",
        "Heat burst",
        "Heat index",
        "Heat wave",
        "Helicity (fluid mechanics)",
        "Hemispheres of the Earth",
        "History of Earth",
        "History of life",
        "Homogenitus (cloud)",
        "Homosphere",
        "Honeycomb",
        "Horse latitudes",
        "Horseshoe cloud",
        "Hot tower",
        "Humidex",
        "Humidity",
        "Hydrological cycle",
        "IPCC",
        "IPCC Sixth Assessment Report",
        "ISBN (identifier)",
        "ISSN (identifier)",
        "Ice crystals",
        "Ice pellets",
        "Ice storm",
        "Index of meteorology articles",
        "Inflow (meteorology)",
        "Internal structure of Earth",
        "International Civil Aviation Organization",
        "International Cloud Atlas",
        "Intertropical Convergence Zone",
        "Intertropical convergence zone",
        "Israelites",
        "Jakarta",
        "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck",
        "Jet stream",
        "Jetstream",
        "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe",
        "Jupiter",
        "K-index (meteorology)",
        "Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat",
        "Karman vortex street",
        "Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz cloud",
        "Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz instability",
        "Kepler-7b",
        "K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex",
        "La Silla Observatory",
        "Landspout",
        "Lapse rate",
        "Latin",
        "Latitude",
        "Lenticular cap",
        "Lenticular cloud",
        "Level of free convection",
        "Life",
        "Lifted condensation level",
        "Lifted index",
        "Light",
        "Lightning",
        "Liquid",
        "List of cloud types",
        "List of severe weather phenomena",
        "Long hair",
        "Low-pressure area",
        "Luke Howard",
        "MIT",
        "Mammatus cloud",
        "Mandaeism",
        "Mars",
        "Matter",
        "Maximum parcel level",
        "Maximum potential intensity",
        "Megacryometeor",
        "Mesocyclone",
        "Mesosphere",
        "Mesospheric",
        "Meteorologica",
        "Meteorology",
        "Methane",
        "Microburst",
        "Mist",
        "Mixing ratio",
        "Moisture",
        "Mojave Desert",
        "Monsoon",
        "Moonlight",
        "Morning Glory cloud",
        "Mountain",
        "Mushroom cloud",
        "NASA",
        "NASA Earth Observatory",
        "NOAA",
        "Nacreous",
        "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
        "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration",
        "National Weather Service",
        "Natural environment",
        "Natural satellite",
        "Nature",
        "Neptune",
        "Nimbostratus",
        "Nimbostratus cloud",
        "Nimbostratus virga",
        "Nitric acid",
        "Noctilucent cloud",
        "Nomenclature",
        "Nor'easter",
        "Northern Australia",
        "OCLC (identifier)",
        "Ocean",
        "Old English",
        "Opacus",
        "Organism",
        "Orographic lift",
        "Overshooting top",
        "PMC (identifier)",
        "PMID (identifier)",
        "Pareidolia",
        "Particle",
        "Particulates",
        "Perlucidus",
        "Pileus (meteorology)",
        "Pillar of Cloud",
        "Pillar of Fire (theophany)",
        "Piraeus",
        "Planet",
        "Plant",
        "Plate tectonics",
        "Plymouth State University",
        "Polar front",
        "Polar high",
        "Polar low",
        "Polar region",
        "Polar stratospheric cloud",
        "Polar stratospheric clouds",
        "Potential temperature",
        "Precipitation",
        "Pressure",
        "Pressure-gradient force",
        "Pressure gradient",
        "Prokaryote",
        "Protist",
        "Radiation",
        "Rain",
        "Rain and snow mixed",
        "Rainstorm",
        "Reflection (physics)",
        "Relative humidity",
        "Rhetoric",
        "Right Ginza",
        "S2CID (identifier)",
        "Salt",
        "Saturn",
        "Scattering",
        "Scud (cloud)",
        "Sea surface temperature",
        "Season",
        "Severe weather",
        "Severe weather terminology (Canada)",
        "Severe weather terminology (Japan)",
        "Severe weather terminology (United States)",
        "Simoom",
        "Sirocco",
        "Slush",
        "Snow",
        "Snow grains",
        "Snow roller",
        "Snow squall",
        "Socrates",
        "Solar System",
        "Solar radiation",
        "Sophistry",
        "Space",
        "Spring (season)",
        "Station model",
        "Storm",
        "Storm surge",
        "Stratocumulus",
        "Stratocumulus castellanus cloud",
        "Stratocumulus cloud",
        "Stratocumulus floccus cloud",
        "Stratocumulus lenticularis",
        "Stratocumulus stratiformis",
        "Stratocumulus volutus",
        "Stratosphere",
        "Stratospheric",
        "Stratus cloud",
        "Stratus fractus",
        "Stratus nebulosus",
        "Stratus silvagenitus",
        "Subtropical cyclone",
        "Subtropical ridge",
        "Sulfur dioxide",
        "Sulfuric acid",
        "Summer",
        "Sun",
        "Sunlight",
        "Sunshine duration",
        "Supercell",
        "Surface weather analysis",
        "Surface weather observation",
        "Swifts Creek",
        "Ted Fujita",
        "Temperateness",
        "Temperature",
        "Temperature anomaly",
        "The Clouds",
        "Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n",
        "Theoroi",
        "Thermodynamic temperature",
        "Thundersnow",
        "Thunderstorm",
        "Tide",
        "Time",
        "Timeline of meteorology",
        "Titan (moon)",
        "Tornado",
        "Translucidus",
        "Transpiration",
        "Tropical cyclone",
        "Tropics",
        "Tropopause",
        "Troposphere",
        "Tropospheric",
        "Twilight",
        "Typhoon",
        "UCLA",
        "USA Today",
        "Undulatus asperatus",
        "Universe",
        "Uranus",
        "Uthra",
        "Vapor pressure",
        "Velocity",
        "Venus",
        "Virga",
        "Virtual temperature",
        "Virus",
        "Visibility",
        "Visible spectrum",
        "Volcanic lightning",
        "Vorticity",
        "Voyager 2",
        "WMO",
        "Wall cloud",
        "Warm front",
        "Water",
        "Water vapor",
        "Waterspout",
        "Wave cloud",
        "Wayback Machine",
        "Weather",
        "Weather forecasting",
        "Weather fronts",
        "Weather lore",
        "Weather map",
        "Weather modification",
        "Wet-bulb globe temperature",
        "Wet-bulb potential temperature",
        "Wet-bulb temperature",
        "Wet season",
        "Wilderness",
        "Wildfire",
        "Wind",
        "Wind chill",
        "Wind shear",
        "Winter",
        "Winter storm",
        "World Meteorological Organization",
        "Yahweh"
    ],
    "_sections": [],
    "_html": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1033289096\">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Cloud (disambiguation)\">Cloud (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n\n</p>\n<div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Visible mass of liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in the atmosphere</div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:332px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg/330px-ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"330\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg/495px-ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg/660px-ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4256\" data-file-height=\"2832\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">Cumulonimbus</a> cloudscape over <a href=\"/wiki/Borneo\" title=\"Borneo\">Borneo</a></div></div></div>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1129693374\">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:\": \"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:\" \u00b7 \";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:\" (\";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:\")\";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:\" \"counter(listitem)\"\\a0 \"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:\" (\"counter(listitem)\"\\a0 \"}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1045330069\">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class=\"sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"sidebar-pretitle\">Part of  <a href=\"/wiki/Category:Weather\" title=\"Category:Weather\">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class=\"sidebar-title-with-pretitle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Weather\" title=\"Weather\">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-image\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Global tropical cyclone tracks-edit2.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg/200px-Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg/300px-Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg/400px-Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"8000\" data-file-height=\"4000\" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Season\" title=\"Season\">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Winter\" title=\"Winter\">Winter</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Spring_(season)\" title=\"Spring (season)\">Spring</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Summer\" title=\"Summer\">Summer</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Autumn\" title=\"Autumn\">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Tropics\" title=\"Tropics\">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Dry_season\" title=\"Dry season\">Dry season</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Harmattan\" title=\"Harmattan\">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wet_season\" title=\"Wet season\">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Storm\" title=\"Storm\">Storms</a></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Cloud</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Arcus_cloud\" title=\"Arcus cloud\">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Downburst\" title=\"Downburst\">Downburst</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Microburst\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Microburst\">Microburst</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Heat_burst\" title=\"Heat burst\">Heat burst</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Derecho\" title=\"Derecho\">Derecho</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lightning\" title=\"Lightning\">Lightning</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Volcanic_lightning\" title=\"Volcanic lightning\">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Thunderstorm\" title=\"Thunderstorm\">Thunderstorm</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm\" title=\"Air-mass thunderstorm\">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Thundersnow\" title=\"Thundersnow\">Thundersnow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm\" title=\"Dry thunderstorm\">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mesocyclone\" title=\"Mesocyclone\">Mesocyclone</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Supercell\" title=\"Supercell\">Supercell</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tornado\" title=\"Tornado\">Tornado</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado\" title=\"Anticyclonic tornado\">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Landspout\" title=\"Landspout\">Landspout</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Waterspout\" title=\"Waterspout\">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dust_devil\" title=\"Dust devil\">Dust devil</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fire_whirl\" title=\"Fire whirl\">Fire whirl</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Anticyclone\" title=\"Anticyclone\">Anticyclone</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cyclone\" title=\"Cyclone\">Cyclone</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Polar_low\" title=\"Polar low\">Polar low</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone\" title=\"Extratropical cyclone\">Extratropical cyclone</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/European_windstorm\" title=\"European windstorm\">European windstorm</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Nor%27easter\" title=\"Nor&#39;easter\">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone\" title=\"Subtropical cyclone\">Subtropical cyclone</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tropical_cyclone\" title=\"Tropical cyclone\">Tropical cyclone</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane\" title=\"Atlantic hurricane\">Atlantic hurricane</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Typhoon\" title=\"Typhoon\">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Storm_surge\" title=\"Storm surge\">Storm surge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dust_storm\" title=\"Dust storm\">Dust storm</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Simoom\" title=\"Simoom\">Simoom</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Haboob\" title=\"Haboob\">Haboob</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Monsoon\" title=\"Monsoon\">Monsoon</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Amihan\" title=\"Amihan\">Amihan</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gale\" title=\"Gale\">Gale</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sirocco\" title=\"Sirocco\">Sirocco</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Firestorm\" title=\"Firestorm\">Firestorm</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Winter_storm\" title=\"Winter storm\">Winter storm</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ice_storm\" title=\"Ice storm\">Ice storm</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Blizzard\" title=\"Blizzard\">Blizzard</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ground_blizzard\" title=\"Ground blizzard\">Ground blizzard</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Snow_squall\" title=\"Snow squall\">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation\" title=\"Precipitation\">Precipitation</a></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Drizzle\" title=\"Drizzle\">Drizzle</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Freezing_drizzle\" title=\"Freezing drizzle\">Freezing</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Graupel\" title=\"Graupel\">Graupel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hail\" title=\"Hail\">Hail</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Megacryometeor\" title=\"Megacryometeor\">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ice_pellets\" title=\"Ice pellets\">Ice pellets</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Diamond_dust\" title=\"Diamond dust\">Diamond dust</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rain\" title=\"Rain\">Rain</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Freezing_rain\" title=\"Freezing rain\">Freezing</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloudburst\" title=\"Cloudburst\">Cloudburst</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Snow\" title=\"Snow\">Snow</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed\" title=\"Rain and snow mixed\">Rain and snow mixed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Snow_grains\" title=\"Snow grains\">Snow grains</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Snow_roller\" title=\"Snow roller\">Snow roller</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Slush\" title=\"Slush\">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_meteorology_articles\" title=\"Index of meteorology articles\">Topics</a></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Air_pollution\" title=\"Air pollution\">Air pollution</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">Atmosphere</a></li></ul>\n<ul><li><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry\" title=\"Atmospheric chemistry\">Chemistry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_convection\" title=\"Atmospheric convection\">Convection</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_physics\" title=\"Atmospheric physics\">Physics</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_river\" title=\"Atmospheric river\">River</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Climate\" title=\"Climate\">Climate</a></li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Cloud</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_physics\" title=\"Cloud physics\">Physics</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">Fog</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Fog_season\" title=\"Fog season\">Fog season</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cold_wave\" title=\"Cold wave\">Cold wave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Heat_wave\" title=\"Heat wave\">Heat wave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Jet_stream\" title=\"Jet stream\">Jet stream</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">Meteorology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Severe_weather\" title=\"Severe weather\">Severe weather</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena\" title=\"List of severe weather phenomena\">List</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Extreme_weather\" title=\"Extreme weather\">Extreme</a></li>\n<li>Severe weather terminology\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Canada)\" title=\"Severe weather terminology (Canada)\">Canada</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Japan)\" title=\"Severe weather terminology (Japan)\">Japan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)\" title=\"Severe weather terminology (United States)\">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Weather_forecasting\" title=\"Weather forecasting\">Weather forecasting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Weather_modification\" title=\"Weather modification\">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><b>Glossaries</b></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology\" title=\"Glossary of meteorology\">Meteorology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change\" title=\"Glossary of climate change\">Climate change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms\" title=\"Glossary of tornado terms\">Tornado terms</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms\" title=\"Glossary of tropical cyclone terms\">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-below\" style=\"border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;\">\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"12\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"600\" /></a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Weather\" title=\"Portal:Weather\">Weather&#32;portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-navbar\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374\"/><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1063604349\">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:\"[ \"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:\" ]\"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class=\"navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Weather\" title=\"Template:Weather\"><abbr title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Weather\" title=\"Template talk:Weather\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Weather&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>\n<p>In <a href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">meteorology</a>, a <b>cloud</b> is an <a href=\"/wiki/Aerosol\" title=\"Aerosol\">aerosol</a> consisting of a visible mass of miniature <a href=\"/wiki/Liquid\" title=\"Liquid\">liquid</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Drop_(liquid)\" title=\"Drop (liquid)\">droplets</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_crystals\" title=\"Ice crystals\">frozen crystals</a>, or other <a href=\"/wiki/Particulates\" title=\"Particulates\">particles</a> suspended in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> of a <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planetary</a> body or similar space.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Water\" title=\"Water\">Water</a> or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the <a href=\"/wiki/Air\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Air\">air</a> when it is cooled to its <a href=\"/wiki/Dew_point\" title=\"Dew point\">dew point</a>, or when it gains sufficient <a href=\"/wiki/Moisture\" title=\"Moisture\">moisture</a> (usually in the form of <a href=\"/wiki/Water_vapor\" title=\"Water vapor\">water vapor</a>) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient <a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">temperature</a>.\n</p><p>Clouds are seen in the Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Homosphere\" title=\"Homosphere\">homosphere</a>, which includes the <a href=\"/wiki/Troposphere\" title=\"Troposphere\">troposphere</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stratosphere\" title=\"Stratosphere\">stratosphere</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Mesosphere\" title=\"Mesosphere\">mesosphere</a>. <b>Nephology</b> is the science of clouds, which is undertaken in the <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_physics\" title=\"Cloud physics\">cloud physics</a> branch of <a href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">meteorology</a>.  There are two methods of naming clouds in their respective layers of the homosphere, <a href=\"/wiki/Latin\" title=\"Latin\">Latin</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Common_name\" title=\"Common name\">common name</a>.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Genus\" title=\"Genus\">Genus</a> types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have <a href=\"/wiki/Latin\" title=\"Latin\">Latin</a> names because of the universal adoption of <a href=\"/wiki/Luke_Howard\" title=\"Luke Howard\">Luke Howard</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Nomenclature\" title=\"Nomenclature\">nomenclature</a> that was formally proposed in 1802.  It became the basis of a modern international system that divides clouds into five physical <i>forms</i> which can be further divided or classified into <a href=\"/wiki/Altitude\" title=\"Altitude\">altitude</a> <i>levels</i> to derive ten basic <i>genera</i>. The main representative cloud types for each of these forms are <a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">stratiform</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">cumuliform</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">stratocumuliform</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">cumulonimbiform</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">cirriform</a>.  <i>Low-level</i>  clouds do not have any altitude-related prefixes.  However <i>mid-level</i> stratiform and stratocumuliform types are given the prefix <i>alto-</i> while <i>high-level</i> variants of these same two forms carry the prefix <i>cirro-</i>.  In both cases, <i>strato-</i> is dropped from the latter form to avoid double-prefixing. Genus types with sufficient vertical extent to occupy more than one level do not carry any altitude related prefixes.  They are classified formally as low- or mid-level depending on the altitude at which each initially forms, and are also more informally characterized as <i>multi-level</i> or <i>vertical</i>.  Most of the ten genera derived by this method of <a href=\"/wiki/Classification\" title=\"Classification\">classification</a> can be subdivided into <i>species</i> and further subdivided into <i>varieties</i>. Very low stratiform clouds that extend down to the Earth's surface are given the common names <i>fog</i> and <i>mist</i>, but have no Latin names.\n</p><p>In the stratosphere and mesosphere, clouds have common names for their main types. They may have the appearance of stratiform veils or sheets, cirriform wisps, or stratocumuliform bands or ripples. They are seen infrequently, mostly in the polar regions of Earth. Clouds have been observed in the atmospheres of other <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planets</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">moons</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a> and beyond. However, due to their different temperature characteristics, they are often composed of other substances such as <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfuric_acid\" title=\"Sulfuric acid\">sulfuric acid</a>, as well as water.\n</p><p>Tropospheric clouds can have a direct effect on <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_change\" title=\"Climate change\">climate change</a> on Earth.  They may reflect incoming rays from the sun which can contribute to a cooling effect where and when these clouds occur, or trap longer wave radiation that reflects back up from the Earth's surface which can cause a warming effect.  The altitude, form, and thickness of the clouds are the main factors that affect the local heating or cooling of Earth and the atmosphere.  Clouds that form above the troposphere are too scarce and too thin to have any influence on climate change. Clouds are the main uncertainty in <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_sensitivity\" title=\"Climate sensitivity\">climate sensitivity</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r886046785\">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class=\"toclimit-3\"><div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input type=\"checkbox\" role=\"button\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display:none\" /><div class=\"toctitle\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contents</h2><span class=\"toctogglespan\"><label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\"></label></span></div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Etymology\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Etymology</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Homospheric_nomenclatures_and_cross-classification\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Homospheric nomenclatures and cross-classification</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#History_of_cloud_science\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">History of cloud science</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Formation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Formation</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Adiabatic_cooling\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adiabatic cooling</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Non-adiabatic_cooling\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Non-adiabatic cooling</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Adding_moisture_to_the_air\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adding moisture to the air</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Tropospheric_classification\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Tropospheric classification</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Physical_forms\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Physical forms</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Levels_and_genera\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Levels and genera</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#High-level\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">High-level</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Mid-level\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Mid-level</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Low-level\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Low-level</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Multi-level_or_moderate_vertical\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Multi-level or moderate vertical</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#Towering_vertical\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Towering vertical</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"#Species\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Species</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"#Stable_or_mostly_stable\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Stable or mostly stable</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-18\"><a href=\"#Ragged\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Ragged</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-19\"><a href=\"#Partly_unstable\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Partly unstable</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-20\"><a href=\"#Unstable_or_mostly_unstable\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Unstable or mostly unstable</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-21\"><a href=\"#Varieties\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Varieties</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-22\"><a href=\"#Opacity-based\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Opacity-based</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-23\"><a href=\"#Pattern-based\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Pattern-based</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-24\"><a href=\"#Combinations\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Combinations</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-25\"><a href=\"#Other_types\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Other types</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-26\"><a href=\"#Precipitation-based_supplementary_features\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Precipitation-based supplementary features</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-27\"><a href=\"#Cloud-based_supplementary_features\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Cloud-based supplementary features</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-28\"><a href=\"#Accessory_clouds\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Accessory clouds</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-29\"><a href=\"#Mother_clouds\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Mother clouds</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-30\"><a href=\"#Other_genitus_and_mutatus_clouds\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Other genitus and mutatus clouds</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-31\"><a href=\"#Large_scale_patterns\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Large scale patterns</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-32\"><a href=\"#Stratocumulus_fields\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.6.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Stratocumulus fields</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-33\"><a href=\"#Vortex_streets\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.6.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Vortex streets</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-34\"><a href=\"#Distribution\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Distribution</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-35\"><a href=\"#Convergence_along_low-pressure_zones\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Convergence along low-pressure zones</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-36\"><a href=\"#Divergence_along_high_pressure_zones\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Divergence along high pressure zones</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-37\"><a href=\"#Luminance,_reflectivity,_and_coloration\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Luminance, reflectivity, and coloration</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-38\"><a href=\"#Effects\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Effects</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-39\"><a href=\"#Stratospheric_classification_and_distribution\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Stratospheric classification and distribution</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-40\"><a href=\"#Mesospheric_classification_and_distribution\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Mesospheric classification and distribution</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-41\"><a href=\"#Extraterrestrial\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">11</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Extraterrestrial</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-42\"><a href=\"#In_culture_and_religion\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">12</span> <span class=\"toctext\">In culture and religion</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-43\"><a href=\"#See_also\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">13</span> <span class=\"toctext\">See also</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-44\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">14</span> <span class=\"toctext\">References</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-45\"><a href=\"#Bibliography\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">15</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Bibliography</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-46\"><a href=\"#External_links\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">16</span> <span class=\"toctext\">External links</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Etymology\">Etymology</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\" title=\"Edit section: Etymology\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<p>The origin of the term \"cloud\" can be found in the <a href=\"/wiki/Old_English\" title=\"Old English\">Old English</a> words <span title=\"Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text\"><i lang=\"ang\">clud</i></span> or <i><span title=\"Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text\"><i lang=\"ang\">clod</i></span></i>, meaning a hill or a mass of stone. Around the beginning of the 13th century, the word came to be used as a metaphor for rain clouds, because of the similarity in appearance between a mass of rock and cumulus heap cloud. Over time, the metaphoric usage of the word supplanted the Old English <i><span title=\"Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text\"><i lang=\"ang\">weolcan</i></span></i>, which had been the literal term for clouds in general.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Harper_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Harper-3\">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Homospheric_nomenclatures_and_cross-classification\">Homospheric nomenclatures and cross-classification</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Homospheric nomenclatures and cross-classification\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<p>The table that follows is very broad in scope like the cloud genera template upon which it is partly based. There are some variations in styles of nomenclature between the classification scheme used for the troposphere (strict Latin except for surface based aerosols) and the higher levels of the homosphere (common terms, some informally derived from Latin). However, the schemes presented here share a cross-classification of physical forms and altitude levels to derive the 10 tropospheric genera,<sup id=\"cite_ref-identification_guide_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-identification_guide-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> the fog and mist that forms at surface level, and several additional major types above the troposphere. The cumulus genus includes four species that indicate vertical size which can affect the altitude levels.\n</p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<th style=\"background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;\"><div style=\"margin-left:2em;text-align:right\">Form<sup id=\"cite_ref-LANDSAT_identification_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LANDSAT_identification-6\">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup></div><div style=\"margin-right:2em;text-align:left\"><br />Level<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup></div>\n</th>\n<th>Stratiform <br /> non-convective\n</th>\n<th>Cirriform <br /> mostly non-convective\n</th>\n<th>Stratocumuliform <br /> limited-convective\n</th>\n<th>Cumuliform <br /> free-convective\n</th>\n<th>Cumulonimbiform <br /> strong-convective\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Extreme-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud\" title=\"Noctilucent cloud\">Noctilucent</a> veils</td>\n<td>Noctilucent billows or whirls</td>\n<td>Noctilucent bands</td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Very high-level<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Nitric_acid\" title=\"Nitric acid\">Nitric acid</a> &amp; <a href=\"/wiki/Water\" title=\"Water\">water</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud\" title=\"Polar stratospheric cloud\">PSC</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">Cirriform</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Nacreous\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nacreous\">nacreous</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud\" title=\"Polar stratospheric cloud\">PSC</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Lenticular_cloud\" title=\"Lenticular cloud\">Lenticular</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Nacreous\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nacreous\">nacreous</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud\" title=\"Polar stratospheric cloud\">PSC</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>High-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cirrostratus\">Cirrostratus</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">Cirrus</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cirrocumulus\">Cirrocumulus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Mid-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Altostratus\">Altostratus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Altocumulus\">Altocumulus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Towering vertical<sup id=\"cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection-9\">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup>\n</th>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_congestus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus congestus\">Cumulus congestus</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulonimbus\">Cumulonimbus</a>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Multi-level or moderate vertical\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nimbostratus\">Nimbostratus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_mediocris\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus mediocris\">Cumulus mediocris</a></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Low-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">Stratus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stratocumulus\">Stratocumulus</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus humilis\">Cumulus humilis</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Fractus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fractus\">fractus</a></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Surface-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">Fog</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Mist\" title=\"Mist\">mist</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr></tbody></table>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"History_of_cloud_science\">History of cloud science</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\" title=\"Edit section: History of cloud science\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_meteorology\" title=\"Timeline of meteorology\">Timeline of meteorology</a></div><p>Ancient cloud studies were not made in isolation, but were observed in combination with other <a href=\"/wiki/Weather\" title=\"Weather\">weather</a> elements and even other natural sciences. Around 340 BC, Greek philosopher <a href=\"/wiki/Aristotle\" title=\"Aristotle\">Aristotle</a> wrote <i><a href=\"/wiki/Meteorologica\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Meteorologica\">Meteorologica</a></i>, a work which represented the sum of knowledge of the time about natural science, including weather and climate. For the first time, precipitation and the clouds from which precipitation fell were called meteors, which originate from the Greek word <i>meteoros</i>, meaning 'high in the sky'. From that word came the modern term <a href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">meteorology</a>, the study of clouds and weather. <i>Meteorologica</i> was based on intuition and simple observation, but not on what is now considered the scientific method. Nevertheless, it was the first known work that attempted to treat a broad range of meteorological topics in a systematic way, especially the <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrological_cycle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hydrological cycle\">hydrological cycle</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Meteorologica_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Meteorologica-10\">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup></p><div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cloud_types_en.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"g\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cloud_types_en.svg/300px-Cloud_types_en.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"184\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cloud_types_en.svg/450px-Cloud_types_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cloud_types_en.svg/600px-Cloud_types_en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"960\" data-file-height=\"590\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cloud_types_en.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Tropospheric cloud classification by altitude of occurrence: Multi-level and vertical genus-types not limited to a single altitude level include nimbostratus, cumulonimbus, and some of the larger cumulus species.</div></div></div>\n<p>After centuries of speculative theories about the formation and behavior of clouds, the first truly scientific studies were undertaken by <a href=\"/wiki/Luke_Howard\" title=\"Luke Howard\">Luke Howard</a> in England and <a href=\"/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck\" title=\"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck\">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> in France. Howard was a methodical observer with a strong grounding in the Latin language, and used his background to formally classify the various tropospheric cloud types during 1802. He believed that scientific observations of the changing cloud forms in the sky could unlock the key to weather forecasting.\n</p><p>Lamarck had worked independently on cloud classification the same year and had come up with a different naming scheme that failed to make an impression even in his home country of <a href=\"/wiki/France\" title=\"France\">France</a> because it used unusually descriptive and informal French names and phrases for cloud types. His system of nomenclature included 12 categories of clouds, with such names as (translated from French) hazy clouds, dappled clouds, and broom-like clouds. By contrast, Howard used universally accepted Latin, which caught on quickly after it was published in 1803.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Preface_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Preface-11\">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> As a sign of the popularity of the naming scheme, German dramatist and poet <a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe\" title=\"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> composed four poems about clouds, dedicating them to Howard.\n</p><p>An elaboration of Howard's system was eventually formally adopted by the International Meteorological Conference in 1891.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Preface_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Preface-11\">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> This system covered only the tropospheric cloud types.  However, the discovery of clouds above the troposphere during the late 19th century eventually led to the creation of separate classification schemes that reverted to the use of descriptive common names and phrases that somewhat recalled Lamarck's methods of classification.  These very high clouds, although classified by these different methods, are nevertheless broadly similar to some cloud forms identified in the troposphere with Latin names.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Formation\">Formation</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\" title=\"Edit section: Formation\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_physics\" title=\"Cloud physics\">Cloud physics</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg/220px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg/330px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg/440px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3648\" data-file-height=\"2048\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus humilis cloud\">Cumulus humilis clouds</a> in May</div></div></div>\n<p>Terrestrial clouds can be found throughout most of the homosphere, which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Within these layers of the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a>, air can become saturated as a result of being cooled to its <a href=\"/wiki/Dew_point\" title=\"Dew point\">dew point</a> or by having moisture added from an adjacent source.<sup id=\"cite_ref-auto_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-auto-12\">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> In the latter case, saturation occurs when the dew point is raised to the ambient air temperature.\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Adiabatic_cooling\">Adiabatic cooling</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\" title=\"Edit section: Adiabatic cooling\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate#Dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Adiabatic lapse rate\">Adiabatic cooling</a> occurs when one or more of three possible lifting agents \u2013 convective, cyclonic/frontal, or orographic \u2013 cause a parcel of air containing invisible water vapor to rise and cool to its dew point, the temperature at which the air becomes saturated. The main mechanism behind this process is adiabatic cooling.<sup id=\"cite_ref-adiabatic_process_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-adiabatic_process-13\">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> As the air is cooled to its dew point and becomes saturated, water vapor normally condenses to form cloud drops. This condensation normally occurs on <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei\" title=\"Cloud condensation nuclei\">cloud condensation nuclei</a> such as <a href=\"/wiki/Salt\" title=\"Salt\">salt</a> or dust particles that are small enough to be held aloft by normal <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation\" title=\"Atmospheric circulation\">circulation</a> of the air.<sup id=\"cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability-14\">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud_drops_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud_drops-15\">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><video id=\"mwe_player_0\" poster=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/300px--Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.jpg\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" class=\"thumbimage\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" data-durationhint=\"36\" data-mwtitle=\"Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.480p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"SD VP9 (480P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 480P\" data-transcodekey=\"480p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"854\" data-height=\"480\" data-bandwidth=\"347088\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"Original Ogg file, 960 \u00d7 540 (832 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"960\" data-height=\"540\" data-bandwidth=\"832360\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.480p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"SD WebM (480P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 480P\" data-transcodekey=\"480p.webm\" data-width=\"854\" data-height=\"480\" data-bandwidth=\"1039384\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.120p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 120P\" data-transcodekey=\"120p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"214\" data-height=\"120\" data-bandwidth=\"153760\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.160p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth WebM (160P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 160P\" data-transcodekey=\"160p.webm\" data-width=\"284\" data-height=\"160\" data-bandwidth=\"186104\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.180p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 180P\" data-transcodekey=\"180p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"320\" data-height=\"180\" data-bandwidth=\"171544\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.240p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Small VP9 (240P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 240P\" data-transcodekey=\"240p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"426\" data-height=\"240\" data-bandwidth=\"192584\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.240p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"Small WebM (240P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 240P\" data-transcodekey=\"240p.webm\" data-width=\"426\" data-height=\"240\" data-bandwidth=\"285424\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.360p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"VP9 (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"244000\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.360p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"WebM (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.webm\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"540832\" data-framerate=\"30\" /></video>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Animation of cloud evolution from cumulus humilis to cumulonimbus capillatus incus</div></div></div>\n<p>One agent is the convective upward motion of air caused by daytime solar heating at surface level.<sup id=\"cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability-14\">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> Low level airmass instability allows for the formation of cumuliform clouds in the troposphere that can produce showers if the air is sufficiently moist.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> On moderately rare occasions, convective lift can be powerful enough to penetrate the tropopause and push the cloud top into the stratosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Tropopause_penetrations_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Tropopause_penetrations-17\">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Frontal and <a href=\"/wiki/Cyclonic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cyclonic\">cyclonic</a> lift occur in the troposphere when <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_instability\" title=\"Atmospheric instability\">stable</a> air is forced aloft at <a href=\"/wiki/Weather_fronts\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Weather fronts\">weather fronts</a> and around centers of <a href=\"/wiki/Low-pressure_area\" title=\"Low-pressure area\">low pressure</a> by a process called <a href=\"/wiki/Convergence_zone\" title=\"Convergence zone\">convergence</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-frontal_clouds_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-frontal_clouds-18\">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Warm_front\" title=\"Warm front\">Warm fronts</a> associated with extratropical cyclones tend to generate mostly cirriform and stratiform clouds over a wide area unless the approaching warm airmass is unstable, in which case cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus clouds are usually embedded in the main precipitating cloud layer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mackerel_sky_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mackerel_sky-19\">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_front\" title=\"Cold front\">Cold fronts</a> are usually faster moving and generate a narrower line of clouds, which are mostly stratocumuliform, cumuliform, or cumulonimbiform depending on the stability of the warm airmass just ahead of the front.<sup id=\"cite_ref-G&amp;N:207-212_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-G&amp;N:207-212-20\">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dreamy_Twilight.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dreamy_Twilight.jpg/220px-Dreamy_Twilight.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dreamy_Twilight.jpg/330px-Dreamy_Twilight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dreamy_Twilight.jpg/440px-Dreamy_Twilight.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2816\" data-file-height=\"2112\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dreamy_Twilight.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Windy evening <a href=\"/wiki/Twilight\" title=\"Twilight\">twilight</a> enhanced by the Sun's angle, can visually mimic a <a href=\"/wiki/Tornado\" title=\"Tornado\">tornado</a> resulting from orographic lift</div></div></div>\n<p>A third source of lift is wind circulation forcing air over a physical barrier such as a <a href=\"/wiki/Mountain\" title=\"Mountain\">mountain</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Orographic_lift\" title=\"Orographic lift\">orographic lift</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability-14\">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> If the air is generally stable, nothing more than <a href=\"/wiki/Lenticular_cap\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lenticular cap\">lenticular cap</a> clouds form. However, if the air becomes sufficiently moist and unstable, orographic showers or <a href=\"/wiki/Thunderstorm\" title=\"Thunderstorm\">thunderstorms</a> may appear.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MT_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MT-21\">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Clouds formed by any of these lifting agents are initially seen in the troposphere where these agents are most active.  However, water vapor that has been lifted to the top of troposphere can be carried even higher by gravity waves where further condensation can result in the formation of clouds in the stratosphere and mesosphere. <sup id=\"cite_ref-Atoptics_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Atoptics-22\">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Non-adiabatic_cooling\">Non-adiabatic cooling</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\" title=\"Edit section: Non-adiabatic cooling\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Along with adiabatic cooling that requires a lifting agent, three major nonadiabatic mechanisms exist for lowering the temperature of the air to its dew point. Conductive, radiational, and evaporative cooling require no lifting mechanism and can cause condensation at surface level resulting in the formation of <a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">fog</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fog_formation_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fog_formation-23\">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Adding_moisture_to_the_air\">Adding moisture to the air</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\" title=\"Edit section: Adding moisture to the air\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Several main sources of water vapor can be added to the air as a way of achieving saturation without any cooling process: <a href=\"/wiki/Evaporation\" title=\"Evaporation\">evaporation</a> from surface water or moist ground,<sup id=\"cite_ref-convection_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-convection-26\">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-auto_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-auto-12\">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> precipitation or <a href=\"/wiki/Virga\" title=\"Virga\">virga</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> and <a href=\"/wiki/Transpiration\" title=\"Transpiration\">transpiration</a> from plants.<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Tropospheric_classification\">Tropospheric classification</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\" title=\"Edit section: Tropospheric classification\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Further information: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_cloud_types\" title=\"List of cloud types\">List of cloud types</a></div>\n<p>Classification in the troposphere is based on a hierarchy of categories with physical forms and altitude levels at the top.<sup id=\"cite_ref-LANDSAT_identification_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LANDSAT_identification-6\">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> These are cross-classified into a total of ten genus types, most of which can be divided into species and further subdivided into varieties which are at the bottom of the hierarchy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Principles_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Principles-30\">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Physical_forms\">Physical forms</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\" title=\"Edit section: Physical forms\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Cumulonimbus Incus in dissipating stage. Observed in Florida\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cumulus_humilis.jpg/220px-Cumulus_humilis.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cumulus_humilis.jpg/330px-Cumulus_humilis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cumulus_humilis.jpg/440px-Cumulus_humilis.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2272\" data-file-height=\"1704\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cumulus humilis clouds</div></div></div><div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cirrus-fibratus.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cirrus-fibratus.jpg/220px-Cirrus-fibratus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cirrus-fibratus.jpg/330px-Cirrus-fibratus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cirrus-fibratus.jpg/440px-Cirrus-fibratus.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3920\" data-file-height=\"2204\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cirrus-fibratus.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_fibratus\" title=\"Cirrus fibratus\">Cirrus fibratus</a> clouds in March</div></div></div>\n<p>Clouds in the troposphere assume five physical forms based on structure and process of formation. These forms are commonly used for the purpose of satellite analysis.<sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> They are given below in approximate ascending order of instability or <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_convection\" title=\"Atmospheric convection\">convective</a> activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-meteorology_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meteorology-32\">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Nonconvective <a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">stratiform clouds</a> appear in stable airmass conditions and, in general, have flat, sheet-like structures that can form at any altitude in the troposphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Stratiform_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Stratiform-33\">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup> The stratiform group is divided by altitude range into the genera <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrostratus cloud\">cirrostratus</a> (high-level), <a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus_cloud\" title=\"Altostratus cloud\">altostratus</a> (mid-level), <a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">stratus</a> (low-level), and <a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus_cloud\" title=\"Nimbostratus cloud\">nimbostratus</a> (multi-level).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Fog is commonly considered a surface-based cloud layer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MT_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MT-21\">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup> The fog may form at surface level in clear air or it may be the result of a very low stratus cloud subsiding to ground or sea level. Conversely, low stratiform clouds result when <a href=\"/wiki/Advection_fog\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Advection fog\">advection fog</a> is lifted above surface level during breezy conditions.</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">Cirriform clouds</a> in the troposphere are of the genus cirrus and have the appearance of detached or semimerged filaments. They form at high tropospheric altitudes in air that is mostly stable with little or no convective activity, although denser patches may occasionally show buildups caused by limited high-level <a href=\"/wiki/Convection\" title=\"Convection\">convection</a> where the air is partly unstable.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cirrus_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cirrus-34\">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> Clouds resembling cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus can be found above the troposphere but are classified separately using common names.</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">Stratocumuliform clouds</a> both cumuliform and stratiform characteristics in the form of rolls, ripples, or elements.<sup id=\"cite_ref-identification_guide_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-identification_guide-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> They generally form as a result of limited convection in an otherwise mostly stable airmass topped by an inversion layer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Multi-regime_convection_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Multi-regime_convection-35\">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup> If the inversion layer is absent or higher in the troposphere, increased airmass instability may cause the cloud layers to develop tops in the form of turrets consisting of embedded cumuliform buildups.<sup id=\"cite_ref-castellanus_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-castellanus-36\">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup> The stratocumuliform group is divided into <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrocumulus cloud\">cirrocumulus</a> (high-level, strato- prefix dropped), <a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Altocumulus cloud\">altocumulus</a> (mid-level, strato- prefix dropped), and <a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">stratocumulus</a> (low-level).<sup id=\"cite_ref-identification_guide_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-identification_guide-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">Cumuliform clouds</a> generally appear in isolated heaps or tufts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-USA_Today_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USA_Today-37\">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Stommel91_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Stommel91-38\">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup> They are the product of localized but generally free-convective lift where no inversion layers are in the troposphere to limit vertical growth. In general, small cumuliform clouds tend to indicate comparatively weak instability. Larger cumuliform types are a sign of greater atmospheric instability and convective activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mossop632-634_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mossop632-634-39\">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup> Depending on their vertical size, clouds of the <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">cumulus</a> genus type may be low-level or multi-level with moderate to towering vertical extent.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">Cumulonimbus clouds</a> are largest free-convective clouds, which has a towering vertical extent. They occur in highly unstable air<sup id=\"cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability-14\">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> and often have fuzzy outlines at the upper parts of the clouds that sometimes include anvil tops.<sup id=\"cite_ref-identification_guide_5-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-identification_guide-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> These clouds are the product of very strong convection that can penetrate the lower stratosphere.</li></ul>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Levels_and_genera\">Levels and genera</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\" title=\"Edit section: Levels and genera\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Weather_map\" title=\"Weather map\">Weather map</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Station_model\" title=\"Station model\">Station model</a></div>\n<p>Tropospheric clouds form in any of three levels (formerly called <a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9tage\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:\u00e9tage\"><i>\u00e9tages</i></a>) based on altitude range above the Earth's surface. The grouping of clouds into levels is commonly done for the purposes of <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_atlas\" title=\"Cloud atlas\">cloud atlases</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Surface_weather_observation\" title=\"Surface weather observation\">surface weather observations</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> and <a href=\"/wiki/Weather_map\" title=\"Weather map\">weather maps</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-HOWTOREAD_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HOWTOREAD-40\">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup> The base-height range for each level varies depending on the latitudinal <a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_zone\" title=\"Geographical zone\">geographical zone</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Each altitude level comprises two or three genus-types differentiated mainly by physical form.<sup id=\"cite_ref-appearance_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-appearance-41\">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-identification_guide_5-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-identification_guide-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>The standard levels and genus-types are summarised below in approximate descending order of the altitude at which each is normally based.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wmo-cloud_classifications_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wmo-cloud_classifications-42\">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup> Multi-level clouds with significant vertical extent are separately listed and summarized in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-meteorology_32-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meteorology-32\">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"High-level\">High-level</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\" title=\"Edit section: High-level\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg/220px-Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"120\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg/330px-Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg/440px-Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1837\" data-file-height=\"1000\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>High <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">cirrus</a> upper-left merging into <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cirrostratus\">cirrostratus</a> and some <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cirrocumulus\">cirrocumulus</a> upper right</div></div></div>\n<p>High clouds form at altitudes of 3,000 to 7,600&#160;m (10,000 to 25,000&#160;ft) in the <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_region\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar region\">polar regions</a>, 5,000 to 12,200&#160;m (16,500 to 40,000&#160;ft) in the <a href=\"/wiki/Temperateness\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Temperateness\">temperate regions</a>, and 6,100 to 18,300&#160;m (20,000 to 60,000&#160;ft) in the <a href=\"/wiki/Tropics\" title=\"Tropics\">tropics</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> All cirriform clouds are classified as high, thus constitute a single genus <i>cirrus</i> (Ci). Stratocumuliform and stratiform clouds in the high altitude range carry the prefix <i>cirro-</i>, yielding the respective genus names <i>cirrocumulus</i> (Cc) and <i>cirrostratus</i> (Cs). If limited-resolution satellite images of high clouds are analysed without supporting data from direct human observations, distinguishing between individual forms or genus types becomes impossible, and they are collectively identified as <i>high-type</i> (or informally as <i>cirrus-type</i>, though not all high clouds are of the cirrus form or genus).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cloud_type_identification-43\">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">cirrus</a> (Ci) \u2013 these are mostly fibrous wisps of delicate, white, cirriform, ice crystal clouds that show up clearly against the blue sky.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cirrus_34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cirrus-34\">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> Cirrus are generally non-convective except castellanus and floccus subtypes which show limited convection. They often form along a high altitude <a href=\"/wiki/Jetstream\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Jetstream\">jetstream</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Jetstream_clouds_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jetstream_clouds-44\">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> and at the very leading edge of a frontal or low-pressure disturbance where they may merge into cirrostratus. This high-level cloud genus does not produce precipitation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wmo-cloud_classifications_42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wmo-cloud_classifications-42\">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrocumulus cloud\">cirrocumulus</a> (Cc) \u2013 this is a pure white high stratocumuliform layer of limited convection. It is composed of ice crystals or supercooled water droplets appearing as small unshaded round masses or flakes in groups or lines with ripples like sand on a beach.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cirrocumulus_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cirrocumulus-45\">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-YDN-364_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-YDN-364-46\">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> Cirrocumulus occasionally forms alongside cirrus and may be accompanied or replaced by cirrostratus clouds near the leading edge of an active weather system. This genus-type occasionally produces virga, precipitation that evaporates below the base of the cloud.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mackerel_sky_19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mackerel_sky-19\">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrostratus cloud\">cirrostratus</a> (Cs) \u2013 cirrostratus is a thin nonconvective stratiform ice crystal veil that typically gives rise to halos caused by refraction of the <a href=\"/wiki/Sunlight\" title=\"Sunlight\">sun's rays</a>. The sun and moon are visible in clear outline.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cirrostratus_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cirrostratus-47\">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup> Cirrostratus does not produce precipitation, but often thickens into altostratus ahead of a warm front or low-pressure area, which sometimes does.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Altostratus_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Altostratus-48\">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Mid-level\">Mid-level</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\" title=\"Edit section: Mid-level\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sunrise_(Abbottabad).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg/220px-Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"164\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg/330px-Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg/440px-Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2592\" data-file-height=\"1936\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sunrise_(Abbottabad).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Sunrise scene giving a shine to an altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus cloud (see also 'species and varieties')</div></div></div>\n<p>Nonvertical clouds in the middle level are prefixed by <i>alto-</i>, yielding the genus names <i>altocumulus</i> (Ac) for stratocumuliform types and <i>altostratus</i> (As) for stratiform types. These clouds can form as low as 2,000&#160;m (6,500&#160;ft) above surface at any latitude, but may be based as high as 4,000&#160;m (13,000&#160;ft) near the poles, 7,000&#160;m (23,000&#160;ft) at midlatitudes, and 7,600&#160;m (25,000&#160;ft) in the tropics.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> As with high clouds, the main genus types are easily identified by the human eye, but distinguishing between them using satellite photography alone is not possible. When the supporting data of human observations are not available, these clouds are usually collectively identified as <i>middle-type</i> on satellite images.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cloud_type_identification-43\">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Altocumulus cloud\">altocumulus</a> (Ac) \u2013 This is a midlevel cloud layer of limited convection that is usually appears in the form of irregular patches or more extensive sheets arranged in groups, lines, or waves.<sup id=\"cite_ref-altocumulus_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-altocumulus-49\">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup> Altocumulus may occasionally resemble cirrocumulus, but is usually thicker and composed of a mix of water droplets and ice crystals, so the bases show at least some light-grey shading.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ac-compared_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ac-compared-50\">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup> Altocumulus can produce virga, very light precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mid-level-clouds_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mid-level-clouds-51\">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus_cloud\" title=\"Altostratus cloud\">altostratus</a> (As) \u2013 Altostratus is a midlevel opaque or translucent nonconvective veil of grey/blue-grey cloud that often forms along warm fronts and around low-pressure areas. Altostratus is usually composed of water droplets, but may be mixed with ice crystals at higher altitudes. Widespread opaque altostratus can produce light continuous or intermittent precipitation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-altostratus_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-altostratus-52\">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Low-level\">Low-level</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\" title=\"Edit section: Low-level\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg/220px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg/330px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg/440px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4624\" data-file-height=\"3468\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus humilis\">Cumulus humilis</a> clouds over <a href=\"/wiki/Jakarta\" title=\"Jakarta\">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</div></div></div>\n<p>Low clouds are found from near the surface up to 2,000&#160;m (6,500&#160;ft).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Genus types in this level either have no prefix or carry one that refers to a characteristic other than altitude. Clouds that form in the low level of the troposphere are generally of larger structure than those that form in the middle and high levels, so they can usually be identified by their forms and genus types using satellite photography alone.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cloud_type_identification-43\">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">stratocumulus</a> (Sc) \u2013 This genus type is a stratocumuliform cloud layer of limited convection, usually in the form of irregular patches or more extensive sheets similar to altocumulus but having larger elements with deeper-gray shading.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stratocumulus_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stratocumulus-53\">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup> Stratocumulus is often present during wet weather originating from other rain clouds, but can only produce very light precipitation on its own.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stratocumulus-precipitation_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stratocumulus-precipitation-54\">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Species <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus humilis cloud\">cumulus humilis</a> \u2013 These are small detached fair-weather cumuliform clouds that have nearly horizontal bases and flattened tops, and do not produce rain showers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cumulus_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cumulus-55\">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">stratus</a> (St) \u2013 This is a flat or sometimes ragged nonconvective stratiform type that sometimes resembles elevated fog.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stratus_56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stratus-56\">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup> Only very weak precipitation can fall from this cloud, usually drizzle or snow grains.<sup id=\"cite_ref-drizzle_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-drizzle-57\">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-snow-grains_58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-snow-grains-58\">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup> When a very low stratus cloud subsides to surface level, it loses its Latin terminology and is given the common name fog if the prevailing surface visibility is less than 1&#160;km (0.62&#160;mi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-stratus-fog_59-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stratus-fog-59\">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> If the visibility is 1&#160;km or higher, the visible condensation is termed <a href=\"/wiki/Mist\" title=\"Mist\">mist</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mist-fog_60-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mist-fog-60\">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Multi-level_or_moderate_vertical\">Multi-level or moderate vertical</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\" title=\"Edit section: Multi-level or moderate vertical\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Clouds_over_Africa.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Clouds_over_Africa.jpg/220px-Clouds_over_Africa.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Clouds_over_Africa.jpg/330px-Clouds_over_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Clouds_over_Africa.jpg/440px-Clouds_over_Africa.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3522\" data-file-height=\"2348\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Clouds_over_Africa.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus humilis\">Cumulus humilis</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_mediocris\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus mediocris\">cumulus mediocris</a> with stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus in the foreground (see also 'species and varieties')</div></div></div>\n<p>These clouds have low- to mid-level bases that form anywhere from near the surface to about 2,400&#160;m (8,000&#160;ft) and tops that can extend into the mid-altitude range and sometimes higher in the case of nimbostratus.\n</p>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus_cloud\" title=\"Nimbostratus cloud\">nimbostratus</a> (Ns) \u2013 This is a diffuse, dark grey, multi-level stratiform layer with great horizontal extent and usually moderate to deep vertical development that looks feebly illuminated from the inside.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nimbostratus_61-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nimbostratus-61\">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> Nimbostratus normally forms from mid-level altostratus, and develops at least moderate vertical extent<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud_atlas-62\">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Plymouth_State_Meteorology-63\">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup> when the base subsides into the low level during precipitation that can reach moderate to heavy intensity. It  achieves even greater vertical development when it simultaneously grows upward into the high level due to large-scale frontal or cyclonic lift.<sup id=\"cite_ref-glossary_64-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-glossary-64\">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup> The <i>nimbo-</i> prefix refers to its ability to produce continuous rain or snow over a wide area, especially ahead of a warm front.<sup id=\"cite_ref-precipitating_clouds_65-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-precipitating_clouds-65\">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup> This thick cloud layer lacks any towering structure of its own, but may be accompanied by embedded towering cumuliform or cumulonimbiform types.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Plymouth_State_Meteorology-63\">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nimbostratus_associated_with_deep_convection_66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nimbostratus_associated_with_deep_convection-66\">&#91;66&#93;</a></sup> Meteorologists affiliated with the <a href=\"/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization\" title=\"World Meteorological Organization\">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO) officially classify nimbostratus as mid-level for synoptic purposes while informally characterizing it as multi-level.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Independent meteorologists and educators appear split between those who largely follow the WMO model<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud_atlas-62\">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Plymouth_State_Meteorology-63\">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup> and those who classify nimbostratus as low-level, despite its considerable vertical extent and its usual initial formation in the middle altitude range.<sup id=\"cite_ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-67\">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-classification_of_clouds_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-classification_of_clouds-68\">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Species <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_mediocris_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus mediocris cloud\">cumulus mediocris</a> \u2013 These cumuliform clouds of free convection have clear-cut, medium-grey, flat bases and white, domed tops in the form of small sproutings and generally do not produce precipitation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cumulus_55-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cumulus-55\">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> They usually form in the low level of the troposphere except during conditions of very low relative humidity, when the clouds bases can rise into the middle-altitude range. Cumulus mediocris is officially classified as low-level and more informally characterized as having moderate vertical extent that can involve more than one altitude level.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Towering_vertical\">Towering vertical</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\" title=\"Edit section: Towering vertical\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/220px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"127\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/330px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/440px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4288\" data-file-height=\"2471\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Isolated cumulonimbus cloud over the <a href=\"/wiki/Mojave_Desert\" title=\"Mojave Desert\">Mojave Desert</a>, releasing a heavy shower</div></div></div>\n<p>These very large cumuliform and cumulonimbiform types have cloud bases in the same low- to mid-level range as the multi-level and moderate vertical types, but the tops nearly always extend into the high levels.  Unlike less vertically developed clouds, they are required to be identified by their standard names or abbreviations in all aviation observations (METARS) and forecasts (TAFS) to warn pilots of possible severe weather and turbulence.<sup id=\"cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection-9\">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Species <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_Congestus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus Congestus cloud\">cumulus congestus</a> \u2013 Increasing airmass instability can cause free-convective cumulus to grow very tall to the extent that the vertical height from base to top is greater than the base-width of the cloud. The cloud base takes on a darker grey coloration and the top commonly resembles a cauliflower. This cloud type can produce moderate to heavy showers<sup id=\"cite_ref-cumulus_55-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cumulus-55\">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> and is designated <i>Towering cumulus</i> (Tcu) by the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization\" title=\"International Civil Aviation Organization\">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO).</li></ul>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">cumulonimbus</a> (Cb) \u2013 This genus type is a heavy, towering, cumulonimbiform mass of free-convective cloud with a dark-grey to nearly black base and a very high top in the form of a mountain or huge tower.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cumulonimbus_69-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cumulonimbus-69\">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup> Cumulonimbus can produce <a href=\"/wiki/Thunderstorm\" title=\"Thunderstorm\">thunderstorms</a>, local very heavy downpours of <a href=\"/wiki/Rain\" title=\"Rain\">rain</a> that may cause <a href=\"/wiki/Flash_flood\" title=\"Flash flood\">flash floods</a>, and a variety of types of <a href=\"/wiki/Lightning\" title=\"Lightning\">lightning</a> including cloud-to-ground that can cause <a href=\"/wiki/Wildfire\" title=\"Wildfire\">wildfires</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Scott2000_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Scott2000-70\">&#91;70&#93;</a></sup> Other convective severe weather may or may not be associated with thunderstorms and include heavy <a href=\"/wiki/Snow\" title=\"Snow\">snow</a> showers, <a href=\"/wiki/Hail\" title=\"Hail\">hail</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-ncar_71-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ncar-71\">&#91;71&#93;</a></sup> strong <a href=\"/wiki/Wind_shear\" title=\"Wind shear\">wind shear</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Downburst\" title=\"Downburst\">downbursts</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-72\">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup> and <a href=\"/wiki/Tornado\" title=\"Tornado\">tornadoes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Renno_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Renno-73\">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup> Of all these possible cumulonimbus-related events, lightning is the only one of these that requires a thunderstorm to be taking place since it is the lightning that creates the thunder. Cumulonimbus clouds can form in unstable airmass conditions, but tend to be more concentrated and intense when they are associated with unstable <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_front\" title=\"Cold front\">cold fronts</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-G&amp;N:207-212_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-G&amp;N:207-212-20\">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Species\">Species</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\" title=\"Edit section: Species\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Genus types are commonly divided into subtypes called <i>species</i> that indicate specific structural details which can vary according to the stability and windshear characteristics of the atmosphere at any given time and location. Despite this hierarchy, a particular species may be a subtype of more than one genus, especially if the genera are of the same physical form and are differentiated from each other mainly by altitude or level. There are a few species, each of which can be associated with genera of more than one physical form.<sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup> The species types are grouped below according to the physical forms and genera with which each is normally associated. The forms, genera, and species are listed from left to right in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-meteorology_32-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meteorology-32\">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<th>Forms and levels</th>\n<th>Stratiform <br /> non-convective</th>\n<th>Cirriform <br /> mostly nonconvective</th>\n<th>Stratocumuliform <br /> limited-convective</th>\n<th>Cumuliform <br /> free-convective</th>\n<th>Cumulonimbiform <br /> strong convective\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>High-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrostratus cloud\">Cirrostratus</a><br /> * nebulosus<br /> * fibratus</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">Cirrus</a><br /> <b>non-convective</b><br /> * uncinus<br /> * fibratus<br /> * spissatus<br /> <b>limited convective</b><br /> * castellanus<br /> * floccus</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrocumulus cloud\">Cirrocumulus</a><br /> * stratiformis<br /> * lenticularis<br /> * castellanus<br /> * floccus</td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Mid-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus_cloud\" title=\"Altostratus cloud\">Altostratus</a><br /> * no differentiated species<br />(always nebulous)</td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Altocumulus cloud\">Altocumulus</a><br /> * stratiformis<br /> * lenticularis<br />  *  castellanus<br />  * floccus<br /> * volutus</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Low-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">Stratus</a><br /> * nebulosus<br /> * <a href=\"/wiki/Fractus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fractus\">fractus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">Stratocumulus</a><br /> * stratiformis<br /> * lenticularis<br /> * castellanus<br /> * floccus<br />* volutus</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">Cumulus</a><br /> * <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus humilis\">humilis</a><br /> * <a href=\"/wiki/Fractus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fractus\">fractus</a></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Multi-level or moderate vertical\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus_cloud\" title=\"Nimbostratus cloud\">Nimbostratus</a><br /> * no differentiated species<br />(always nebulous)</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>Cumulus<br /> * <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_mediocris\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus mediocris\">mediocris</a></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Towering vertical\n</th>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>Cumulus<br /> * <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_congestus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus congestus\">congestus</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">Cumulonimbus</a><br /> * calvus<br /> * capillatus\n</td></tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Stable_or_mostly_stable\">Stable or mostly stable</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17\" title=\"Edit section: Stable or mostly stable\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>Of the non-convective stratiform group, high-level cirrostratus comprises two species. Cirrostratus <i>nebulosus</i> has a rather diffuse appearance lacking in structural detail.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nebulosus_75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nebulosus-75\">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> Cirrostratus <i>fibratus</i> is a species made of semi-merged filaments that are transitional to or from cirrus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fibratus_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fibratus-76\">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup> Mid-level altostratus and multi-level nimbostratus always have a flat or diffuse appearance and are therefore not subdivided into species. Low stratus is of the species nebulosus<sup id=\"cite_ref-nebulosus_75-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nebulosus-75\">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> except when broken up into ragged sheets of stratus <a href=\"/wiki/Fractus_cloud\" title=\"Fractus cloud\">fractus</a> (see below).<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud_atlas-62\">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Cirriform clouds have three non-convective species that can form in <i>stable</i> airmass conditions. Cirrus fibratus comprise filaments that may be straight, wavy, or occasionally twisted by wind shear.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fibratus_76-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fibratus-76\">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup> The species <i>uncinus</i> is similar but has upturned hooks at the ends. Cirrus <i>spissatus</i> appear as opaque patches that can show light grey shading.<sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg/220px-Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg/330px-Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg/440px-Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3008\" data-file-height=\"2000\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Lenticular_cloud\" title=\"Lenticular cloud\">Altocumulus lenticularis</a> forming over mountains in Wyoming with lower layer of cumulus mediocris and higher layer of cirrus spissatus</div></div></div>\n<p>Stratocumuliform genus-types (cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus) that appear in mostly stable air with limited convection have two species each. The <i>stratiformis</i> species normally occur in extensive sheets or in smaller patches where there is only minimal convective activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stratiformis_78-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stratiformis-78\">&#91;78&#93;</a></sup> Clouds of the <i>lenticularis</i> species tend to have lens-like shapes tapered at the ends. They are most commonly seen as orographic mountain-<a href=\"/wiki/Wave_cloud\" title=\"Wave cloud\">wave clouds</a>, but can occur anywhere in the troposphere where there is strong wind shear combined with sufficient airmass stability to maintain a generally flat cloud structure. These two species can be found in the high, middle, or low levels of the troposphere depending on the stratocumuliform genus or genera present at any given time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud_atlas-62\">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Ragged\">Ragged</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18\" title=\"Edit section: Ragged\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>The species <i>fractus</i> shows <i>variable</i> instability because it can be a subdivision of genus-types of different physical forms that have different stability characteristics. This subtype can be in the form of ragged but mostly <i>stable</i> stratiform sheets (stratus fractus) or small ragged cumuliform heaps with somewhat greater instability (cumulus fractus).<sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-fractus_79-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fractus-79\">&#91;79&#93;</a></sup> When clouds of this species are associated with precipitating cloud systems of considerable vertical and sometimes horizontal extent, they are also classified as <i>accessory clouds</i> under the name <i>pannus</i> (see section on supplementary features).<sup id=\"cite_ref-pannus_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pannus-80\">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Partly_unstable\">Partly unstable</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19\" title=\"Edit section: Partly unstable\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg/220px-Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"172\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg/330px-Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg/440px-Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2388\" data-file-height=\"1862\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Example of a castellanus cloud formation</div></div></div>\n<p>These species are subdivisions of genus types that can occur in partly unstable air with limited <a href=\"/wiki/Convection\" title=\"Convection\">convection</a>. The species <i>castellanus</i> appears when a mostly stable stratocumuliform or cirriform layer becomes disturbed by localized areas of airmass instability, usually in the morning or afternoon. This results in the formation of embedded cumuliform buildups arising from a common stratiform base.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Elevated_convection_81-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Elevated_convection-81\">&#91;81&#93;</a></sup> Castellanus resembles the turrets of a castle when viewed from the side, and can be found with stratocumuliform genera at any tropospheric altitude level and with limited-convective patches of high-level cirrus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-species-castellanus_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-castellanus-82\">&#91;82&#93;</a></sup> Tufted clouds of the more detached <i>floccus</i> species are subdivisions of genus-types which may be cirriform or stratocumuliform in overall structure. They are sometimes seen with cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-floccus_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-floccus-83\">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>A newly recognized species of stratocumulus or altocumulus has been given the name <i>volutus</i>, a roll cloud that can occur ahead of a cumulonimbus formation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ICA2017_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ICA2017-84\">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup> There are some volutus clouds that form as a consequence of interactions with specific geographical features rather than with a parent cloud. Perhaps the strangest geographically specific cloud of this type is the <a href=\"/wiki/Morning_Glory_cloud\" title=\"Morning Glory cloud\">Morning Glory</a>, a rolling cylindrical cloud that appears unpredictably over the <a href=\"/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria\" title=\"Gulf of Carpentaria\">Gulf of Carpentaria</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Australia\" title=\"Northern Australia\">Northern Australia</a>. Associated with a powerful \"ripple\" in the atmosphere, the cloud may be \"surfed\" in <a href=\"/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)\" title=\"Glider (sailplane)\">glider</a> aircraft.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stg_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stg-85\">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Unstable_or_mostly_unstable\">Unstable or mostly unstable</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20\" title=\"Edit section: Unstable or mostly unstable\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>More general airmass instability in the troposphere tends to produce clouds of the more freely convective cumulus genus type, whose species are mainly indicators of degrees of atmospheric instability and resultant vertical development of the clouds. A cumulus cloud initially forms in the low level of the troposphere as a cloudlet of the species <i>humilis</i> that shows only slight vertical development. If the air becomes more unstable, the cloud tends to grow vertically into the species <i>mediocris</i>, then strongly convective <i>congestus</i>, the tallest cumulus species<sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup> which is the same type that the International Civil Aviation Organization refers to as 'towering cumulus'.<sup id=\"cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection-9\">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg/220px-Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"183\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg/330px-Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg/440px-Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2112\" data-file-height=\"1755\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cumulus mediocris cloud, about to turn into a cumulus congestus</div></div></div>\n<p>With highly unstable atmospheric conditions, large cumulus may continue to grow into even more strongly convective cumulonimbus <i>calvus</i> (essentially a very tall congestus cloud that produces thunder), then ultimately into the species <i>capillatus</i> when supercooled water droplets at the top of the cloud turn into ice crystals giving it a cirriform appearance.<sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Varieties\">Varieties</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21\" title=\"Edit section: Varieties\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Genus and species types are further subdivided into <i>varieties</i> whose names can appear after the species name to provide a fuller description of a cloud. Some cloud varieties are not restricted to a specific altitude level or form, and can therefore be common to more than one genus or species.<sup id=\"cite_ref-varieties_86-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-varieties-86\">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Opacity-based\">Opacity-based</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22\" title=\"Edit section: Opacity-based\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sleepy_Twilight.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sleepy_Twilight.jpg/220px-Sleepy_Twilight.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"118\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sleepy_Twilight.jpg/330px-Sleepy_Twilight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sleepy_Twilight.jpg/440px-Sleepy_Twilight.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4288\" data-file-height=\"2291\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sleepy_Twilight.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>A layer of stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus hiding the setting sun with a background layer of stratocumulus cumulogenitus resembling distant mountains</div></div></div>\n<p>All cloud varieties fall into one of two main groups. One group identifies the opacities of particular low and mid-level cloud structures and comprises the varieties <i>translucidus</i> (thin translucent), <i>perlucidus</i> (thick opaque with translucent or very small clear breaks), and <i>opacus</i> (thick opaque). These varieties are always identifiable for cloud genera and species with variable opacity. All three are associated with the stratiformis species of altocumulus and stratocumulus. However, only two varieties are seen with altostratus and stratus nebulosus whose uniform structures prevent the formation of a perlucidus variety. Opacity-based varieties are not applied to high clouds because they are always translucent, or in the case of cirrus spissatus, always opaque.<sup id=\"cite_ref-varieties_86-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-varieties-86\">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Pattern-based\">Pattern-based</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23\" title=\"Edit section: Pattern-based\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg/220px-Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg/330px-Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg/440px-Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3888\" data-file-height=\"2592\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cirrus fibratus radiatus over ESO's <a href=\"/wiki/La_Silla_Observatory\" title=\"La Silla Observatory\">La Silla Observatory</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup></div></div></div>\n<p>A second group describes the occasional arrangements of cloud structures into particular patterns that are discernible by a surface-based observer (cloud fields usually being visible only from a significant altitude above the formations). These varieties are not always present with the genera and species with which they are otherwise associated, but only appear when atmospheric conditions favor their formation. <i>Intortus</i> and <i>vertebratus</i> varieties occur on occasion with cirrus fibratus. They are respectively filaments twisted into irregular shapes, and those that are arranged in fishbone patterns, usually by uneven wind currents that favor the formation of these varieties. The variety <i>radiatus</i> is associated with cloud rows of a particular type that appear to converge at the horizon. It is sometimes seen with the fibratus and uncinus species of cirrus, the stratiformis species of altocumulus and stratocumulus, the mediocris and sometimes humilis species of cumulus,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cumulus_Humilis-Skynews_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cumulus_Humilis-Skynews-89\">&#91;89&#93;</a></sup><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">&#91;<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Reliable sources\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. is there a better source than tumblr? If reliable maybe add a hidden comment to say why (February 2022)\">unreliable source?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Pretor-Pinney20_90-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pretor-Pinney20-90\">&#91;90&#93;</a></sup> and with the genus altostratus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-radiatus_91-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-radiatus-91\">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Morning_Sky_7.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Morning_Sky_7.jpg/170px-Morning_Sky_7.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"170\" height=\"227\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Morning_Sky_7.jpg/255px-Morning_Sky_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Morning_Sky_7.jpg/340px-Morning_Sky_7.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2112\" data-file-height=\"2816\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Morning_Sky_7.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Altocumulus stratiformis duplicatus at sunrise in the California Mojave Desert, US (higher layer orange to white; lower layer grey)</div></div></div>\n<p>Another variety, <i>duplicatus</i> (closely spaced layers of the same type, one above the other), is sometimes found with cirrus of both the fibratus and uncinus species, and with altocumulus and stratocumulus of the species stratiformis and lenticularis. The variety <i>undulatus</i> (having a wavy undulating base) can occur with any clouds of the species stratiformis or lenticularis, and with altostratus. It is only rarely observed with stratus nebulosus. The variety <i>lacunosus</i> is caused by localized downdrafts that create circular holes in the form of a honeycomb or net. It is occasionally seen with cirrocumulus and altocumulus of the species stratiformis, castellanus, and floccus, and with stratocumulus of the species stratiformis and castellanus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-varieties_86-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-varieties-86\">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Combinations\">Combinations</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24\" title=\"Edit section: Combinations\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>It is possible for some species to show combined varieties at one time, especially if one variety is opacity-based and the other is pattern-based. An example of this would be a layer of altocumulus stratiformis arranged in seemingly converging rows separated by small breaks. The full technical name of a cloud in this configuration would be <i>altocumulus stratiformis radiatus perlucidus</i>, which would identify respectively its genus, species, and two combined varieties.<sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-varieties_86-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-varieties-86\">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Other_types\">Other types</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25\" title=\"Edit section: Other types\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_cloud_types\" title=\"List of cloud types\">List of cloud types</a></div>\n<p>Supplementary features and accessory clouds are not further subdivisions of cloud types below the species and variety level. Rather, they are either <i>hydrometeors</i> or special cloud types with their own Latin names that form in association with certain cloud genera, species, and varieties.<sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup> Supplementary features, whether in the form of clouds or precipitation, are directly attached to the main genus-cloud. Accessory clouds, by contrast, are generally detached from the main cloud.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Precipitation-based_supplementary_features\">Precipitation-based supplementary features</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26\" title=\"Edit section: Precipitation-based supplementary features\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>One group of supplementary features are not actual cloud formations, but precipitation that falls when water droplets or ice crystals that make up visible clouds have grown too heavy to remain aloft. <i>Virga</i> is a feature seen with clouds producing precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground, these being of the genera cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, nimbostratus, stratocumulus, cumulus, and cumulonimbus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>When the precipitation reaches the ground without completely evaporating, it is designated as the feature <i>praecipitatio</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dunlop77-78_93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Dunlop77-78-93\">&#91;93&#93;</a></sup> This normally occurs with altostratus opacus, which can produce widespread but usually light precipitation, and with thicker clouds that show significant vertical development. Of the latter, <i>upward-growing</i> cumulus mediocris produces only isolated light showers, while <i>downward growing</i> nimbostratus is capable of heavier, more extensive precipitation. Towering vertical clouds have the greatest ability to produce intense precipitation events, but these tend to be localized unless organized along fast-moving cold fronts. Showers of moderate to heavy intensity can fall from cumulus congestus clouds. Cumulonimbus, the largest of all cloud genera, has the capacity to produce very heavy showers. Low stratus clouds usually produce only light precipitation, but this always occurs as the feature praecipitatio due to the fact this cloud genus lies too close to the ground to allow for the formation of virga.<sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Cloud-based_supplementary_features\">Cloud-based supplementary features</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27\" title=\"Edit section: Cloud-based supplementary features\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p><i>Incus</i> is the most type-specific supplementary feature, seen only with cumulonimbus of the species capillatus. A <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_incus\" title=\"Cumulonimbus incus\">cumulonimbus incus</a> cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the <a href=\"/wiki/Tropopause\" title=\"Tropopause\">tropopause</a> where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cumulonimbus-incus_94-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cumulonimbus-incus-94\">&#91;94&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>The <i>mamma</i> feature forms on the bases of clouds as downward-facing bubble-like protuberances caused by localized downdrafts within the cloud. It is also sometimes called <i>mammatus</i>, an earlier version of the term used before a standardization of Latin nomenclature brought about by the World Meteorological Organization during the 20th century. The best-known is <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_with_mammatus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulonimbus with mammatus\">cumulonimbus with mammatus</a>, but the mamma feature is also seen occasionally with cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, and stratocumulus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>A <i>tuba</i> feature is a cloud column that may hang from the bottom of a cumulus or cumulonimbus. A newly formed or poorly organized column might be comparatively benign, but can quickly intensify into a funnel cloud or tornado.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer_95-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer-95\">&#91;95&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Dunlop79_96-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Dunlop79-96\">&#91;96&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>An <i><a href=\"/wiki/Arcus_cloud\" title=\"Arcus cloud\">arcus</a></i> feature is a roll cloud with ragged edges attached to the lower front part of cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus that forms along the leading edge of a squall line or thunderstorm outflow.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ludlum473_97-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ludlum473-97\">&#91;97&#93;</a></sup> A large arcus formation can have the appearance of a dark menacing arch.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Several new supplementary features have been formally recognized by the <a href=\"/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization\" title=\"World Meteorological Organization\">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO). The feature <i>fluctus</i> can form under conditions of strong atmospheric wind shear when a stratocumulus, altocumulus, or cirrus cloud breaks into regularly spaced crests. This variant is sometimes known informally as a <a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_cloud\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz cloud\">Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz (wave) cloud</a>. This phenomenon has also been observed in cloud formations over other planets and even in the sun's atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-98\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-98\">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup> Another highly disturbed but more chaotic wave-like cloud feature associated with stratocumulus or altocumulus cloud has been given the Latin name <i>asperitas</i>. The supplementary feature <i>cavum</i> is a circular fall-streak hole that occasionally forms in a thin layer of supercooled altocumulus or cirrocumulus. Fall streaks consisting of virga or wisps of cirrus are usually seen beneath the hole as ice crystals fall out to a lower altitude. This type of hole is usually larger than typical lacunosus holes. A <i>murus</i> feature is a cumulonimbus wall cloud with a lowering, rotating cloud base than can lead to the development of tornadoes. A <i>cauda</i> feature is a tail cloud that extends horizontally away from the murus cloud and is the result of air feeding into the storm.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ICA2017_84-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ICA2017-84\">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Accessory_clouds\">Accessory clouds</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28\" title=\"Edit section: Accessory clouds\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>Supplementary cloud formations detached from the main cloud are known as <a href=\"/wiki/Accessory_cloud\" title=\"Accessory cloud\">accessory clouds</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup> The heavier precipitating clouds, nimbostratus, towering cumulus (cumulus congestus), and cumulonimbus typically see the formation in precipitation of the <i>pannus</i> feature, low ragged clouds of the genera and species cumulus fractus or stratus fractus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pannus_80-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pannus-80\">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>A group of accessory clouds comprise formations that are associated mainly with upward-growing cumuliform and cumulonimbiform clouds of free convection. <i>Pileus</i> is a cap cloud that can form over a cumulonimbus or large cumulus cloud,<sup id=\"cite_ref-GarretI_99-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GarretI-99\">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> whereas a <i>velum</i> feature is a thin horizontal sheet that sometimes forms like an apron around the middle or in front of the parent cloud.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup> An accessory cloud recently officially recognized by the World meteorological Organization is the <i>flumen</i>, also known more informally as the <i>beaver's tail</i>. It is formed by the warm, humid <a href=\"/wiki/Inflow_(meteorology)\" title=\"Inflow (meteorology)\">inflow</a> of a super-cell thunderstorm, and can be mistaken for a tornado. Although the flumen can indicate a tornado risk, it is similar in appearance to pannus or <a href=\"/wiki/Scud_(cloud)\" title=\"Scud (cloud)\">scud</a> clouds and does not rotate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ICA2017_84-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ICA2017-84\">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Mother_clouds\">Mother clouds</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29\" title=\"Edit section: Mother clouds\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG/220px-Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG/330px-Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG/440px-Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"3264\" data-file-height=\"2448\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cumulus partly spreading into stratocumulus cumulogenitus over the port of <a href=\"/wiki/Piraeus\" title=\"Piraeus\">Piraeus</a> in Greece</div></div></div>\n<p>Clouds initially form in clear air or become clouds when fog rises above surface level. The genus of a newly formed cloud is determined mainly by air mass characteristics such as stability and moisture content. If these characteristics change over time, the genus tends to change accordingly. When this happens, the original genus is called a <i>mother cloud</i>. If the mother cloud retains much of its original form after the appearance of the new genus, it is termed a <i>genitus</i> cloud. One example of this is <i>stratocumulus cumulogenitus</i>, a stratocumulus cloud formed by the partial spreading of a cumulus type when there is a loss of convective lift. If the mother cloud undergoes a complete change in genus, it is considered to be a <i>mutatus</i> cloud.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mother-clouds_100-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mother-clouds-100\">&#91;100&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg/220px-Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg/330px-Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg/440px-Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3664\" data-file-height=\"2748\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cumulonimbus mother cloud dissipating into stratocumulus cumulonimbogenitus at dusk</div></div></div>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Other_genitus_and_mutatus_clouds\">Other genitus and mutatus clouds</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30\" title=\"Edit section: Other genitus and mutatus clouds\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>The genitus and mutatus categories have been expanded to include certain types that do not originate from pre-existing clouds. The term <i>flammagenitus</i> (Latin for 'fire-made') applies to cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus that are formed by large scale fires or volcanic eruptions. Smaller low-level \"pyrocumulus\" or \"fumulus\" clouds formed by contained industrial activity are now classified as cumulus <i>homogenitus</i> (Latin for 'man-made'). <a href=\"/wiki/Contrail\" title=\"Contrail\">Contrails</a> formed from the exhaust of aircraft flying in the upper level of the troposphere can persist and spread into formations resembling cirrus which are designated cirrus <i>homogenitus</i>.  If a cirrus homogenitus cloud changes fully to any of the high-level genera, they are termed cirrus, cirrostratus, or cirrocumulus <i>homomutatus</i>. Stratus cataractagenitus (Latin for 'cataract-made') are generated by the spray from waterfalls. <i>Silvagenitus</i> (Latin for 'forest-made') is a stratus cloud that forms as water vapor is added to the air above a forest canopy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mother-clouds_100-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mother-clouds-100\">&#91;100&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Large_scale_patterns\">Large scale patterns</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31\" title=\"Edit section: Large scale patterns\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Sometimes certain atmospheric processes cause clouds to become organized into patterns that can cover large areas.  These patterns are usually difficult to identify from surface level and are best seen from an aircraft or spacecraft.\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Stratocumulus_fields\">Stratocumulus fields</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32\" title=\"Edit section: Stratocumulus fields\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>Stratocumulus clouds can be organized into \"fields\" that take on certain specially classified shapes and characteristics. In general, these fields are more discernible from high altitudes than from ground level. They can often be found in the following forms:\n</p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Actinoform_cloud\" title=\"Actinoform cloud\">Actinoform</a>, which resembles a leaf or a spoked wheel.</li>\n<li>Closed cell, which is cloudy in the center and clear on the edges, similar to a filled <a href=\"/wiki/Honeycomb\" title=\"Honeycomb\">honeycomb</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-marine_clouds_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-marine_clouds-101\">&#91;101&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>Open cell, which resembles an empty honeycomb, with clouds around the edges and clear, open space in the middle.<sup id=\"cite_ref-102\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-102\">&#91;102&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Vortex_streets\">Vortex streets</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33\" title=\"Edit section: Vortex streets\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Karman_vortex_street\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Karman vortex street\">Karman vortex street</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Whirpool_Clouds.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whirpool_Clouds.jpg/220px-Whirpool_Clouds.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whirpool_Clouds.jpg/330px-Whirpool_Clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whirpool_Clouds.jpg/440px-Whirpool_Clouds.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4288\" data-file-height=\"2848\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Whirpool_Clouds.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cirrus fibratus intortus formed into a K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex street at evening twilight</div></div></div>\n<p>These patterns are formed from a phenomenon known as a <a href=\"/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_vortex\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex\">K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex</a> which is named after the engineer and fluid dynamicist <a href=\"/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n\" title=\"Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n\">Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n</a>,.<sup id=\"cite_ref-103\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-103\">&#91;103&#93;</a></sup> Wind driven clouds, usually mid level altocumulus or high level cirrus, can form into parallel rows that follow the wind direction. When the wind and clouds encounter high elevation land features such as a vertically prominent islands, they can form eddies around the high land masses that give the clouds a twisted appearance.<sup id=\"cite_ref-vortex-street_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-vortex-street-104\">&#91;104&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Distribution\">Distribution</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34\" title=\"Edit section: Distribution\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Convergence_along_low-pressure_zones\">Convergence along low-pressure zones</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35\" title=\"Edit section: Convergence along low-pressure zones\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Intertropical_convergence_zone\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Intertropical convergence zone\">Intertropical convergence zone</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone\" title=\"Extratropical cyclone\">Extratropical cyclone</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_front\" title=\"Cold front\">Cold front</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Warm_front\" title=\"Warm front\">Warm front</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Worldclouds_2009.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Worldclouds_2009.jpg/220px-Worldclouds_2009.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"110\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Worldclouds_2009.jpg/330px-Worldclouds_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Worldclouds_2009.jpg/440px-Worldclouds_2009.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"720\" data-file-height=\"360\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Worldclouds_2009.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Global cloud cover, averaged over the month of October 2009. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a> composite satellite image.<sup id=\"cite_ref-105\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-105\">&#91;105&#93;</a></sup></div></div></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><video id=\"mwe_player_1\" poster=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/220px--MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.jpg\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" class=\"thumbimage\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" data-durationhint=\"26\" data-mwtitle=\"MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora&quot;\" data-title=\"Original Ogg file, 472 \u00d7 316 (450 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"472\" data-height=\"316\" data-bandwidth=\"449650\" data-framerate=\"4\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.120p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 120P\" data-transcodekey=\"120p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"180\" data-height=\"120\" data-bandwidth=\"51120\" data-framerate=\"4\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.160p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth WebM (160P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 160P\" data-transcodekey=\"160p.webm\" data-width=\"238\" data-height=\"160\" data-bandwidth=\"128312\" data-framerate=\"4\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.180p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 180P\" data-transcodekey=\"180p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"268\" data-height=\"180\" data-bandwidth=\"97992\" data-framerate=\"4\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.240p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Small VP9 (240P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 240P\" data-transcodekey=\"240p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"358\" data-height=\"240\" data-bandwidth=\"155192\" data-framerate=\"4\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.240p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"Small WebM (240P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 240P\" data-transcodekey=\"240p.webm\" data-width=\"358\" data-height=\"240\" data-bandwidth=\"256208\" data-framerate=\"4\" /></video>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>These maps display the fraction of Earth's area that was cloudy on average during each month from January 2005 to August 2013. The measurements were collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite. Colors range from blue (no clouds) to white (totally cloudy). Like a digital camera, MODIS collects information in gridded boxes, or pixels. Cloud fraction is the portion of each pixel that is covered by clouds. Colors range from blue (no clouds) to white (totally cloudy).<sup id=\"cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-106\">&#91;106&#93;</a></sup> (<i>click for more detail</i>)</div></div></div>\n<p>Although the local distribution of clouds can be significantly influenced by topography, the global prevalence of cloud cover in the troposphere tends to vary more by <a href=\"/wiki/Latitude\" title=\"Latitude\">latitude</a>. It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a> and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern <a href=\"/wiki/Hemispheres_of_the_Earth\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hemispheres of the Earth\">hemispheres</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-107\">&#91;107&#93;</a></sup> The adiabatic cooling processes that lead to the creation of clouds by way of lifting agents are all associated with convergence; a process that involves the horizontal inflow and accumulation of air at a given location, as well as the rate at which this happens.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Convergence/divergence_108-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Convergence/divergence-108\">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup> Near the equator, increased cloudiness is due to the presence of the low-pressure <a href=\"/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone\" title=\"Intertropical Convergence Zone\">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> (ITCZ) where very warm and unstable air promotes mostly cumuliform and cumulonimbiform clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-noaa_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-noaa-109\">&#91;109&#93;</a></sup> Clouds of virtually any type can form along the mid-latitude convergence zones depending on the stability and moisture content of the air. These extratropical convergence zones are occupied by the <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_front\" title=\"Polar front\">polar fronts</a> where <a href=\"/wiki/Air_mass\" title=\"Air mass\">air masses</a> of polar origin meet and clash with those of tropical or subtropical origin.<sup id=\"cite_ref-The_Climate_System:_General_Circulation_and_Climate_Zones_110-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-The_Climate_System:_General_Circulation_and_Climate_Zones-110\">&#91;110&#93;</a></sup> This leads to the formation of weather-making <a href=\"/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone\" title=\"Extratropical cyclone\">extratropical cyclones</a> composed of cloud systems that may be stable or unstable to varying degrees according to the stability characteristics of the various airmasses that are in conflict.<sup id=\"cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-111\">&#91;111&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Divergence_along_high_pressure_zones\">Divergence along high pressure zones</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36\" title=\"Edit section: Divergence along high pressure zones\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Subtropical_ridge\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Subtropical ridge\">Subtropical ridge</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_high\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar high\">Polar high</a></div>\n<p>Divergence is the opposite of convergence. In the Earth's troposphere, it involves the horizontal outflow of air from the upper part of a rising column of air, or from the lower part of a subsiding column often associated with an area or ridge of high pressure.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Convergence/divergence_108-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Convergence/divergence-108\">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup> Cloudiness tends to be least prevalent near the poles and in the subtropics close to the 30th parallels, north and south. The latter are sometimes referred to as the <a href=\"/wiki/Horse_latitudes\" title=\"Horse latitudes\">horse latitudes</a>. The presence of a large-scale high-pressure <a href=\"/wiki/Subtropical_ridge\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Subtropical ridge\">subtropical ridge</a> on each side of the equator reduces cloudiness at these low latitudes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-subtropical-ridge_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-subtropical-ridge-112\">&#91;112&#93;</a></sup> Similar patterns also occur at higher latitudes in both hemispheres.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pressure-belts_113-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pressure-belts-113\">&#91;113&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span id=\"Luminance.2C_reflectivity.2C_and_coloration\"></span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Luminance,_reflectivity,_and_coloration\">Luminance, reflectivity, and coloration</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37\" title=\"Edit section: Luminance, reflectivity, and coloration\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<p>The luminance or brightness of a cloud is determined by how light is reflected, scattered, and transmitted by the cloud's particles. Its brightness may also be affected by the presence of haze or photometeors such as halos and rainbows.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Luminance_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Luminance-114\">&#91;114&#93;</a></sup> In the troposphere, dense, deep clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70\u201395%) throughout the <a href=\"/wiki/Visible_spectrum\" title=\"Visible spectrum\">visible spectrum</a>. Tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color, especially when viewed from the top.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Steven_Salter_and_John_Latham_115-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Steven_Salter_and_John_Latham-115\">&#91;115&#93;</a></sup> Cloud droplets tend to <a href=\"/wiki/Scattering\" title=\"Scattering\">scatter</a> light efficiently, so that the intensity of the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar radiation\">solar radiation</a> decreases with depth into the gases. As a result, the <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_base\" title=\"Cloud base\">cloud base</a> can vary from a very light to very-dark-grey depending on the cloud's thickness and how much <a href=\"/wiki/Light\" title=\"Light\">light</a> is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer. High thin tropospheric clouds reflect less light because of the comparatively low concentration of constituent ice crystals or supercooled water droplets which results in a slightly off-white appearance. However, a thick dense ice-crystal cloud appears brilliant white with pronounced grey shading because of its greater reflectivity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Luminance_114-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Luminance-114\">&#91;114&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>As a tropospheric cloud matures, the dense water droplets may combine to produce larger droplets. If the droplets become too large and heavy to be kept aloft by the air circulation, they will fall from the cloud as <a href=\"/wiki/Rain\" title=\"Rain\">rain</a>. By this process of accumulation, the space between droplets becomes increasingly larger, permitting light to penetrate farther into the cloud. If the cloud is sufficiently large and the droplets within are spaced far enough apart, a percentage of the light that enters the cloud is not reflected back out but is absorbed giving the cloud a darker look. A simple example of this is one's being able to see farther in heavy rain than in heavy fog. This process of <a href=\"/wiki/Reflection_(physics)\" title=\"Reflection (physics)\">reflection</a>/<a href=\"/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)\" title=\"Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)\">absorption</a> is what causes the range of cloud color from white to black.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bette_Hileman_116-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bette_Hileman-116\">&#91;116&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Striking cloud colorations can be seen at any altitude, with the color of a cloud usually being the same as the incident light.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Coloration_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Coloration-117\">&#91;117&#93;</a></sup> During daytime when the sun is relatively high in the sky, tropospheric clouds generally appear bright white on top with varying shades of grey underneath. Thin clouds may look white or appear to have acquired the color of their <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_environment\" title=\"Natural environment\">environment</a> or background. Red, orange, and pink clouds occur almost entirely at sunrise/sunset and are the result of the scattering of sunlight by the atmosphere. When the sun is just below the horizon, low-level clouds are gray, middle clouds appear rose-colored, and high clouds are white or off-white. Clouds at night are black or dark grey in a moonless sky, or whitish when illuminated by the moon. They may also reflect the colors of large fires, city lights, or auroras that might be present.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Coloration_117-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Coloration-117\">&#91;117&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>A cumulonimbus cloud that appears to have a greenish or bluish tint is a sign that it contains extremely high amounts of water; hail or rain which scatter light in a way that gives the cloud a blue color. A green colorization occurs mostly late in the day when the sun is comparatively low in the sky and the incident sunlight has a reddish tinge that appears green when illuminating a very tall bluish cloud. Supercell type storms are more likely to be characterized by this but any storm can appear this way. Coloration such as this does not directly indicate that it is a severe thunderstorm, it only confirms its potential. Since a green/blue tint signifies copious amounts of water, a strong updraft to support it, high winds from the storm raining out, and wet hail; all elements that improve the chance for it to become severe, can all be inferred from this. In addition, the stronger the updraft is, the more likely the storm is to undergo tornadogenesis and to produce large hail and high winds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Curiosities_118-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Curiosities-118\">&#91;118&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Yellowish clouds may be seen in the troposphere in the late spring through early fall months during <a href=\"/wiki/Wildfire\" title=\"Wildfire\">forest fire</a> season. The yellow color is due to the presence of pollutants in the smoke. Yellowish clouds are caused by the presence of nitrogen dioxide and are sometimes seen in urban areas with high air pollution levels.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Garrett_Nagle_119-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Garrett_Nagle-119\">&#91;119&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\">\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\"><div style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 213.33333333333px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Stratocumulus stratiformis and small castellanus made orange by the sun rising\"><img alt=\"Stratocumulus stratiformis and small castellanus made orange by the sun rising\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg/320px-Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg/480px-Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg/640px-Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2560\" data-file-height=\"1920\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Stratocumulus stratiformis and small castellanus made orange by the sun rising\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 173.33333333333px\"><div style=\"width: 173.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 171.33333333333px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Irid_clouds1.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"An occurrence of cloud iridescence with altocumulus volutus and cirrocumulus stratiformis\"><img alt=\"An occurrence of cloud iridescence with altocumulus volutus and cirrocumulus stratiformis\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Irid_clouds1.jpg/257px-Irid_clouds1.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"172\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Irid_clouds1.jpg/385px-Irid_clouds1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Irid_clouds1.jpg/513px-Irid_clouds1.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"711\" data-file-height=\"665\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>An occurrence of <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_iridescence\" title=\"Cloud iridescence\">cloud iridescence</a> with altocumulus volutus and cirrocumulus stratiformis\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\"><div style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 213.33333333333px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG\" class=\"image\" title=\"Sunset reflecting shades of pink onto grey stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus (becoming perlucidus in the background)\"><img alt=\"Sunset reflecting shades of pink onto grey stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus (becoming perlucidus in the background)\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG/320px-Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG/479px-Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG/639px-Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"2832\" data-file-height=\"2128\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Sunset reflecting shades of pink onto grey stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus (becoming perlucidus in the background)\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 202px\"><div style=\"width: 202px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 200px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sharp_View.JPG\" class=\"image\" title=\"Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus before sunset. Bangalore, India.\"><img alt=\"Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus before sunset. Bangalore, India.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sharp_View.JPG/300px-Sharp_View.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sharp_View.JPG/450px-Sharp_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sharp_View.JPG/600px-Sharp_View.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"3873\" data-file-height=\"3101\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus before sunset. <a href=\"/wiki/Bangalore\" title=\"Bangalore\">Bangalore</a>, India.\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 231.33333333333px\"><div style=\"width: 231.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 229.33333333333px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Regnbyge.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Late-summer rainstorm in Denmark. Nearly black color of base indicates main cloud in foreground probably cumulonimbus.\"><img alt=\"Late-summer rainstorm in Denmark. Nearly black color of base indicates main cloud in foreground probably cumulonimbus.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Regnbyge.jpg/344px-Regnbyge.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Regnbyge.jpg/516px-Regnbyge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Regnbyge.jpg/687px-Regnbyge.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"859\" data-file-height=\"600\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Late-summer <a href=\"/wiki/Rainstorm\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Rainstorm\">rainstorm</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Denmark\" title=\"Denmark\">Denmark</a>. Nearly black color of base indicates main cloud in foreground probably cumulonimbus.\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\"><div style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 213.33333333333px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Particles in the atmosphere and the sun&#39;s angle enhance colors of stratocumulus cumulogenitus at evening twilight.\"><img alt=\"Particles in the atmosphere and the sun&#39;s angle enhance colors of stratocumulus cumulogenitus at evening twilight.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg/320px-Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg/480px-Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg/640px-Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2816\" data-file-height=\"2112\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Particles in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">sun</a>'s angle enhance colors of stratocumulus cumulogenitus at evening <a href=\"/wiki/Twilight\" title=\"Twilight\">twilight</a>.\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Effects\">Effects</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38\" title=\"Edit section: Effects\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_cover\" title=\"Cloud cover\">Cloud cover</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_feedback\" title=\"Cloud feedback\">Cloud feedback</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Global_dimming\" title=\"Global dimming\">Global dimming</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_change\" title=\"Climate change\">Climate change</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:402px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg/400px-Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"120\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg/600px-Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg/800px-Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3568\" data-file-height=\"1067\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cumuliform cloudscape over <a href=\"/wiki/Swifts_Creek\" title=\"Swifts Creek\">Swifts Creek</a>, Australia</div></div></div>\n<p>Tropospheric clouds exert numerous influences on Earth's troposphere and climate. First and foremost, they are the source of precipitation, thereby greatly influencing the distribution and amount of precipitation. Because of their differential buoyancy relative to surrounding cloud-free air, clouds can be associated with vertical motions of the air that may be convective, frontal, or cyclonic. The motion is upward if the clouds are less dense because condensation of water vapor releases heat, warming the air and thereby decreasing its density. This can lead to downward motion because lifting of the air results in cooling that increases its density. All of these effects are subtly dependent on the vertical temperature and moisture structure of the atmosphere and result in major redistribution of heat that affect the Earth's climate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud-heating_120-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud-heating-120\">&#91;120&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>The complexity and diversity of clouds in the troposphere is a major reason for difficulty in quantifying the effects of clouds on climate and climate change. On the one hand, white cloud tops promote cooling of Earth's surface by reflecting shortwave radiation (visible and near infrared) from the sun, diminishing the amount of solar radiation that is absorbed at the surface, enhancing the Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">albedo</a>. Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths. At these wavelengths, however, water in the clouds acts as an efficient absorber. The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface. This is analogous to the <a href=\"/wiki/Greenhouse_effect\" title=\"Greenhouse effect\">greenhouse effect</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Greenhouse_gases\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Greenhouse gases\">greenhouse gases</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Water_vapor\" title=\"Water vapor\">water vapor</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud-heating_120-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud-heating-120\">&#91;120&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>High-level genus-types particularly show this duality with both short-wave albedo cooling and long-wave greenhouse warming effects. On the whole, <i>ice-crystal</i> clouds in the upper troposphere (cirrus) tend to favor net warming.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect-121\">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Nucleation_122-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nucleation-122\">&#91;122&#93;</a></sup> However, the cooling effect is dominant with mid-level and low clouds, especially when they form in extensive sheets.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect-121\">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup> Measurements by NASA indicate that on the whole, the effects of low and mid-level clouds that tend to promote cooling outweigh the warming effects of high layers and the variable outcomes associated with vertically developed clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect-121\">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>As difficult as it is to evaluate the influences of current clouds on current climate, it is even more problematic to predict changes in cloud patterns and properties in a future, warmer climate, and the resultant cloud influences on future climate. In a warmer climate more water would enter the atmosphere by evaporation at the surface; as clouds are formed from water vapor, cloudiness would be expected to increase. But in a warmer climate, higher temperatures would tend to evaporate clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-123\">&#91;123&#93;</a></sup> Both of these statements are considered accurate, and both phenomena, known as cloud feedbacks, are found in climate model calculations. Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases. But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive. Differing amounts of these feedbacks are the principal reason for differences in <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_sensitivity\" title=\"Climate sensitivity\">climate sensitivities</a> of current global climate models. As a consequence, much research has focused on the response of low and vertical clouds to a changing climate. Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases.<sup id=\"cite_ref-124\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-124\">&#91;124&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-125\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-125\">&#91;125&#93;</a></sup> For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating <a href=\"/wiki/Weather\" title=\"Weather\">weather</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Climate\" title=\"Climate\">climate</a> remains a leading source of uncertainty in <a href=\"/wiki/Global_warming\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Global warming\">global warming</a> projections.<sup id=\"cite_ref-126\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-126\">&#91;126&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-127\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-127\">&#91;127&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Stratospheric_classification_and_distribution\">Stratospheric classification and distribution</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39\" title=\"Edit section: Stratospheric classification and distribution\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg/220px-Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg/330px-Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg/440px-Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"768\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Lenticular nacreous clouds over Antarctica</div></div></div>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud\" title=\"Polar stratospheric cloud\">Polar stratospheric clouds</a> (PSC's) are found in the lowest part of the stratosphere.  Moisture is scarce above the troposphere, so nacreous and non-nacreous clouds at this altitude range are restricted to polar regions in the winter where and when the air is coldest.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>PSC's show some variation in structure according to their chemical makeup and atmospheric conditions, but are limited to a single very high range of altitude of about 15,000\u201325,000&#160;m (49,200\u201382,000&#160;ft)  Accordingly, they are classified as a singular type with no differentiated altitude levels, genus types, species, or varieties. There is no Latin nomenclature in the manner of tropospheric clouds, but rather descriptive names of several general forms using common English.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Supercooled nitric acid and water PSC's, sometimes known as type 1, typically have a stratiform appearance resembling cirrostratus or haze, but because they are not frozen into crystals, do not show the pastel colours of the nacreous types.  This type of PSC has been identified as a cause of ozone depletion in the stratosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-PSC_128-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PSC-128\">&#91;128&#93;</a></sup> The frozen nacreous types are typically very thin with mother-of-pearl colorations and an undulating cirriform or lenticular (stratocumuliform) appearance.  These are sometimes known as type 2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nacreous_129-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nacreous-129\">&#91;129&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-autogenerated2_130-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-autogenerated2-130\">&#91;130&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Mesospheric_classification_and_distribution\">Mesospheric classification and distribution</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40\" title=\"Edit section: Mesospheric classification and distribution\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg/220px-Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg/330px-Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg/440px-Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3402\" data-file-height=\"2261\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud\" title=\"Noctilucent cloud\">Noctilucent cloud</a> over Estonia</div></div></div>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud\" title=\"Noctilucent cloud\">Noctilucent clouds</a> are the highest in the atmosphere and are found near the top of the mesosphere at about 80 to 85&#160;km (50 to 53&#160;mi) or roughly ten times the altitude of tropospheric high clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-autogenerated1_131-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-autogenerated1-131\">&#91;131&#93;</a></sup>  They are given this Latin derived name because of their illumination well after sunset and before sunrise. They typically have a bluish or silvery white coloration that can resemble brightly illuminated cirrus. Noctilucent clouds may occasionally take on more of a red or orange hue.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> They are not common or widespread enough to have a significant effect on climate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-simulation_studies_132-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-simulation_studies-132\">&#91;132&#93;</a></sup> However, an increasing frequency of occurrence of noctilucent clouds since the 19th century may be the result of climate change.<sup id=\"cite_ref-noctilucent-cloud_133-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-noctilucent-cloud-133\">&#91;133&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Ongoing research indicates that convective lift in the mesosphere is strong enough during the polar <a href=\"/wiki/Summer\" title=\"Summer\">summer</a> to cause adiabatic cooling of small amount of water vapour to the point of saturation.  This tends to produce the coldest temperatures in the entire atmosphere just below the mesopause. <sup id=\"cite_ref-simulation_studies_132-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-simulation_studies-132\">&#91;132&#93;</a></sup> There is evidence that smoke particles from burnt-up meteors provide much of the condensation nuclei required for the formation of noctilucent cloud.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sounding_rocket_134-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sounding_rocket-134\">&#91;134&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Noctilucent clouds have four major types based on physical structure and appearance. Type I veils are very tenuous and lack well-defined structure, somewhat like cirrostratus fibratus or poorly defined cirrus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-veils_135-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-veils-135\">&#91;135&#93;</a></sup> Type II bands are long streaks that often occur in groups arranged roughly parallel to each other. They are usually more widely spaced than the bands or elements seen with cirrocumulus clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bands_136-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bands-136\">&#91;136&#93;</a></sup> Type III billows are arrangements of closely spaced, roughly parallel short streaks that mostly resemble cirrus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-billows_137-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-billows-137\">&#91;137&#93;</a></sup> Type IV whirls are partial or, more rarely, complete rings of cloud with dark centres.<sup id=\"cite_ref-whirls_138-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-whirls-138\">&#91;138&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Distribution in the mesosphere is similar to the stratosphere except at much higher altitudes. Because of the need for maximum cooling of the water vapor to produce noctilucent clouds, their distribution tends to be restricted to polar regions of Earth.  Sightings are rare more than 45 degrees south of the north pole or north of the south pole.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Extraterrestrial\">Extraterrestrial</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41\" title=\"Edit section: Extraterrestrial\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmospheres\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Extraterrestrial atmospheres\">Extraterrestrial atmospheres</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"A composite black-and-white photograph showing cirrus clouds over the surface of Mars\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/220px-Neptune_clouds.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"192\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/330px-Neptune_clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/440px-Neptune_clouds.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"682\" data-file-height=\"596\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cirrus clouds on Neptune, captured during <i><a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_2\" title=\"Voyager 2\">Voyager 2</a></i>'s flyby</div></div></div>\n<p>Cloud cover has been seen on most other planets in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Venus\" title=\"Venus\">Venus</a>'s thick clouds are composed of <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide\" title=\"Sulfur dioxide\">sulfur dioxide</a> (due to volcanic activity) and appear to be almost entirely stratiform.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bougher-127-129_139-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bougher-127-129-139\">&#91;139&#93;</a></sup> They are arranged in three main layers at altitudes of 45 to 65&#160;km that obscure the <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planet</a>'s surface and can produce <a href=\"/wiki/Virga\" title=\"Virga\">virga</a>. No embedded cumuliform types have been identified, but broken stratocumuliform wave formations are sometimes seen in the top layer that reveal more continuous layer clouds underneath.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mysterious_waves_140-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mysterious_waves-140\">&#91;140&#93;</a></sup> On <a href=\"/wiki/Mars\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a>, noctilucent, cirrus, cirrocumulus and stratocumulus composed of water-ice have been detected mostly near the poles.<sup id=\"cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">&#91;141&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-photo_142-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-photo-142\">&#91;142&#93;</a></sup> Water-ice fogs have also been detected on Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mars-clouds_143-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mars-clouds-143\">&#91;143&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Both <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a> have an outer cirriform cloud deck composed of ammonia,<sup id=\"cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-144\">&#91;144&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-145\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-145\">&#91;145&#93;</a></sup> an intermediate stratiform haze-cloud layer made of <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide\" title=\"Ammonium hydrosulfide\">ammonium hydrosulfide</a>, and an inner deck of cumulus water clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-146\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-146\">&#91;146&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-147\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-147\">&#91;147&#93;</a></sup> Embedded cumulonimbus are known to exist near the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Red_Spot\" title=\"Great Red Spot\">Great Red Spot</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jupiter-clouds_148-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jupiter-clouds-148\">&#91;148&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Saturn-clouds_149-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Saturn-clouds-149\">&#91;149&#93;</a></sup> The same category-types can be found covering <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus\" title=\"Uranus\">Uranus</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune\" title=\"Neptune\">Neptune</a>, but are all composed of <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Neptune&#39;s_Atmosphere_150-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Neptune&#39;s_Atmosphere-150\">&#91;150&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Uranus-clouds_151-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Uranus-clouds-151\">&#91;151&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Irwin-115_152-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Irwin-115-152\">&#91;152&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_153-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-153\">&#91;153&#93;</a></sup> Saturn's moon <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(moon)\" title=\"Titan (moon)\">Titan</a> has cirrus clouds believed to be composed largely of methane.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Coustenis155_154-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Coustenis155-154\">&#91;154&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-155\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-155\">&#91;155&#93;</a></sup> The <i><a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\">Cassini\u2013Huygens</a></i> Saturn mission uncovered evidence of polar stratospheric clouds<sup id=\"cite_ref-Clouds_on_titan_156-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clouds_on_titan-156\">&#91;156&#93;</a></sup> and a methane cycle on Titan, including lakes near the poles and fluvial channels on the surface of the moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-methane-cycle_157-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-methane-cycle-157\">&#91;157&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Some planets outside the Solar System are known to have atmospheric clouds. In October 2013, the detection of high altitude optically thick clouds in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Exoplanet\" title=\"Exoplanet\">exoplanet</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Kepler-7b\" title=\"Kepler-7b\">Kepler-7b</a> was announced,<sup id=\"cite_ref-MIT-20131002_158-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MIT-20131002-158\">&#91;158&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-159\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-159\">&#91;159&#93;</a></sup> and, in December 2013, in the atmospheres of <a href=\"/wiki/GJ_436_b\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"GJ 436 b\">GJ 436 b</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/GJ_1214_b\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"GJ 1214 b\">GJ 1214 b</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20131231_160-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20131231-160\">&#91;160&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NAT-20140101a_161-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NAT-20140101a-161\">&#91;161&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NAT-20140101b_162-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NAT-20140101b-162\">&#91;162&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NAT-20140101c_163-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NAT-20140101c-163\">&#91;163&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"In_culture_and_religion\">In culture and religion</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42\" title=\"Edit section: In culture and religion\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:292px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/290px-Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"198\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/435px-Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/580px-Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"5001\" data-file-height=\"3409\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><i>Joshua Passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant</i> (1800) by <a href=\"/wiki/Benjamin_West\" title=\"Benjamin West\">Benjamin West</a>, showing <a href=\"/wiki/Yahweh\" title=\"Yahweh\">Yahweh</a> leading the Israelites through the desert in the form of a <a href=\"/wiki/Pillar_of_Cloud\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pillar of Cloud\">pillar of cloud</a>, as described in <a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#13:21\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Bible (King James)/Exodus\">Exodus 13:21\u201322</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Gertz_164-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Gertz-164\">&#91;164&#93;</a></sup></div></div></div>\n<p>Clouds play an important mythical or non-scientific role in various cultures and religious traditions. The ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Akkadian_Empire\" title=\"Akkadian Empire\">Akkadians</a> believed that the clouds (in meteorology, probably the supplementary feature <i>mamma</i>) were the breasts of the sky goddess <a href=\"/wiki/Antu_(goddess)\" title=\"Antu (goddess)\">Antu</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Nemet-Nejat_165-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nemet-Nejat-165\">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup> and that rain was milk from her breasts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Nemet-Nejat_165-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nemet-Nejat-165\">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup> In <a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#13:21\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Bible (King James)/Exodus\">Exodus 13:21\u201322</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Yahweh\" title=\"Yahweh\">Yahweh</a> is described as guiding the <a href=\"/wiki/Israelites\" title=\"Israelites\">Israelites</a> through the desert in the form of a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Pillar_of_Cloud\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pillar of Cloud\">pillar of cloud</a>\" by day and a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Pillar_of_Fire_(theophany)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pillar of Fire (theophany)\">pillar of fire</a>\" by night.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Gertz_164-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Gertz-164\">&#91;164&#93;</a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/Mandaeism\" title=\"Mandaeism\">Mandaeism</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Uthra\" title=\"Uthra\">uthras</a> (celestial beings) are also occasionally mentioned as being in <i>anana</i> (\"clouds\"; e.g., in <i><a href=\"/wiki/Right_Ginza\" title=\"Right Ginza\">Right Ginza</a></i> Book 17, Chapter 1), which can also be interpreted as female consorts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_166-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GR_Gelbert-166\">&#91;166&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>In the <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy\" title=\"Ancient Greek comedy\">ancient Greek comedy</a> <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Clouds\" title=\"The Clouds\">The Clouds</a></i>, written by <a href=\"/wiki/Aristophanes\" title=\"Aristophanes\">Aristophanes</a> and first performed at the <a href=\"/wiki/Dionysia\" title=\"Dionysia\">City Dionysia</a> in 423 BC, the philosopher <a href=\"/wiki/Socrates\" title=\"Socrates\">Socrates</a> declares that the Clouds are the only true deities<sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> and tells the main character Strepsiades not to worship any deities other than the Clouds, but to pay homage to them alone.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> In the play, the Clouds change shape  to reveal the true nature of whoever is looking at them,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Roche_168-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Roche-168\">&#91;168&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Robson_169-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Robson-169\">&#91;169&#93;</a></sup> turning into <a href=\"/wiki/Centaur\" title=\"Centaur\">centaurs</a> at the sight of a <a href=\"/wiki/Long_hair\" title=\"Long hair\">long-haired</a> politician, wolves at the sight of the <a href=\"/wiki/Embezzlement\" title=\"Embezzlement\">embezzler</a> Simon, deer at the sight of the coward <a href=\"/wiki/Cleonymus_of_Athens\" title=\"Cleonymus of Athens\">Cleonymus</a>, and mortal women at the sight of the effeminate <a href=\"/wiki/Theoroi\" title=\"Theoroi\">informer</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Cleisthenes_(son_of_Sibyrtius)\" title=\"Cleisthenes (son of Sibyrtius)\">Cleisthenes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Roche_168-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Roche-168\">&#91;168&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Robson_169-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Robson-169\">&#91;169&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> They are hailed the source of inspiration to comic poets and philosophers;<sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> they are masters of <a href=\"/wiki/Rhetoric\" title=\"Rhetoric\">rhetoric</a>, regarding <a href=\"/wiki/Eloquence\" title=\"Eloquence\">eloquence</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Sophistry\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sophistry\">sophistry</a> alike as their \"friends\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> \n</p><p>In China, clouds are symbols of luck and happiness.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ding_170-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ding-170\">&#91;170&#93;</a></sup> Overlapping clouds (in meteorology, probably <i>duplicatus clouds</i>) are thought to imply eternal happiness<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ding_170-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ding-170\">&#91;170&#93;</a></sup> and clouds of different colors are said to indicate \"multiplied blessings\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ding_170-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ding-170\">&#91;170&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Informal cloud watching or cloud gazing is a popular children's activity involving watching the clouds and looking for shapes in them, a form of <a href=\"/wiki/Pareidolia\" title=\"Pareidolia\">pareidolia</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-171\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-171\">&#91;171&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-172\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-172\">&#91;172&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"See_also\">See also</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43\" title=\"Edit section: See also\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1132942124\">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint portalbox portalborder portalright\">\n<li class=\"portalbox-entry\"><span class=\"portalbox-image\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"24\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"600\" /></a></span><span class=\"portalbox-link\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Weather\" title=\"Portal:Weather\">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1147244281\">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class=\"div-col\" style=\"column-width: 22em;\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_Radiation_Measurement\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atmospheric Radiation Measurement\">Atmospheric Radiation Measurement</a> (ARM) (US)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bioprecipitation\" title=\"Bioprecipitation\">Bioprecipitation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ceiling_(cloud)\" title=\"Ceiling (cloud)\">Ceiling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_albedo\" title=\"Cloud albedo\">Cloud albedo</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_Appreciation_Society\" title=\"Cloud Appreciation Society\">Cloud Appreciation Society</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_cover\" title=\"Cloud cover\">Cloud cover</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_forcing\" title=\"Cloud forcing\">Cloud forcing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_seeding\" title=\"Cloud seeding\">Cloud seeding</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Clouds_(sculpture)\" title=\"Clouds (sculpture)\">Clouds (sculpture)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloudscape_(art)\" title=\"Cloudscape (art)\">Cloudscape (art)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloudscape_photography\" title=\"Cloudscape photography\">Cloudscape photography</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Coalescence_(meteorology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Coalescence (meteorology)\">Coalescence</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sky\" title=\"Extraterrestrial sky\">Extraterrestrial sky</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">Fog</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mist\" title=\"Mist\">Mist</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mushroom_cloud\" title=\"Mushroom cloud\">Mushroom cloud</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Pileus_(meteorology)\" title=\"Pileus (meteorology)\">Pileus (meteorology)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation\" title=\"Precipitation\">Precipitation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sunshine_duration\" title=\"Sunshine duration\">Sunshine duration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Undulatus_asperatus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Undulatus asperatus\">Undulatus asperatus</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Weather_lore\" title=\"Weather lore\">Weather lore</a></li></ul>\n</div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44\" title=\"Edit section: References\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1011085734\">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class=\"reflist reflist-columns references-column-width\" style=\"column-width: 30em;\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1133582631\">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:\"\\\"\"\"\\\"\"\"'\"\"'\"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg\")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg\")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg\")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/glossary.htm\">\"Weather Terms\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Weather_Service\" title=\"National Weather Service\">National Weather Service</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Weather+Terms&amp;rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erh.noaa.gov%2Fbox%2Fglossary.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFCeppiWilliams\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Ceppi, Paulo; Williams, Ric. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://theconversation.com/why-clouds-are-the-missing-piece-in-the-climate-change-puzzle-140812\">\"Why clouds are the missing piece in the climate change puzzle\"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&amp;rft.atitle=Why+clouds+are+the+missing+piece+in+the+climate+change+puzzle&amp;rft.aulast=Ceppi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paulo&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Ric&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-clouds-are-the-missing-piece-in-the-climate-change-puzzle-140812&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Harper-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Harper_3-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHarper,_Douglas2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Harper, Douglas (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cloud\">\"Cloud\"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Harper%2C+Douglas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcloud&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cloud\">\"Cloud\"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i>. Farlex<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fcloud&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-identification_guide-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-identification_guide_5-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-identification_guide_5-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-identification_guide_5-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-identification_guide_5-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-identification_guide_5-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/cloud-identification-guide.html\">\"Cloud Identification Guide, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Identification+Guide%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fcloud-identification-guide.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LANDSAT_identification-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-LANDSAT_identification_6-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-LANDSAT_identification_6-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFE.C._Barrett_and_C.K._Grant1976\" class=\"citation web cs1\">E.C. Barrett and C.K. Grant (1976). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19760014556\">\"The identification of cloud types in LANDSAT MSS images\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+identification+of+cloud+types+in+LANDSAT+MSS+images&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.au=E.C.+Barrett+and+C.K.+Grant&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fcitations%2F19760014556&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Definitions-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-definitions.html\">\"Definitions, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Definitions%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-definitions.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/upper-atmospheric-clouds.html\">\"Upper atmospheric clouds, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Upper+atmospheric+clouds%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fupper-atmospheric-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFde_Valk,_Paulvan_Westhrenen,_RudolfCarbajal_Henken,_Cintia2010\" class=\"citation web cs1\">de Valk, Paul; van Westhrenen, Rudolf; Carbajal Henken, Cintia (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20111116001457/http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/AboutEUMETSAT/Publications/ConferenceandWorkshopProceedings/2010/groups/cps/documents/document/pdf_conf_p57_s7_08_devalk_v.pdf\">\"Automated CB and TCU detection using radar and satellite data: from research to application\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/AboutEUMETSAT/Publications/ConferenceandWorkshopProceedings/2010/groups/cps/documents/document/pdf_conf_p57_s7_08_devalk_v.pdf\">the original</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> on 16 November 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Automated+CB+and+TCU+detection+using+radar+and+satellite+data%3A+from+research+to+application&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.au=de+Valk%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=van+Westhrenen%2C+Rudolf&amp;rft.au=Carbajal+Henken%2C+Cintia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eumetsat.int%2FHome%2FMain%2FAboutEUMETSAT%2FPublications%2FConferenceandWorkshopProceedings%2F2010%2Fgroups%2Fcps%2Fdocuments%2Fdocument%2Fpdf_conf_p57_s7_08_devalk_v.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Meteorologica-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Meteorologica_10-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFFrisinger1972\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Frisinger, H. Howard (1972). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281972%29053%3C0634%3AAAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">\"Aristotle and his <i>Meteorologica</i>\"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</i>. <b>53</b>: 634. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281972%29053%3C0634%3AAAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">10.1175/1520-0477(1972)053&#60;0634:AAH&#62;2.0.CO;2</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-0477\">1520-0477</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Aristotle+and+his+Meteorologica&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.pages=634&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0477%281972%29053%3C0634%3AAAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.issn=1520-0477&amp;rft.aulast=Frisinger&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Howard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0477%25281972%2529053%253C0634%253AAAH%253E2.0.CO%253B2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Preface-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Preface_11-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Preface_11-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization1975\" class=\"citation book cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/manualonobservat00worl/page/\"><i>International Cloud Atlas, preface to the 1939 edition</i></a>. Vol.&#160;I. pp.&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/manualonobservat00worl/page/\">IX\u2013XIII</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-63-10407-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-92-63-10407-6\"><bdi>978-92-63-10407-6</bdi></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=International+Cloud+Atlas%2C+preface+to+the+1939+edition&amp;rft.pages=IX-XIII&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-63-10407-6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualonobservat00worl%2Fpage%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-auto-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-auto_12-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-auto_12-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFBart_van_den_HurkEleanor_Blyth2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Bart van den Hurk; Eleanor Blyth (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074154/http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf\">\"Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. KNMI. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf\">the original</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Global+maps+of+Local+Land-Atmosphere+coupling&amp;rft.pub=KNMI&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Bart+van+den+Hurk&amp;rft.au=Eleanor+Blyth&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knmi.nl%2F~hurkvd%2FLoco_workshop%2FWorkshop_report.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-adiabatic_process-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-adiabatic_process_13-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFNave,_R.2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Nave, R. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/adiab.html\">\"Adiabatic Process\"</a>. gsu.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Adiabatic+Process&amp;rft.pub=gsu.edu&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Nave%2C+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fthermo%2Fadiab.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFElementary_Meteorology_Online2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Elementary Meteorology Online (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502055741/http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter06/\">\"Humidity, Saturation, and Stability\"</a>. vsc.edu. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter06/\">the original</a> on 2 May 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Humidity%2C+Saturation%2C+and+Stability&amp;rft.pub=vsc.edu&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Elementary+Meteorology+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapollo.lsc.vsc.edu%2F~wintelsw%2FMET1010LOL%2Fchapter06%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cloud_drops-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud_drops_15-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHorstmeyer,_Steve2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Horstmeyer, Steve (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.shorstmeyer.com/wxfaqs/float/float.html\">\"Cloud Drops, Rain Drops\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Drops%2C+Rain+Drops&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Horstmeyer%2C+Steve&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shorstmeyer.com%2Fwxfaqs%2Ffloat%2Ffloat.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFFreudRosenfeld2012\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Freud, E.; Rosenfeld, D. (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JD016457\">\"Linear relation between convective cloud drop number concentration and depth for rain initiation\"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>117</b> (D2): n/a. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JGRD..117.2207F\">2012JGRD..117.2207F</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JD016457\">10.1029/2011JD016457</a></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Linear+relation+between+convective+cloud+drop+number+concentration+and+depth+for+rain+initiation&amp;rft.volume=117&amp;rft.issue=D2&amp;rft.pages=n%2Fa&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2011JD016457&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JGRD..117.2207F&amp;rft.aulast=Freud&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2011JD016457&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Tropopause_penetrations-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Tropopause_penetrations_17-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFLong,_Michael_J.Hanks,_Howard_H.Beebe,_Robert_G.1965\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Long, Michael J.; Hanks, Howard H.; Beebe, Robert G. (June 1965). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235551/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=AD0621573\">\"TROPOPAUSE PENETRATIONS BY CUMULONIMBUS CLOUDS\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=AD0621573\">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=TROPOPAUSE+PENETRATIONS+BY+CUMULONIMBUS+CLOUDS&amp;rft.date=1965-06&amp;rft.au=Long%2C+Michael+J.&amp;rft.au=Hanks%2C+Howard+H.&amp;rft.au=Beebe%2C+Robert+G.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foai.dtic.mil%2Foai%2Foai%3Fverb%3DgetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dhtml%26identifier%3DAD0621573&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-frontal_clouds-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-frontal_clouds_18-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFElementary_Meteorology_Online2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Elementary Meteorology Online (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/cld/dvlp/frnt.rxml/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter06/\">\"Lifting Along Frontal Boundaries\"</a>. vsc.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lifting+Along+Frontal+Boundaries&amp;rft.pub=vsc.edu&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Elementary+Meteorology+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu%2F%2528Gh%2529%2Fguides%2Fmtr%2Fcld%2Fdvlp%2Ffrnt.rxml%2F~wintelsw%2FMET1010LOL%2Fchapter06%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mackerel_sky-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Mackerel_sky_19-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Mackerel_sky_19-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Sometimes-a-bit-fishy.htm\">\"Mackerel sky\"</a>. Weather Online<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mackerel+sky&amp;rft.pub=Weather+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Freports%2Fwxfacts%2FSometimes-a-bit-fishy.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-G&amp;N:207-212-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-G&amp;N:207-212_20-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-G&amp;N:207-212_20-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFLee_M._GrenciJon_M._Nese2001\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Lee M. Grenci; Jon M. Nese (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=oh8lqM5obuYC&amp;pg=PA212\"><i>A World of Weather: Fundamentals of Meteorology: A Text / Laboratory Manual</i></a> (3&#160;ed.). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. pp.&#160;207\u2013212. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-7716-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-7716-1\"><bdi>978-0-7872-7716-1</bdi></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51160155\">51160155</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+World+of+Weather%3A+Fundamentals+of+Meteorology%3A+A+Text+%2F+Laboratory+Manual&amp;rft.pages=207-212&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.pub=Kendall%2FHunt+Publishing+Company&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51160155&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7872-7716-1&amp;rft.au=Lee+M.+Grenci&amp;rft.au=Jon+M.+Nese&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doh8lqM5obuYC%26pg%3DPA212&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MT-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-MT_21-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-MT_21-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Pidwirny, M. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html\">\"Cloud Formation Processes\"</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220230524/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html\">Archived</a> 20 December 2008 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>, chapter 8 in <i>Fundamentals of Physical Geography</i>, 2nd ed.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Atoptics-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Atoptics_22-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/nlc2.htm\">About NLCs, Polar Mesospheric Clouds</a>, from Atmospheric optics</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fog_formation-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fog_formation_23-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Ackerman\">Ackerman</a>, p. 109</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2009\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512161339/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&amp;query=radiational+cooling&amp;submit=Search\">\"Radiational cooling\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society\" title=\"American Meteorological Society\">American Meteorological Society</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&amp;query=radiational+cooling&amp;submit=Search\">the original</a> on 12 May 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Radiational+cooling&amp;rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dradiational%2Bcooling%26submit%3DSearch&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFFovell,_Robert2004\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fovell, Robert (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074155/http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf\">\"Approaches to saturation\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <a href=\"/wiki/UCLA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"UCLA\">University of California in Los Angeles</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf\">the original</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Approaches+to+saturation&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+in+Los+Angeles&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.au=Fovell%2C+Robert&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmos.ucla.edu%2F~fovell%2FAS3downloads%2Fsaturation.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-convection-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-convection_26-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFPearce,_Robert_Penrose2002\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Pearce, Robert Penrose (2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&amp;pg=PA66\"><i>Meteorology at the Millennium</i></a>. Academic Press. p.&#160;66. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-548035-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-12-548035-2\"><bdi>978-0-12-548035-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Meteorology+at+the+Millennium&amp;rft.pages=66&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-548035-2&amp;rft.au=Pearce%2C+Robert+Penrose&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQECy_UBdyrcC%26pg%3DPA66&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFJetStream2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">JetStream (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081224062959/http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm\">\"Air Masses\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Weather_Service\" title=\"National Weather Service\">National Weather Service</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm\">the original</a> on 24 December 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Air+Masses&amp;rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=JetStream&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srh.weather.gov%2Fsrh%2Fjetstream%2Fsynoptic%2Fairmass.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFNational_Weather_Service_Office2009\" class=\"citation web cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/National_Weather_Service\" title=\"National Weather Service\">National Weather Service</a> Office (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/otx/outreach/ttalk/virga.php\">\"Virga and Dry Thunderstorms\"</a>. Spokane, Washington: <a href=\"/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration\" title=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Virga+and+Dry+Thunderstorms&amp;rft.place=Spokane%2C+Washington&amp;rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=National+Weather+Service+Office&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrh.noaa.gov%2Fotx%2Foutreach%2Fttalk%2Fvirga.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFReiley,_H._EdwardShry,_Carroll_L.2002\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Reiley, H. Edward; Shry, Carroll L. (2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=jZvsnsLIkNsC&amp;pg=PA40\"><i>Introductory horticulture</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p.&#160;40. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7668-1567-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7668-1567-4\"><bdi>978-0-7668-1567-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+horticulture&amp;rft.pages=40&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7668-1567-4&amp;rft.au=Reiley%2C+H.+Edward&amp;rft.au=Shry%2C+Carroll+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZvsnsLIkNsC%26pg%3DPA40&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Principles-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Principles_30-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification.html\">\"Principles, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Principles%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fprinciples-of-cloud-classification.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFE.C._BarrettC.K._Grant1976\" class=\"citation web cs1\">E.C. Barrett; C.K. Grant (1976). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760014556\">\"The identification of cloud types in LANDSAT MSS images\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+identification+of+cloud+types+in+LANDSAT+MSS+images&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.au=E.C.+Barrett&amp;rft.au=C.K.+Grant&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fsearch.jsp%3FR%3D19760014556&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-meteorology-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-meteorology_32-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-meteorology_32-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-meteorology_32-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFPilotfriend2016\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Pilotfriend, ed. (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pilotfriend.com/av_weather/meteo/clouds.htm\">\"Meteorology\"</a>. Pilotfriend<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Meteorology&amp;rft.pub=Pilotfriend&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilotfriend.com%2Fav_weather%2Fmeteo%2Fclouds.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Stratiform-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Stratiform_33-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFNASA2015\" class=\"citation web cs1\">NASA, ed. (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/Aero2000/studweb/glossary/stratcld.html\">\"Stratiform or Stratus Clouds\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratiform+or+Stratus+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2Fk-12%2FAero2000%2Fstudweb%2Fglossary%2Fstratcld.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cirrus-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cirrus_34-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cirrus_34-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cirrus.html\">\"Cirrus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cirrus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-cirrus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Multi-regime_convection-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Multi-regime_convection_35-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFLaufersweilerShirer1995\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Laufersweiler, M. J.; Shirer, H. N. (1995). \"A theoretical model of multi-regime convection in a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer\". <i>Boundary-Layer Meteorology</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 373\u2013409. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995BoLMe..73..373L\">1995BoLMe..73..373L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00712679\">10.1007/BF00712679</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123031505\">123031505</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Boundary-Layer+Meteorology&amp;rft.atitle=A+theoretical+model+of+multi-regime+convection+in+a+stratocumulus-topped+boundary+layer&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=373-409&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123031505%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00712679&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995BoLMe..73..373L&amp;rft.aulast=Laufersweiler&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+J.&amp;rft.au=Shirer%2C+H.+N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-castellanus-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-castellanus_36-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/species-altocumulus-castellanus-ac-cas.html\">\"Altocumulus Castellanus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Altocumulus+Castellanus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fspecies-altocumulus-castellanus-ac-cas.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USA_Today-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-USA_Today_37-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation news cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/wcumulus.htm\">\"Cumulus clouds\"</a>. <i>Weather</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/USA_Today\" title=\"USA Today\">USA Today</a>. 16 October 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Weather&amp;rft.atitle=Cumulus+clouds&amp;rft.date=2005-10-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fweather%2Fwcumulus.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Stommel91-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Stommel91_38-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFStommel1947\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Stommel, H. (1947). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281947%29004%3C0091%3AEOAIAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">\"Entrainment of Air into a Cumulus Cloud\"</a>. <i>Journal of Meteorology</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 91\u201394. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947JAtS....4...91S\">1947JAtS....4...91S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281947%29004%3C0091%3AEOAIAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">10.1175/1520-0469(1947)004&#60;0091:EOAIAC&#62;2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Meteorology&amp;rft.atitle=Entrainment+of+Air+into+a+Cumulus+Cloud&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=91-94&amp;rft.date=1947&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281947%29004%3C0091%3AEOAIAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1947JAtS....4...91S&amp;rft.aulast=Stommel&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0469%25281947%2529004%253C0091%253AEOAIAC%253E2.0.CO%253B2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mossop632-634-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Mossop632-634_39-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFMossopHallett1974\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Mossop, S. C.; Hallett, J. (1974). \"Ice Crystal Concentration in Cumulus Clouds: Influence of the Drop Spectrum\". <i>Science</i>. <b>186</b> (4164): 632\u2013634. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Sci...186..632M\">1974Sci...186..632M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.186.4164.632\">10.1126/science.186.4164.632</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17833720\">17833720</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19285155\">19285155</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Ice+Crystal+Concentration+in+Cumulus+Clouds%3A+Influence+of+the+Drop+Spectrum&amp;rft.volume=186&amp;rft.issue=4164&amp;rft.pages=632-634&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.186.4164.632&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19285155%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17833720&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Sci...186..632M&amp;rft.aulast=Mossop&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+C.&amp;rft.au=Hallett%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HOWTOREAD-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-HOWTOREAD_40-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">JetStream (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/wxmaps.htm\">How to read weather maps.</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150101062001/http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/wxmaps.htm\">Archived</a> 1 January 2015 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a> <a href=\"/wiki/National_Weather_Service\" title=\"National Weather Service\">National Weather Service</a>. Retrieved on 16 May 2007.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-appearance-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-appearance_41-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/appearance-of-clouds.html\">\"Appearance of Clouds, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Appearance+of+Clouds%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fappearance-of-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-wmo-cloud_classifications-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-wmo-cloud_classifications_42-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wmo-cloud_classifications_42-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization1995\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1995). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.weatheranswer.com/public/Clouds_WMO.pdf\">\"WMO cloud classifications\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20050226160200/http://www.weatheranswer.com/public/Clouds_WMO.pdf\">Archived</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 February 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=WMO+cloud+classifications&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheranswer.com%2Fpublic%2FClouds_WMO.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Cloud_type_identification-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFColorado_State_University_Dept._of_Atmospheric_Science2015\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Colorado State University Dept. of Atmospheric Science, ed. (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/wmovl/VRL/Texts/SATELLITE_METEOROLOGY/CHAPTER-2.PDF\">\"Cloud type identification by satellites\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Colorado_State_University\" title=\"Colorado State University\">Colorado State University</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060411213048/http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/wmovl/VRL/Texts/SATELLITE_METEOROLOGY/CHAPTER-2.PDF\">Archived</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 April 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+type+identification+by+satellites&amp;rft.pub=Colorado+State+University&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frammb.cira.colostate.edu%2Fwmovl%2FVRL%2FTexts%2FSATELLITE_METEOROLOGY%2FCHAPTER-2.PDF&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Jetstream_clouds-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Jetstream_clouds_44-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFVincent_J._Schaefer1952\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Vincent J. Schaefer (October 1952). \"Cloud Forms of the Jet Stream\". <i>Tellus</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 27\u201331. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Tell....5...27S\">1953Tell....5...27S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1953.tb01032.x\">10.1111/j.2153-3490.1953.tb01032.x</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tellus&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Forms+of+the+Jet+Stream&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=27-31&amp;rft.date=1952-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1953.tb01032.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Tell....5...27S&amp;rft.au=Vincent+J.+Schaefer&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cirrocumulus-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cirrocumulus_45-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cirrocumulus.html\">\"Cirrocumulus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cirrocumulus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-cirrocumulus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-YDN-364-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-YDN-364_46-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFMiyazakiYoshidaDobashiNishita2001\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Miyazaki, R.; Yoshida, S.; Dobashi, Y.; Nishita, T. (2001). \"A method for modeling clouds based on atmospheric fluid dynamics\". <i>Proceedings Ninth Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. Pacific Graphics 2001</i>. p.&#160;363. <a href=\"/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"CiteSeerX (identifier)\">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.76.7428\">10.1.1.76.7428</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPCCGA.2001.962893\">10.1109/PCCGA.2001.962893</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-1227-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-1227-3\"><bdi>978-0-7695-1227-3</bdi></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6656499\">6656499</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=A+method+for+modeling+clouds+based+on+atmospheric+fluid+dynamics&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+Ninth+Pacific+Conference+on+Computer+Graphics+and+Applications.+Pacific+Graphics+2001&amp;rft.pages=363&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.76.7428%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6656499%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPCCGA.2001.962893&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7695-1227-3&amp;rft.aulast=Miyazaki&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Yoshida%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Dobashi%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Nishita%2C+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cirrostratus-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cirrostratus_47-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cirrostratus.html\">\"Cirrostratus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cirrostratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-cirrostratus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Altostratus-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Altostratus_48-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization1975\" class=\"citation book cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/manualonobservat00worl/page/35\"><i>Altostratus, International Cloud Atlas</i></a>. Vol.&#160;I. pp.&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/manualonobservat00worl/page/35\">35\u201337</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-63-10407-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-92-63-10407-6\"><bdi>978-92-63-10407-6</bdi></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Altostratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.pages=35-37&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-63-10407-6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualonobservat00worl%2Fpage%2F35&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-altocumulus-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-altocumulus_49-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-altocumulus.html\">\"Altocumulus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Altocumulus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-altocumulus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ac-compared-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ac-compared_50-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/ac-compared-with-cc.html\">\"Ac Compared With Cc, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ac+Compared+With+Cc%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fac-compared-with-cc.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mid-level-clouds-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mid-level-clouds_51-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFMet_Office2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Met Office, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/clouds/mid-level-clouds/altocumulus\">\"Mid Level Clouds \u2013 Altocumulus\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mid+Level+Clouds+%E2%80%93+Altocumulus&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Flearning%2Fclouds%2Fmid-level-clouds%2Faltocumulus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-altostratus-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-altostratus_52-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-altostratus.html\">\"Altostratus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Altostratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-altostratus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stratocumulus-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stratocumulus_53-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510035919/https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-stratocumulus.html\">\"Stratocumulus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-stratocumulus.html\">the original</a> on 10 May 2017<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratocumulus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-stratocumulus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stratocumulus-precipitation-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stratocumulus-precipitation_54-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFMet_Office2016\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Met Office, ed. (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/clouds/low-level-clouds/stratocumulus\">\"Stratocumulus\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratocumulus&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Flearning%2Fclouds%2Flow-level-clouds%2Fstratocumulus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cumulus-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cumulus_55-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cumulus_55-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cumulus_55-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cumulus.html\">\"Cumulus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cumulus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-cumulus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stratus-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stratus_56-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-stratus.html\">\"Stratus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-stratus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-drizzle-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-drizzle_57-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/drizzle.html\">\"Drizzle, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Drizzle%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fdrizzle.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-snow-grains-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-snow-grains_58-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/snow-grains.html\">\"Snow Grains, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Snow+Grains%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fsnow-grains.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stratus-fog-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stratus-fog_59-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFColorado_State_University2000\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Colorado State University, ed. (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/wmovl/vrl/tutorials/satmanu-eumetsat/SatManu/CMs/FgStr/backgr.htm\">\"Stratus and Fog\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratus+and+Fog&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frammb.cira.colostate.edu%2Fwmovl%2Fvrl%2Ftutorials%2Fsatmanu-eumetsat%2FSatManu%2FCMs%2FFgStr%2Fbackgr.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mist-fog-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mist-fog_60-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFMet_Office2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Met Office, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/fog/difference-mist-and-fog\">\"Difference Between Mist and Fog\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Difference+Between+Mist+and+Fog&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Flearning%2Ffog%2Fdifference-mist-and-fog&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nimbostratus-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nimbostratus_61-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-nimbostratus.html\">\"Nimbostratus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Nimbostratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-nimbostratus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cloud_atlas-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFClouds_Online2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Clouds Online (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.clouds-online.com\">\"Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Clouds+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clouds-online.com&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Plymouth_State_Meteorology-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFKoermer,_Jim2011\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Koermer, Jim (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701173917/http://vortex.plymouth.edu/cloudboutique/\">\"Plymouth State Meteorology Program Cloud Boutique\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Plymouth_State_University\" title=\"Plymouth State University\">Plymouth State University</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://vortex.plymouth.edu/cloudboutique/\">the original</a> on 1 July 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Plymouth+State+Meteorology+Program+Cloud+Boutique&amp;rft.pub=Plymouth+State+University&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.au=Koermer%2C+Jim&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvortex.plymouth.edu%2Fcloudboutique%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-glossary-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-glossary_64-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFAmerican_Meteorological_Society2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">American Meteorological Society (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Nimbostratus\">\"Glossary of Meteorology\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Meteorology&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=American+Meteorological+Society&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglossary.ametsoc.org%2Fwiki%2FNimbostratus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-precipitating_clouds-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-precipitating_clouds_65-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Ackerman\">Ackerman</a>, p. 118</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nimbostratus_associated_with_deep_convection-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nimbostratus_associated_with_deep_convection_66-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHouze,_Robert_A.1994\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Houze, Robert A. (1994). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=5DKWGZwBBEYC&amp;pg=PA211\"><i>Cloud Dynamics</i></a>. Academic Press. p.&#160;211. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-050210-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-08-050210-6\"><bdi>978-0-08-050210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Dynamics&amp;rft.pages=211&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-08-050210-6&amp;rft.au=Houze%2C+Robert+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5DKWGZwBBEYC%26pg%3DPA211&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-67\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHatheway,_Becca2009\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Hatheway, Becca (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/clouds/cloud_types.html\">\"Cloud Types\"</a>. <i>Windows to the Universe, US National Earth Science Teachers Association (NESTA)</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Windows+to+the+Universe%2C+US+National+Earth+Science+Teachers+Association+%28NESTA%29&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Types&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Hatheway%2C+Becca&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windows2universe.org%2Fearth%2FAtmosphere%2Fclouds%2Fcloud_types.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-classification_of_clouds-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-classification_of_clouds_68-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/weather/A0857400.html\">\"cloud: Classification of Clouds\"</a>. <i>Infoplease.com</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Infoplease.com&amp;rft.atitle=cloud%3A+Classification+of+Clouds&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fce6%2Fweather%2FA0857400.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cumulonimbus-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cumulonimbus_69-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cumulonimbus.html\">\"Cumulonimbus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cumulonimbus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-cumulonimbus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Scott2000-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Scott2000_70-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFScott_A2000\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Scott A (2000). \"The Pre-Quaternary history of fire\". <i>Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol</i>. <b>164</b> (1\u20134): 281\u2013329. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PPP...164..281S\">2000PPP...164..281S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2800%2900192-9\">10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Palaeogeogr+Palaeoclimatol+Palaeoecol&amp;rft.atitle=The+Pre-Quaternary+history+of+fire&amp;rft.volume=164&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=281-329&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2800%2900192-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PPP...164..281S&amp;rft.au=Scott+A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ncar-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ncar_71-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFNational_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">National Center for Atmospheric Research (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100527170048/http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/research/meteorology/storms/hail.php\">\"Hail\"</a>. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/research/meteorology/storms/hail.php\">the original</a> on 27 May 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hail&amp;rft.pub=University+Corporation+for+Atmospheric+Research&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=National+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncar.ucar.edu%2Fresearch%2Fmeteorology%2Fstorms%2Fhail.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-72\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Ted_Fujita\" title=\"Ted Fujita\">Fujita, Ted</a> (1985). \"The Downburst, microburst and macroburst\". SMRP Research Paper 210.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Renno-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Renno_73-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFRenno2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Renno, N. O. (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73164/1/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x.pdf\">\"A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tellus A</i>. <b>60</b> (4): 688\u2013699. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008TellA..60..688R\">2008TellA..60..688R</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0870.2008.00331.x\">10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hdl (identifier)\">hdl</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F73164\">2027.42/73164</a></span>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502122954/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73164/1/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x.pdf\">Archived</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 May 2019.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tellus+A&amp;rft.atitle=A+thermodynamically+general+theory+for+convective+vortices&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=688-699&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F73164&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0870.2008.00331.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008TellA..60..688R&amp;rft.aulast=Renno&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+O.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F73164%2F1%2Fj.1600-0870.2008.00331.x.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-species-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-species.html\">\"Species, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Species%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fprinciples-of-cloud-classification-species.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nebulosus-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-nebulosus_75-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nebulosus_75-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-nebulosus.html\">\"Nebulosus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Nebulosus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-nebulosus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fibratus-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fibratus_76-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fibratus_76-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-fibratus.html\">\"Fibratus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Fibratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-fibratus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFBoyd,_Sylke2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Boyd, Sylke (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101230041442/http://www.morris.umn.edu/~sboyd/weather/cloudsystems/Clouds_files/speciesandvarieties.htm\">\"Clouds \u2013 Species and Varieties\"</a>. <i>University of Minnesota</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.morris.umn.edu/~sboyd/weather/cloudsystems/Clouds_files/speciesandvarieties.htm\">the original</a> on 30 December 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=University+of+Minnesota&amp;rft.atitle=Clouds+%E2%80%93+Species+and+Varieties&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Boyd%2C+Sylke&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morris.umn.edu%2F~sboyd%2Fweather%2Fcloudsystems%2FClouds_files%2Fspeciesandvarieties.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stratiformis-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stratiformis_78-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-stratiformis.html\">\"Stratiformis, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratiformis%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-stratiformis.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fractus-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fractus_79-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-fractus.html\">\"Species Fractus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Species+Fractus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-fractus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pannus-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-pannus_80-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pannus_80-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-accessory-pannus.html\">\"Accessory Cloud Pannus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Accessory+Cloud+Pannus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-accessory-pannus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Elevated_convection-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Elevated_convection_81-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFStephen_F._CorfidiSarah_J._CorfidiDavid_M_Schultz2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Stephen F. Corfidi; Sarah J. Corfidi; David M Schultz (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://zenodo.org/record/1234533\">\"Elevated Convection and Castellanus: Ambiguities, Significance, and Questions\"</a>. <i>Weather and Forecasting</i>. <b>23</b> (6): 1282. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008WtFor..23.1280C\">2008WtFor..23.1280C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2008WAF2222118.1\">10.1175/2008WAF2222118.1</a></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Weather+and+Forecasting&amp;rft.atitle=Elevated+Convection+and+Castellanus%3A+Ambiguities%2C+Significance%2C+and+Questions&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1282&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F2008WAF2222118.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008WtFor..23.1280C&amp;rft.au=Stephen+F.+Corfidi&amp;rft.au=Sarah+J.+Corfidi&amp;rft.au=David+M+Schultz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1234533&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-species-castellanus-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-species-castellanus_82-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-castellanus.html\">\"Species Castellanus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Species+Castellanus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-castellanus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-floccus-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-floccus_83-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-floccus.html\">\"Species Floccus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Species+Floccus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-floccus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ICA2017-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ICA2017_84-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ICA2017_84-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ICA2017_84-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFSutherland2017\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Sutherland, Scott (23 March 2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/cloud-atlas-leaps-into-21st-century-with-12-new-cloud-types/80685/\">\"Cloud Atlas leaps into 21st century with 12 new cloud types\"</a>. <i>The Weather Network</i>. Pelmorex Media<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Weather+Network&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Atlas+leaps+into+21st+century+with+12+new+cloud+types&amp;rft.date=2017-03-23&amp;rft.aulast=Sutherland&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweathernetwork.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcloud-atlas-leaps-into-21st-century-with-12-new-cloud-types%2F80685%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stg-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stg_85-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFAbbie_Thomas2003\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Abbie Thomas (7 August 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2003/08/07/2045486.htm\">\"Soaring the glory\"</a>. <i>ABC Science</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Soaring+the+glory&amp;rft.date=2003-08-07&amp;rft.au=Abbie+Thomas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Farticles%2F2003%2F08%2F07%2F2045486.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-varieties-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-varieties_86-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-varieties_86-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-varieties_86-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-varieties_86-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-varieties.html\">\"Varieties, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Varieties%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fprinciples-of-cloud-classification-varieties.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFAerographer/Meteorology2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Aerographer/Meteorology (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121221005913/http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_20.htm\">\"Cloud Variety\"</a>. <i>meteorologytraining.tpub.com</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_20.htm\">the original</a> on 21 December 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=meteorologytraining.tpub.com&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Variety&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Aerographer%2FMeteorology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteorologytraining.tpub.com%2F14269%2Fcss%2F14269_20.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-88\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1433a/\">\"Sculpting La Silla's Skies\"</a>. <i>www.eso.org</i>. ESO<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.eso.org&amp;rft.atitle=Sculpting+La+Silla%27s+Skies&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fpotw1433a%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Cumulus_Humilis-Skynews-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Cumulus_Humilis-Skynews_89-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFCumulus-skynews2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Cumulus-skynews (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cumulus-skynews.tumblr.com/post/49212742113/5a-cumulus-humilis-radiatus-the-latin-term\">\"Clouds: Their curious natures\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Clouds%3A+Their+curious+natures&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Cumulus-skynews&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcumulus-skynews.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F49212742113%2F5a-cumulus-humilis-radiatus-the-latin-term&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Pretor-Pinney20-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Pretor-Pinney20_90-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFPretor-Pinney2007\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/Gavin_Pretor-Pinney\" title=\"Gavin Pretor-Pinney\">Pretor-Pinney, Gavin</a> (2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ix4qy7FihDcC\"><i>The Cloudspotter's Guide: The Science, History, and Culture of Clouds</i></a>. Penguin Group. p.&#160;20. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-20331-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-101-20331-6\"><bdi>978-1-101-20331-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cloudspotter%27s+Guide%3A+The+Science%2C+History%2C+and+Culture+of+Clouds&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Group&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-101-20331-6&amp;rft.aulast=Pretor-Pinney&amp;rft.aufirst=Gavin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dix4qy7FihDcC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-radiatus-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-radiatus_91-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-varieties-radiatus.html\">\"Variety Radiatus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Variety+Radiatus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-varieties-radiatus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-features-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-supplementary-features.html\">\"Features, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Features%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fprinciples-of-cloud-classification-supplementary-features.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Dunlop77-78-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Dunlop77-78_93-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFDunlop2003\">Dunlop 2003</a>, pp.&#160;77\u201378</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cumulonimbus-incus-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cumulonimbus-incus_94-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2009/08/cumulonimbus-incus.html\">\"Cumulonimbus Incus\"</a>. Universities Space Research Association. 5 August 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cumulonimbus+Incus&amp;rft.pub=Universities+Space+Research+Association&amp;rft.date=2009-08-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepod.usra.edu%2Fblog%2F2009%2F08%2Fcumulonimbus-incus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Aerographer-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer_95-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFAerographer/Meteorology2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Aerographer/Meteorology (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130518082044/http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_27.htm\">\"Roll cloud formation on cumulonimbus\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_27.htm\">the original</a> on 18 May 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Roll+cloud+formation+on+cumulonimbus&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Aerographer%2FMeteorology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteorologytraining.tpub.com%2F14269%2Fcss%2F14269_27.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Dunlop79-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Dunlop79_96-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFDunlop2003\">Dunlop 2003</a>, p.&#160;79</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Ludlum473-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Ludlum473_97-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFLudlum2000\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Ludlum, David McWilliams (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00ludl/page/473\"><i>National Audubon Society Field Guide to Weather</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. p.&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00ludl/page/473\">473</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40851-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40851-2\"><bdi>978-0-679-40851-2</bdi></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56559729\">56559729</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=National+Audubon+Society+Field+Guide+to+Weather&amp;rft.pages=473&amp;rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56559729&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-679-40851-2&amp;rft.aulast=Ludlum&amp;rft.aufirst=David+McWilliams&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faudubonsocietyfi00ludl%2Fpage%2F473&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-98\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFFox2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fox, Karen C. (30 December 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/sun-surfing.html\">\"NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory Catches \"Surfer\" Waves on the Sun\"</a>. <i>NASA-The Sun-Earth Connection: Heliophysics</i>. NASA.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA-The+Sun-Earth+Connection%3A+Heliophysics&amp;rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Solar+Dynamics+Observatory+Catches+%22Surfer%22+Waves+on+the+Sun&amp;rft.date=2014-12-30&amp;rft.aulast=Fox&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fsunearth%2Fnews%2Fsun-surfing.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GarretI-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-GarretI_99-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFGarrettDean-DayLiuBarnett2006\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Garrett, T. J.; Dean-Day, J.; Liu, C.; Barnett, B.; Mace, G.; Baumgardner, D.; Webster, C.; Bui, T.; Read, W.; Minnis, P. (2006). \"Convective formation of pileus cloud near the tropopause\". <i>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 1185\u20131200. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ACP.....6.1185G\">2006ACP.....6.1185G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-6-1185-2006\">10.5194/acp-6-1185-2006</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hdl (identifier)\">hdl</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20080015842\">2060/20080015842</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14440075\">14440075</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.atitle=Convective+formation+of+pileus+cloud+near+the+tropopause&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1185-1200&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20080015842&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14440075%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Facp-6-1185-2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ACP.....6.1185G&amp;rft.aulast=Garrett&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+J.&amp;rft.au=Dean-Day%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Barnett%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Mace%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Baumgardner%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Webster%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Bui%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Read%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Minnis%2C+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mother-clouds-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-mother-clouds_100-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mother-clouds_100-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-mother-clouds.html\">\"Mother clouds, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mother+clouds%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fprinciples-of-cloud-classification-mother-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-marine_clouds-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-marine_clouds_101-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFKore.nFeingold2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Kore.n, I.; Feingold, G. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3753593\">\"Adaptive behavior of marine cellular clouds\"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>3</b>: 2507. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3E2507K\">2013NatSR...3E2507K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep02507\">10.1038/srep02507</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\">PMC</a>&#160;<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3753593\">3753593</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23978979\">23978979</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Adaptive+behavior+of+marine+cellular+clouds&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.pages=2507&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3753593%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23978979&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep02507&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatSR...3E2507K&amp;rft.aulast=Kore.n&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.au=Feingold%2C+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3753593&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-102\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5904\">\"Cloud Formations off the West Coast of South America\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory\" title=\"NASA Earth Observatory\">NASA Earth Observatory</a>. 5 October 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Formations+off+the+West+Coast+of+South+America&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Earth+Observatory&amp;rft.date=2005-10-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D5904&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-103\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, <i>Aerodynamics</i>. McGraw-Hill (1963): <link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-067602-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-07-067602-2\">978-0-07-067602-2</a>. Dover (1994): <link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43485-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43485-8\">978-0-486-43485-8</a>.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-vortex-street-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-vortex-street_104-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFNational_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration2001\" class=\"citation web cs1\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ed. (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=2270\">\"Vortex Streets\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vortex+Streets&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D2270&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-105\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-105\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">For a larger image see <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/41000/41292/cldfrc_TMO_200910_lrg.png\">this image</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100529185735/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/41000/41292/cldfrc_TMO_200910_lrg.png\">Archived</a> 29 May 2010 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a> at earthobservatory.nasa.gov</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-106\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-106\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_CLD_FR\">\"Cloud Fraction&#160;: Global Maps\"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Fraction+%3A+Global+Maps&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FGlobalMaps%2Fview.php%3Fd1%3DMODAL2_M_CLD_FR&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-107\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFKondrat\u02b9ev,_Kirill_Iakovlevich2006\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Kondrat\u02b9ev, Kirill Iakovlevich (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=tcCTsENwgGYC&amp;pg=PA411\"><i>Atmospheric aerosol properties: formation, processes and impacts</i></a>. Springer. p.&#160;403. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26263-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26263-3\"><bdi>978-3-540-26263-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Atmospheric+aerosol+properties%3A+formation%2C+processes+and+impacts&amp;rft.pages=403&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-26263-3&amp;rft.au=Kondrat%CA%B9ev%2C+Kirill+Iakovlevich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtcCTsENwgGYC%26pg%3DPA411&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Convergence/divergence-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Convergence/divergence_108-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Convergence/divergence_108-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWei-hung,_Leung2010\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Wei-hung, Leung (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20191026053144/http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele-condiv-e.htm\">\"Meteorology Basics: Convergence and Divergence\"</a>. Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele-condiv-e.htm\">the original</a> on 26 October 2019<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Meteorology+Basics%3A+Convergence+and+Divergence&amp;rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Observatory&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.au=Wei-hung%2C+Leung&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hko.gov.hk%2Feducation%2Fedu01met%2Fwxphe%2Fele-condiv-e.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-noaa-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-noaa_109-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream//tropics/itcz.htm\">\"Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone\"</a>. <i>JetStream \u2013 Online School for Weather</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/NOAA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"NOAA\">NOAA</a>. 24 October 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=JetStream+%E2%80%93+Online+School+for+Weather&amp;rft.atitle=Inter-Tropical+Convergence+Zone&amp;rft.date=2007-10-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srh.noaa.gov%2Fjetstream%2F%2Ftropics%2Fitcz.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-The_Climate_System:_General_Circulation_and_Climate_Zones-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-The_Climate_System:_General_Circulation_and_Climate_Zones_110-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFKushnir,_Yochanan2000\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Kushnir, Yochanan (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20040822022845/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/gen_circ/index.html\">\"The Climate System: General Circulation and Climate Zones\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/gen_circ/index.html\">the original</a> on 22 August 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Climate+System%3A+General+Circulation+and+Climate+Zones&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.au=Kushnir%2C+Yochanan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feesc.columbia.edu%2Fcourses%2Fees%2Fclimate%2Flectures%2Fgen_circ%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-111\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWilliams,_Jack1997\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Williams, Jack (27 June 1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/weather/wstorm.htm\">\"Extratropical storms are major weather makers\"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Extratropical+storms+are+major+weather+makers&amp;rft.date=1997-06-27&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Jack&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fweather%2Fwstorm.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-subtropical-ridge-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-subtropical-ridge_112-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFCaiVan_RenschCowan2011\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Cai, Wenju; Van Rensch, Peter; Cowan, Tim (2011). \"Subtropical Ridge\". <i>Journal of Climate</i>. <b>24</b> (23): 6035. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.6035C\">2011JCli...24.6035C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2011JCLI4149.1\">10.1175/2011JCLI4149.1</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59145525\">59145525</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&amp;rft.atitle=Subtropical+Ridge&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=23&amp;rft.pages=6035&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59145525%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F2011JCLI4149.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JCli...24.6035C&amp;rft.aulast=Cai&amp;rft.aufirst=Wenju&amp;rft.au=Van+Rensch%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Cowan%2C+Tim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pressure-belts-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-pressure-belts_113-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFPMF_IAS2015\" class=\"citation web cs1\">PMF IAS, ed. (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.pmfias.com/pressure-belts-pressure-systems-equatorial-low-sub-tropical-high-sub-polar-low-polar-high/\">\"Atmospheric Pressure Belts and Wind Systems PMF IAS Pressure Belts\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Atmospheric+Pressure+Belts+and+Wind+Systems+PMF+IAS+Pressure+Belts&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmfias.com%2Fpressure-belts-pressure-systems-equatorial-low-sub-tropical-high-sub-polar-low-polar-high%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Luminance-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Luminance_114-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Luminance_114-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/appearance-of-clouds-luminance.html\">\"Luminance, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Luminance%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fappearance-of-clouds-luminance.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Steven_Salter_and_John_Latham-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Steven_Salter_and_John_Latham_115-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.21stcenturychallenges.org/60-seconds/increasing-cloud-reflectivity/\">Increasing Cloud Reflectivity</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511051600/http://www.21stcenturychallenges.org/60-seconds/increasing-cloud-reflectivity/\">Archived</a> 11 May 2013 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>, Royal Geographical Society, 2010.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Bette_Hileman-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Bette_Hileman_116-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHileman1995\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hileman, B. (1995). \"Clouds absorb more solar radiation than researchers previously thought\". <i>Chemical &amp; Engineering News</i>. <b>73</b> (7): 33. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v073n007.p033\">10.1021/cen-v073n007.p033</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&amp;rft.atitle=Clouds+absorb+more+solar+radiation+than+researchers+previously+thought&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v073n007.p033&amp;rft.aulast=Hileman&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Coloration-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Coloration_117-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Coloration_117-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/appearance-of-clouds-colour.html\">\"Coloration, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Coloration%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fappearance-of-clouds-colour.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Curiosities-118\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Curiosities_118-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Wisconsin-Madison-News2007\" class=\"citation web cs1\">University of Wisconsin-Madison-News, ed. (2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/14039\">\"Curiosities-Green sky before tornado\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Curiosities-Green+sky+before+tornado&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.wisc.edu%2F14039&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Garrett_Nagle-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Garrett_Nagle_119-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFNagle,_Garrett1998\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Nagle, Garrett (1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=qC1l1RdWpIwC&amp;pg=PA101\">\"10. Cities and Air Pollution\"</a>. <i>Hazards</i>. Nelson Thornes. p.&#160;101. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-490022-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-17-490022-1\"><bdi>978-0-17-490022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=10.+Cities+and+Air+Pollution&amp;rft.btitle=Hazards&amp;rft.pages=101&amp;rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-17-490022-1&amp;rft.au=Nagle%2C+Garrett&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqC1l1RdWpIwC%26pg%3DPA101&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cloud-heating-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud-heating_120-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud-heating_120-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/role.html\">\"Cloud Climatology\"</a>. <i>International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program</i>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Satellite+Cloud+Climatology+Program&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Climatology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisccp.giss.nasa.gov%2Frole.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Ackerman\">Ackerman</a>, p. 124</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Nucleation-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Nucleation_122-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFFranks2003\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Franks, F. (2003). \"Nucleation of ice and its management in ecosystems\". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>361</b> (1804): 557\u201374. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RSPTA.361..557F\">2003RSPTA.361..557F</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2002.1141\">10.1098/rsta.2002.1141</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12662454\">12662454</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25606767\">25606767</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleation+of+ice+and+its+management+in+ecosystems&amp;rft.volume=361&amp;rft.issue=1804&amp;rft.pages=557-74&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2002.1141&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25606767%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12662454&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003RSPTA.361..557F&amp;rft.aulast=Franks&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-123\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWolchover2019\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Wolchover, Natalie (25 February 2019). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.quantamagazine.org/cloud-loss-could-add-8-degrees-to-global-warming-20190225/\">\"A World Without Clouds\"</a>. <i>Quanta Magazine</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Quanta+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=A+World+Without+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2019-02-25&amp;rft.aulast=Wolchover&amp;rft.aufirst=Natalie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantamagazine.org%2Fcloud-loss-could-add-8-degrees-to-global-warming-20190225%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-124\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFBony2005\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Bony, S. (2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL023851\">\"Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models\"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>32</b> (20): L20806. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3220806B\">2005GeoRL..3220806B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL023851\">10.1029/2005GL023851</a></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Marine+boundary+layer+clouds+at+the+heart+of+tropical+cloud+feedback+uncertainties+in+climate+models&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=L20806&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005GL023851&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GeoRL..3220806B&amp;rft.aulast=Bony&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2005GL023851&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-125\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFMedeirosStevensHeldZhao2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Medeiros, B.; Stevens, B.; Held, I. M.; Zhao, M.; Williamson, D. L.; Olson, J. G.; Bretherton, C. S. (2008). \"Aquaplanets, Climate Sensitivity, and Low Clouds\". <i>Journal of Climate</i>. <b>21</b> (19): 4974\u20134991. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JCli...21.4974M\">2008JCli...21.4974M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"CiteSeerX (identifier)\">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.620.6314\">10.1.1.620.6314</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2008JCLI1995.1\">10.1175/2008JCLI1995.1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&amp;rft.atitle=Aquaplanets%2C+Climate+Sensitivity%2C+and+Low+Clouds&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=4974-4991&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.620.6314%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F2008JCLI1995.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JCli...21.4974M&amp;rft.aulast=Medeiros&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.au=Stevens%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Held%2C+I.+M.&amp;rft.au=Zhao%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Williamson%2C+D.+L.&amp;rft.au=Olson%2C+J.+G.&amp;rft.au=Bretherton%2C+C.+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-126\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch72021\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Forster, P.; Storelvmo, T.; Armour, K.; Collins, W. (2021). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf\">\"Chapter 7: The Earth's energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href=\"#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG12021\">IPCC AR6 WG1 2021</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+The+Earth%27s+energy+budget%2C+climate+feedbacks%2C+and+climate+sensitivity&amp;rft.btitle=IPCC+AR6+WG1+2021&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.aulast=Forster&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Storelvmo%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Armour%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Collins%2C+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span> From pp 1022: \"The cloud feedback could either amplify or offset some of the future warming and has long been the biggest source of uncertainty in climate projections.\"</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-127\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.today/20111114194612/https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/question.jsp\">\"Will Clouds Speed or Slow Global Warming?\"</a>. National Science Foundation. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/question.jsp\">the original</a> on 14 November 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Will+Clouds+Speed+or+Slow+Global+Warming%3F&amp;rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fspecial_reports%2Fclouds%2Fquestion.jsp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PSC-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-PSC_128-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/nitric-acid-and-water-polar-stratospheric-clouds.html\">\"Nitric acid and water PSC, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Nitric+acid+and+water+PSC%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnitric-acid-and-water-polar-stratospheric-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nacreous-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nacreous_129-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/nacreous-clouds.html\">\"Nacreous PSC, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Nacreous+PSC%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnacreous-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-autogenerated2-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-autogenerated2_130-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFLes_Cowley2011\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Les Cowley (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/nacr1.htm\">\"Nacreous clouds\"</a>. <i>atoptics.co.uk</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=atoptics.co.uk&amp;rft.atitle=Nacreous+clouds&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.au=Les+Cowley&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Fhighsky%2Fnacr1.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-autogenerated1-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-autogenerated1_131-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFMichael_GadsdenPekka_Parviainen2006\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Michael Gadsden; Pekka Parviainen (September 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/ONC_Sep06.pdf\"><i>Observing Noctilucent Clouds</i></a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. International Association of Geomagnetism &amp; Aeronomy. p.&#160;9<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Observing+Noctilucent+Clouds&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=International+Association+of+Geomagnetism+%26+Aeronomy&amp;rft.date=2006-09&amp;rft.au=Michael+Gadsden&amp;rft.au=Pekka+Parviainen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iugg.org%2FIAGA%2Fiaga_pages%2Fpdf%2FONC_Sep06.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-simulation_studies-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-simulation_studies_132-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-simulation_studies_132-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFTurcoToonWhittenKeesee1982\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Turco, R. P.; Toon, O. B.; Whitten, R. C.; Keesee, R. G.; Hollenbach, D. (1982). \"Noctilucent clouds: Simulation studies of their genesis, properties and global influences\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>30</b> (11): 1147\u20131181. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982P&amp;SS...30.1147T\">1982P&#38;SS...30.1147T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-0633%2882%2990126-X\">10.1016/0032-0633(82)90126-X</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Noctilucent+clouds%3A+Simulation+studies+of+their+genesis%2C+properties+and+global+influences&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1147-1181&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0032-0633%2882%2990126-X&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982P%26SS...30.1147T&amp;rft.aulast=Turco&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+P.&amp;rft.au=Toon%2C+O.+B.&amp;rft.au=Whitten%2C+R.+C.&amp;rft.au=Keesee%2C+R.+G.&amp;rft.au=Hollenbach%2C+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-noctilucent-cloud-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-noctilucent-cloud_133-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFProject_Possum2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Project Possum, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://projectpossum.org/research/noctilucent-cloud/about-noctilucent-clouds/\">\"About Noctiluent Clouds\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=About+Noctiluent+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojectpossum.org%2Fresearch%2Fnoctilucent-cloud%2Fabout-noctilucent-clouds%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sounding_rocket-134\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sounding_rocket_134-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFFox,_Karen_C.2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fox, Karen C. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/CHAMPS-NLCs.html#.UkqY0BAxIgq\">\"NASA Sounding Rocket Observes the Seeds of Noctilucent Clouds\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Sounding+Rocket+Observes+the+Seeds+of+Noctilucent+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Fox%2C+Karen+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fsunearth%2Fnews%2FCHAMPS-NLCs.html%23.UkqY0BAxIgq&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-veils-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-veils_135-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-I-veils.html\">\"Type I Veils, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Type+I+Veils%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnoctilucent-clouds-type-I-veils.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bands-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-bands_136-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-II-bands.html\">\"Type II Bands, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Type+II+Bands%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnoctilucent-clouds-type-II-bands.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-billows-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-billows_137-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-III-billows.html\">\"Type III Billows, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Type+III+Billows%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnoctilucent-clouds-type-III-billows.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-whirls-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-whirls_138-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-IV-whirls.html\">\"Type IV Whirls, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Type+IV+Whirls%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnoctilucent-clouds-type-IV-whirls.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Bougher-127-129-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Bougher-127-129_139-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFBougherPhillips1997\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Bougher, Stephen Wesley; Phillips, Roger (1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=b93lEgkPquoC&amp;pg=PA128\"><i>Venus II: Geology, Geophysics, Atmosphere, and Solar Wind Environment</i></a>. University of Arizona Press. pp.&#160;127\u2013129. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1830-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1830-2\"><bdi>978-0-8165-1830-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Venus+II%3A+Geology%2C+Geophysics%2C+Atmosphere%2C+and+Solar+Wind+Environment&amp;rft.pages=127-129&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1830-2&amp;rft.aulast=Bougher&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+Wesley&amp;rft.au=Phillips%2C+Roger&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db93lEgkPquoC%26pg%3DPA128&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mysterious_waves-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Mysterious_waves_140-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFShiga,_David2006\" class=\"citation magazine cs1\">Shiga, David (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10497-mysterious-waves-seen-in-venuss-clouds.html#.UnjSlRAxKQx\">\"Mysterious waves seen in Venus's clouds\"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Mysterious+waves+seen+in+Venus%27s+clouds&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.au=Shiga%2C+David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn10497-mysterious-waves-seen-in-venuss-clouds.html%23.UnjSlRAxKQx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-141\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFSPACE.com_staff2006\" class=\"citation web cs1\">SPACE.com staff (28 August 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060828_mars_clouds.html\">\"Mars Clouds Higher Than Any on Earth\"</a>. SPACE.com.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mars+Clouds+Higher+Than+Any+on+Earth&amp;rft.pub=SPACE.com&amp;rft.date=2006-08-28&amp;rft.au=SPACE.com+staff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2F060828_mars_clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA-photo-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-photo_142-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/images/press/16145-animated.html\">\"Clouds Move Across Mars Horizon\"</a>. <i>Phoenix Photographs</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. 19 September 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Photographs&amp;rft.atitle=Clouds+Move+Across+Mars+Horizon&amp;rft.date=2008-09-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fphoenix%2Fimages%2Fpress%2F16145-animated.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mars-clouds-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Mars-clouds_143-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-441/ch12.htm\">\"NASA SP-441: Viking Orbiter Views of Mars\"</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+SP-441%3A+Viking+Orbiter+Views+of+Mars&amp;rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-441%2Fch12.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-144\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFPhillips2010\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Phillips, Tony (20 May 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/20may_loststripe/\">\"Big Mystery: Jupiter Loses a Stripe\"</a>. <i>Nasa Headline News \u2013 2010</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Nasa+Headline+News+%E2%80%93+2010&amp;rft.atitle=Big+Mystery%3A+Jupiter+Loses+a+Stripe&amp;rft.date=2010-05-20&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips&amp;rft.aufirst=Tony&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F2010%2F20may_loststripe%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-145\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-145\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFDoughertyEsposito2009\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Dougherty, Michele; Esposito, Larry (November 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=M56CHHxVMP4C&amp;pg=PA118\"><i>Saturn from Cassini-Huygens</i></a> (1&#160;ed.). Springer. p.&#160;118. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9216-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9216-9\"><bdi>978-1-4020-9216-9</bdi></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/527635272\">527635272</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+from+Cassini-Huygens&amp;rft.pages=118&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2009-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F527635272&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9216-9&amp;rft.aulast=Dougherty&amp;rft.aufirst=Michele&amp;rft.au=Esposito%2C+Larry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM56CHHxVMP4C%26pg%3DPA118&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-146\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-146\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFIngersoll,_A.P.Dowling,_T.E.Gierasch,_P.J.Orton,_G.S.\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Ingersoll, A.P.; Dowling, T.E.; Gierasch, P.J.; Orton, G.S.; Read, P.L.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Showman, A.P.; Simon-Miller, A.A.; Vasavada, A.R. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/ingersolletal-2004.pdf\">\"Dynamics of Jupiter's Atmosphere\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. Lunar &amp; Planetary Institute. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070418104027/http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/ingersolletal-2004.pdf\">Archived</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 April 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Jupiter%27s+Atmosphere&amp;rft.pub=Lunar+%26+Planetary+Institute&amp;rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+A.P.&amp;rft.au=Dowling%2C+T.E.&amp;rft.au=Gierasch%2C+P.J.&amp;rft.au=Orton%2C+G.S.&amp;rft.au=Read%2C+P.L.&amp;rft.au=Sanchez-Lavega%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Showman%2C+A.P.&amp;rft.au=Simon-Miller%2C+A.A.&amp;rft.au=Vasavada%2C+A.R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpl.arizona.edu%2F~showman%2Fpublications%2Fingersolletal-2004.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-147\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-147\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFMonterrey_Institute_for_Research_in_Astronomy2006\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Monterrey Institute for Research in Astronomy (11 August 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mira.org/fts0/planets/100/text/txt002x.htm\">\"Saturn\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn&amp;rft.date=2006-08-11&amp;rft.au=Monterrey+Institute+for+Research+in+Astronomy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mira.org%2Ffts0%2Fplanets%2F100%2Ftext%2Ftxt002x.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Jupiter-clouds-148\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Jupiter-clouds_148-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia00506\">\"Thunderheads on Jupiter\"</a>. <i>Jet Propulsion Laboratory</i>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft.atitle=Thunderheads+on+Jupiter&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2Fpia00506&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Saturn-clouds-149\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Saturn-clouds_149-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFMinard2008\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Minard, Anne (14 October 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/10/081014-saturn-cyclones.html\">\"Mysterious Cyclones Seen at Both of Saturn's Poles\"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. National Geographic<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&amp;rft.atitle=Mysterious+Cyclones+Seen+at+Both+of+Saturn%27s+Poles&amp;rft.date=2008-10-14&amp;rft.aulast=Minard&amp;rft.aufirst=Anne&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F10%2F081014-saturn-cyclones.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Neptune&#39;s_Atmosphere-150\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Neptune&#39;s_Atmosphere_150-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFTaylor_Redd,_Nola2012\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Taylor Redd, Nola (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/18922-neptune-atmosphere.html\">\"Neptune's Atmosphere: Composition, Climate, &amp; Weather\"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft.atitle=Neptune%27s+Atmosphere%3A+Composition%2C+Climate%2C+%26+Weather&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Taylor+Redd%2C+Nola&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F18922-neptune-atmosphere.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Uranus-clouds-151\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Uranus-clouds_151-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFBoyle2012\" class=\"citation magazine cs1\">Boyle, Rebecca (18 October 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-10/most-richly-detailed-image-ever-taken-icy-distant-uranus\">\"Check Out The Most Richly Detailed Image Ever Taken of Uranus\"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Check+Out+The+Most+Richly+Detailed+Image+Ever+Taken+of+Uranus&amp;rft.date=2012-10-18&amp;rft.aulast=Boyle&amp;rft.aufirst=Rebecca&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F2012-10%2Fmost-richly-detailed-image-ever-taken-icy-distant-uranus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Irwin-115-152\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Irwin-115_152-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFIrwin2003\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Irwin, Patrick (July 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=p8wCsJweUb0C&amp;pg=PA115\"><i>Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure</i></a> (1&#160;ed.). Springer. p.&#160;115. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00681-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00681-7\"><bdi>978-3-540-00681-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Giant+Planets+of+Our+Solar+System%3A+Atmospheres%2C+Composition%2C+and+Structure&amp;rft.pages=115&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2003-07&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-00681-7&amp;rft.aulast=Irwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp8wCsJweUb0C%26pg%3DPA115&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-elkins-tanton-153\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_153-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFElkins-Tanton,_Linda_T.2006\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/uranusneptuneplu00elki/page/79\"><i>Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and the Outer Solar System</i></a>. New York: Chelsea House. pp.&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/uranusneptuneplu00elki/page/79\">79\u201383</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5197-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5197-7\"><bdi>978-0-8160-5197-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Uranus%2C+Neptune%2C+Pluto%2C+and+the+Outer+Solar+System&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=79-83&amp;rft.pub=Chelsea+House&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5197-7&amp;rft.au=Elkins-Tanton%2C+Linda+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Furanusneptuneplu00elki%2Fpage%2F79&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Coustenis155-154\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Coustenis155_154-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFAth\u00e9na_CoustenisF.W._Taylor2008\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Ath\u00e9na Coustenis; F.W. Taylor (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=j3O47dxrDAQC\"><i>Titan: Exploring an Earthlike World</i></a>. World Scientific. pp.&#160;154\u2013155. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-270-501-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-981-270-501-3\"><bdi>978-981-270-501-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Titan%3A+Exploring+an+Earthlike+World&amp;rft.pages=154-155&amp;rft.pub=World+Scientific&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-270-501-3&amp;rft.au=Ath%C3%A9na+Coustenis&amp;rft.au=F.W.+Taylor&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3O47dxrDAQC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-155\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-155\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/titan-clouds_prt.htm\">\"Surprise Hidden in Titan's Smog: Cirrus-Like Clouds\"</a>. <i>Mission News</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. 3 February 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mission+News&amp;rft.atitle=Surprise+Hidden+in+Titan%27s+Smog%3A+Cirrus-Like+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2011-02-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fwhycassini%2Ftitan-clouds_prt.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Clouds_on_titan-156\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Clouds_on_titan_156-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFElizabeth_Zubritsky2016\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Elizabeth Zubritsky (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-scientists-find-impossible-cloud-on-titan-again\">\"NASA Scientists find impossible cloud on titan\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Scientists+find+impossible+cloud+on+titan&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.au=Elizabeth+Zubritsky&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fgoddard%2F2016%2Fnasa-scientists-find-impossible-cloud-on-titan-again&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-methane-cycle-157\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-methane-cycle_157-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFNational_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ed. (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20080730.html\">\"NASA Confirms Liquid Lake on Saturn Moon, Cassini Mission News\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Confirms+Liquid+Lake+on+Saturn+Moon%2C+Cassini+Mission+News&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fmedia%2Fcassini-20080730.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MIT-20131002-158\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-MIT-20131002_158-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFChu2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Chu, Jennifer (2 October 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/scientists-generate-first-map-of-clouds-on-kepler-7b-1003.html\">\"Scientists generate first map of clouds on an exoplanet\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/MIT\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"MIT\">MIT</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=MIT&amp;rft.atitle=Scientists+generate+first+map+of+clouds+on+an+exoplanet&amp;rft.date=2013-10-02&amp;rft.aulast=Chu&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2013%2Fscientists-generate-first-map-of-clouds-on-kepler-7b-1003.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-159\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-159\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFDemoryDe_WitLewisFortney2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Demory, B. O.; De Wit, J.; Lewis, N.; Fortney, J.; Zsom, A.; Seager, S.; Knutson, H.; Heng, K.; Madhusudhan, N.; Gillon, M.; Barclay, T.; Desert, J. M.; Parmentier, V.; Cowan, N. B. (2013). \"Inference of Inhomogeneous Clouds in an Exoplanet Atmosphere\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>776</b> (2): L25. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ArXiv (identifier)\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.7894\">1309.7894</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...776L..25D\">2013ApJ...776L..25D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F776%2F2%2FL25\">10.1088/2041-8205/776/2/L25</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:701011\">701011</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Inference+of+Inhomogeneous+Clouds+in+an+Exoplanet+Atmosphere&amp;rft.volume=776&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=L25&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1309.7894&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A701011%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F776%2F2%2FL25&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJ...776L..25D&amp;rft.aulast=Demory&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+O.&amp;rft.au=De+Wit%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Fortney%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Zsom%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Seager%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Knutson%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Heng%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Madhusudhan%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Gillon%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Barclay%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Desert%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Parmentier%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Cowan%2C+N.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA-20131231-160\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-20131231_160-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHarringtonWeaverVillard2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Harrington, J.D.; Weaver, Donna; Villard, Ray (31 December 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/december/nasas-hubble-sees-cloudy-super-worlds-with-chance-for-more-clouds/\">\"Release 13-383 \u2013 NASA's Hubble Sees Cloudy Super-Worlds With Chance for More Clouds\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft.atitle=Release+13-383+%E2%80%93+NASA%27s+Hubble+Sees+Cloudy+Super-Worlds+With+Chance+for+More+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2013-12-31&amp;rft.aulast=Harrington&amp;rft.aufirst=J.D.&amp;rft.au=Weaver%2C+Donna&amp;rft.au=Villard%2C+Ray&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress%2F2013%2Fdecember%2Fnasas-hubble-sees-cloudy-super-worlds-with-chance-for-more-clouds%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NAT-20140101a-161\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NAT-20140101a_161-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFMoses2014\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Moses, J. (2014). \"Extrasolar planets: Cloudy with a chance of dustballs\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>505</b> (7481): 31\u201332. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505...31M\">2014Natur.505...31M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F505031a\">10.1038/505031a</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24380949\">24380949</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4408861\">4408861</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Extrasolar+planets%3A+Cloudy+with+a+chance+of+dustballs&amp;rft.volume=505&amp;rft.issue=7481&amp;rft.pages=31-32&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F505031a&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4408861%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24380949&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.505...31M&amp;rft.aulast=Moses&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NAT-20140101b-162\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NAT-20140101b_162-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFKnutsonBennekeDemingHomeier2014\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Knutson, H. A.; Benneke, B. R.; Deming, D.; Homeier, D. (2014). \"A featureless transmission spectrum for the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>505</b> (7481): 66\u201368. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ArXiv (identifier)\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.3350\">1401.3350</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505...66K\">2014Natur.505...66K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12887\">10.1038/nature12887</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24380953\">24380953</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4454617\">4454617</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=A+featureless+transmission+spectrum+for+the+Neptune-mass+exoplanet+GJ+436b&amp;rft.volume=505&amp;rft.issue=7481&amp;rft.pages=66-68&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4454617%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.505...66K&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1401.3350&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24380953&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12887&amp;rft.aulast=Knutson&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+A.&amp;rft.au=Benneke%2C+B.+R.&amp;rft.au=Deming%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Homeier%2C+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NAT-20140101c-163\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NAT-20140101c_163-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFKreidbergBeanD\u00e9sertBenneke2014\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Kreidberg, L.; Bean, J. L.; D\u00e9sert, J. M.; Benneke, B. R.; Deming, D.; Stevenson, K. B.; Seager, S.; Berta-Thompson, Z.; Seifahrt, A.; Homeier, D. (2014). \"Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>505</b> (7481): 69\u201372. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ArXiv (identifier)\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.0022\">1401.0022</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505...69K\">2014Natur.505...69K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12888\">10.1038/nature12888</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24380954\">24380954</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4447642\">4447642</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Clouds+in+the+atmosphere+of+the+super-Earth+exoplanet+GJ+1214b&amp;rft.volume=505&amp;rft.issue=7481&amp;rft.pages=69-72&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4447642%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.505...69K&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1401.0022&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24380954&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12888&amp;rft.aulast=Kreidberg&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Bean%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.au=D%C3%A9sert%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Benneke%2C+B.+R.&amp;rft.au=Deming%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Stevenson%2C+K.+B.&amp;rft.au=Seager%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Berta-Thompson%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Seifahrt%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Homeier%2C+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Gertz-164\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Gertz_164-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Gertz_164-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFGertz2014\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Gertz, Jan Christian (2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=TmGeBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA111\">\"The Miracle at the Sea: Remarks on the Recent Discussion about Origin and Composition of the Exodus Narrative\"</a>. <i>The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p.&#160;111. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28266-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28266-7\"><bdi>978-90-04-28266-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Miracle+at+the+Sea%3A+Remarks+on+the+Recent+Discussion+about+Origin+and+Composition+of+the+Exodus+Narrative&amp;rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Exodus%3A+Composition%2C+Reception%2C+and+Interpretation&amp;rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&amp;rft.pages=111&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-28266-7&amp;rft.aulast=Gertz&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan+Christian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTmGeBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Nemet-Nejat-165\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Nemet-Nejat_165-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Nemet-Nejat_165-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Karen_Rhea_Nemet-Nejat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat (page does not exist)\">Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea</a> (1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/182\"><i>Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</i></a>. Daily Life. Greenwood. p.&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/182\">182</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313294976\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0313294976\"><bdi>978-0313294976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&amp;rft.series=Daily+Life&amp;rft.pages=182&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0313294976&amp;rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme%2Fpage%2F182&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GR_Gelbert-166\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_166-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFGelbert2011\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Gelbert, Carlos (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/\"><i>Ginza Rba</i></a>. Sydney: Living Water Books. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958034630\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9780958034630\"><bdi>9780958034630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ginza+Rba&amp;rft.place=Sydney&amp;rft.pub=Living+Water+Books&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=9780958034630&amp;rft.aulast=Gelbert&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivingwaterbooks.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fginza-rba%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Strauss1966-167\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFStrauss1966\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Strauss, Leo (1966). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vce_OEKtTf4C\"><i>Socrates and Aristophanes</i></a>. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp.&#160;17\u201321, 29. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77719-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77719-1\"><bdi>978-0-226-77719-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates+and+Aristophanes&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&amp;rft.pages=17-21%2C+29&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-77719-1&amp;rft.aulast=Strauss&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVce_OEKtTf4C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Roche-168\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Roche_168-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Roche_168-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFRoche2005\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Roche, Paul (2005). <i>Aristophanes: The Complete Plays: A New Translation by Paul Roche</i>. New York City, New York: New American Library. pp.&#160;149\u2013150. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21409-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21409-6\"><bdi>978-0-451-21409-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aristophanes%3A+The+Complete+Plays%3A+A+New+Translation+by+Paul+Roche&amp;rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pages=149-150&amp;rft.pub=New+American+Library&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-451-21409-6&amp;rft.aulast=Roche&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Robson-169\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Robson_169-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Robson_169-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFRobson2017\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Robson, James (2017).  Grig, Lucy (ed.). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=isKSDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA81\"><i>Popular Culture in the Ancient World</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;81. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07489-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07489-7\"><bdi>978-1-107-07489-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Popular+Culture+in+the+Ancient+World&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&amp;rft.pages=81&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-107-07489-7&amp;rft.aulast=Robson&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisKSDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Ding-170\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ding_170-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ding_170-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ding_170-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFDing2010\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Ding, Ersu (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=hLeQ8eDWNGUC&amp;pg=PT118\"><i>Parallels, Interactions, and Illuminations: Traversing Chinese and Western Theories of the Sign</i></a>. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p.&#160;118. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4048-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4048-1\"><bdi>978-1-4426-4048-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Parallels%2C+Interactions%2C+and+Illuminations%3A+Traversing+Chinese+and+Western+Theories+of+the+Sign&amp;rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&amp;rft.pages=118&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4048-1&amp;rft.aulast=Ding&amp;rft.aufirst=Ersu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLeQ8eDWNGUC%26pg%3DPT118&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-171\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-171\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://discovertheforest.org/activities/cloudgazing\">\"Cloudgazing\"</a>. <i>Discover the Forest</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Discover+the+Forest&amp;rft.atitle=Cloudgazing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovertheforest.org%2Factivities%2Fcloudgazing&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-172\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-172\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.farmersalmanac.com/is-that-a-face-in-the-clouds-pareidolia-21911\">\"Do You See Faces In The Clouds? The Science of Pareidolia\"</a>. 20 July 2015.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Do+You+See+Faces+In+The+Clouds%3F+The+Science+of+Pareidolia&amp;rft.date=2015-07-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmersalmanac.com%2Fis-that-a-face-in-the-clouds-pareidolia-21911&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n</ol></div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Bibliography\">Bibliography</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45\" title=\"Edit section: Bibliography\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<ul><li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"Ackerman\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Ackerman, Steven A. (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=N8Gwc-IXxbMC&amp;pg=PA124\"><i>Meteorology: Clouds and the Greenhouse Effect</i></a>. Jones &amp; Bartlett. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-8927-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-8927-5\"><bdi>978-0-7637-8927-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Meteorology%3A+Clouds+and+the+Greenhouse+Effect&amp;rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7637-8927-5&amp;rft.au=Ackerman%2C+Steven+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8Gwc-IXxbMC%26pg%3DPA124&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></li>\n<li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFDunlop2003\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Dunlop, Storm (June 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=BR2ft4G5TgQC\"><i>The Weather Identification Handbook</i></a>. Lyons Press. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-857-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-857-0\"><bdi>978-1-58574-857-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Weather+Identification+Handbook&amp;rft.pub=Lyons+Press&amp;rft.date=2003-06&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58574-857-0&amp;rft.aulast=Dunlop&amp;rft.aufirst=Storm&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBR2ft4G5TgQC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></li>\n<li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG12021\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/IPCC\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"IPCC\">IPCC</a> (2021).  Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.;  et&#160;al. (eds.). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf\"><i>Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis</i></a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. Contribution of Working Group I to the <a href=\"/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report\" title=\"IPCC Sixth Assessment Report\">Sixth Assessment Report</a> of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis&amp;rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.au=IPCC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></li></ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"External_links\">External links</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46\" title=\"Edit section: External links\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1134653256\">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1097092911\">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"sister-projects\" class=\"side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1126788409\">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style>\n<div class=\"side-box-abovebelow\">\n<b>Cloud</b>  at Wikipedia's <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\"><span id=\"sister-projects\">sister projects</span></a></div>\n<div class=\"side-box-flex\">\n<div class=\"side-box-text plainlist\"><ul><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cloud\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/Cloud\">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cloud\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Cloud\">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cloud\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"n:Special:Search/Cloud\">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"23\" height=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Clouds\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Clouds\">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"26\" height=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cloud\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Special:Search/Cloud\">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cloud\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"b:Special:Search/Cloud\">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"22\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"626\" data-file-height=\"512\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Clouds\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Clouds\">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div>\n</div>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/wind/surface/level/overlay=total_cloud_water/winkel3/\">Current global map of total cloud water</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/global-maps/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR\">Monthly maps of global cloud cover</a>, from NASA's <a href=\"/wiki/Earth_Observatory\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Earth Observatory\">Earth Observatory</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/home.html\">World Meteorological Organization\u2019s (WMO) International Cloud Atlas</a>  <a href=\"/wiki/International_Cloud_Atlas\" title=\"International Cloud Atlas\">International Cloud Atlas</a></li></ul>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374\"/><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1061467846\">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Meteorological_data_and_variables\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374\"/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349\"/><div class=\"navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Meteorological_variables\" title=\"Template:Meteorological variables\"><abbr title=\"View this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Meteorological_variables\" title=\"Template talk:Meteorological variables\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Meteorological_variables&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"Meteorological_data_and_variables\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\">Meteorological data and variables</div></th></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">General</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Adiabatic_process\" title=\"Adiabatic process\">Adiabatic processes</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Advection\" title=\"Advection\">Advection</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Buoyancy\" title=\"Buoyancy\">Buoyancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lapse_rate\" title=\"Lapse rate\">Lapse rate</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lightning\" title=\"Lightning\">Lightning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Solar_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar radiation\">Surface solar radiation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis\" title=\"Surface weather analysis\">Surface weather analysis</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Visibility\" title=\"Visibility\">Visibility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vorticity\" title=\"Vorticity\">Vorticity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wind\" title=\"Wind\">Wind</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wind_shear\" title=\"Wind shear\">Wind shear</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Condensation\" title=\"Condensation\">Condensation</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Cloud</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei\" title=\"Cloud condensation nuclei\">Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">Fog</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_condensation_level\" title=\"Convective condensation level\">Convective condensation level (CCL)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lifted_condensation_level\" title=\"Lifted condensation level\">Lifted condensation level (LCL)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation\" title=\"Precipitation\">Precipitation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Water_vapor\" title=\"Water vapor\">Water vapor</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_convection\" title=\"Atmospheric convection\">Convection</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_available_potential_energy\" title=\"Convective available potential energy\">Convective available potential energy (CAPE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_inhibition\" title=\"Convective inhibition\">Convective inhibition (CIN)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_instability\" title=\"Convective instability\">Convective instability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_momentum_transport\" title=\"Convective momentum transport\">Convective momentum transport</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Conditional_symmetric_instability\" title=\"Conditional symmetric instability\">Conditional symmetric instability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_temperature\" title=\"Convective temperature\">Convective temperature (<i>T</i><sub>c</sub>)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Equilibrium_level\" title=\"Equilibrium level\">Equilibrium level (EL)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Free_convective_layer\" title=\"Free convective layer\">Free convective layer (FCL)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Helicity_(fluid_mechanics)#Meteorology\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Helicity (fluid mechanics)\">Helicity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/K-index_(meteorology)\" title=\"K-index (meteorology)\">K Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Level_of_free_convection\" title=\"Level of free convection\">Level of free convection (LFC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lifted_index\" title=\"Lifted index\">Lifted index (LI)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Maximum_parcel_level\" title=\"Maximum parcel level\">Maximum parcel level (MPL)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bulk_Richardson_number\" title=\"Bulk Richardson number\">Bulk Richardson number (BRN)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">Temperature</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Dew_point\" title=\"Dew point\">Dew point (<i>T</i><sub>d</sub>)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dew_point_depression\" title=\"Dew point depression\">Dew point depression</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperature\" title=\"Dry-bulb temperature\">Dry-bulb temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Equivalent_temperature\" title=\"Equivalent temperature\">Equivalent temperature (<i>T</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Forest_fire_weather_index\" title=\"Forest fire weather index\">Forest fire weather index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Haines_Index\" title=\"Haines Index\">Haines Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Heat_index\" title=\"Heat index\">Heat index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Humidex\" title=\"Humidex\">Humidex</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Humidity\" title=\"Humidity\">Humidity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Relative_humidity\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Relative humidity\">Relative humidity (RH)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mixing_ratio\" title=\"Mixing ratio\">Mixing ratio</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Potential_temperature\" title=\"Potential temperature\">Potential temperature (<i>\u03b8</i>)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Equivalent_potential_temperature\" title=\"Equivalent potential temperature\">Equivalent potential temperature (<i>\u03b8</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature\" title=\"Sea surface temperature\">Sea surface temperature (SST)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Temperature_anomaly\" title=\"Temperature anomaly\">Temperature anomaly</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature\" title=\"Thermodynamic temperature\">Thermodynamic temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vapor_pressure\" title=\"Vapor pressure\">Vapor pressure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Virtual_temperature\" title=\"Virtual temperature\">Virtual temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperature\" title=\"Wet-bulb temperature\">Wet-bulb temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wet-bulb_globe_temperature\" title=\"Wet-bulb globe temperature\">Wet-bulb globe temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wet-bulb_potential_temperature\" title=\"Wet-bulb potential temperature\">Wet-bulb potential temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wind_chill\" title=\"Wind chill\">Wind chill</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Pressure\" title=\"Pressure\">Pressure</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">Atmospheric pressure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Baroclinity\" title=\"Baroclinity\">Baroclinity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Barotropic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Barotropic\">Barotropicity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Pressure_gradient\" title=\"Pressure gradient\">Pressure gradient</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Pressure-gradient_force\" title=\"Pressure-gradient force\">Pressure-gradient force (PGF)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Velocity\" title=\"Velocity\">Velocity</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Maximum_potential_intensity\" title=\"Maximum potential intensity\">Maximum potential intensity</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374\"/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846\"/></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Cloud_genera_and_selected_species,_supplementary_features,_and_other_airborne_hydrometeors_-_WMO_Latin_terminology_except_where_indicated\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374\"/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349\"/><div class=\"navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Cloud_types\" title=\"Template:Cloud types\"><abbr title=\"View this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Cloud_types\" title=\"Template talk:Cloud types\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cloud_types&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"Cloud_genera_and_selected_species,_supplementary_features,_and_other_airborne_hydrometeors_-_WMO_Latin_terminology_except_where_indicated\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Cloud</a> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_cloud_types\" title=\"List of cloud types\">genera</a> and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne <a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation#Hydrometeor_definition\" title=\"Precipitation\">hydrometeors</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/WMO\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"WMO\">WMO</a> Latin terminology except where indicated</div></th></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: center;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mesospheric\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Mesospheric\">Mesospheric</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Extreme-level80\u201385_km\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">Extreme-level<br />80\u201385 km</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Noctilucent_(NLC)Polar_mesospheric_clouds\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud\" title=\"Noctilucent cloud\">Noctilucent</a> (NLC)<br />Polar mesospheric clouds</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>Noctilucent type I veils</li>\n<li>Noctilucent type II bands</li>\n<li>Noctilucent type III billows</li>\n<li>Noctilucent type IV whirls</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: center;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stratospheric\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stratospheric\">Stratospheric</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Very_high-level15\u201330_km\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">Very high-level<br />15\u201330 km</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_clouds\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar stratospheric clouds\">Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>Cirriform nacreous</li>\n<li>Lenticular nacreous</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_clouds\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar stratospheric clouds\">Nitric acid and water<br />polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: center;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Tropospheric\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tropospheric\">Tropospheric</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">High-level<br />3\u201318 km</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">Cirrus (Ci)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_castellanus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus castellanus cloud\">Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_fibratus\" title=\"Cirrus fibratus\">Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_floccus\" title=\"Cirrus floccus\">Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_spissatus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus spissatus cloud\">Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_uncinus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus uncinus cloud\">Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Ci-only varieties</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_intortus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus intortus cloud\">Cirrus intortus (Ci in)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_vertebratus\" title=\"Cirrus vertebratus\">Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrocumulus cloud\">Cirrocumulus (Cc)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Species\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_castellanus\" title=\"Cirrocumulus castellanus\">Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_floccus\" title=\"Cirrocumulus floccus\">Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_lenticularis\" title=\"Cirrocumulus lenticularis\">Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_stratiformis\" title=\"Cirrocumulus stratiformis\">Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrostratus cloud\">Cirrostratus (Cs)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Species\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_fibratus\" title=\"Cirrostratus fibratus\">Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_nebulosus\" title=\"Cirrostratus nebulosus\">Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">High-level-only<br />mutatus cloud</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>Mutatus non-height specific (see below)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">Medium-level<br />2\u20138 km</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Altocumulus cloud\">Altocumulus (Ac)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Species\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_castellanus_cloud\" title=\"Altocumulus castellanus cloud\">Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_floccus\" title=\"Altocumulus floccus\">Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lenticular_cloud\" title=\"Lenticular cloud\">Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_stratiformis\" title=\"Altocumulus stratiformis\">Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_volutus\" title=\"Altocumulus volutus\">Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus_cloud\" title=\"Altostratus cloud\">Altostratus (As)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>No differentiated species</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus_cloud\" title=\"Nimbostratus cloud\">Nimbostratus (Ns)</a><br /> Multi-level</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Varieties\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Varieties</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus_virga\" title=\"Nimbostratus virga\">Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">Low-level<br />0\u20132 km</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">Cumulonimbus (Cb)</a><br /> Towering vertical</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_calvus\" title=\"Cumulonimbus calvus\">Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_capillatus\" title=\"Cumulonimbus capillatus\">Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Cb-only supplementary features</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Wall_cloud#Associated_features\" title=\"Wall cloud\">Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)</a> Tail cloud)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_incus\" title=\"Cumulonimbus incus\">Cumulonimbus incus (inc)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wall_cloud\" title=\"Wall cloud\">Cumulonimbus murus ((mur)</a> Wall cloud)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Cb-only accessories and other</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cumulonimbus_flumen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Cumulonimbus flumen (page does not exist)\">Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)</a> Beaver tail)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Overshooting_top\" title=\"Overshooting top\">Overshooting top</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hot_tower\" title=\"Hot tower\">Hot tower</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">Cumulus (Cu)</a><br />Variable vertical extent</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Fractus_cloud\" title=\"Fractus cloud\">Fractus</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus humilis cloud\">Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_mediocris_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus mediocris cloud\">Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)</a></li>\n<li>(<a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_congestus_cloud\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus congestus cloud\">Cumulus congestus (Cu con)</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_castellanus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus castellanus cloud\">Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization\" title=\"International Civil Aviation Organization\">ICAO</a> term for Cu con and \"Cu cas\" is  Towering cumulus [Tcu]))</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Horseshoe_cloud\" title=\"Horseshoe cloud\">Horseshoe</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">Stratus (St)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_fractus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stratus fractus\">Stratus fractus (St fra)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_nebulosus\" title=\"Stratus nebulosus\">Stratus nebulosus (St neb)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">St-only genitus cloud and other</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_silvagenitus\" title=\"Stratus silvagenitus\">Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">Fog</a> (Fg) Surface level</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">Stratocumulus (Sc)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Species\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_castellanus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus castellanus cloud\">Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_floccus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus floccus cloud\">Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_lenticularis\" title=\"Stratocumulus lenticularis\">Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stratocumulus_stratiformis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Stratocumulus stratiformis (page does not exist)\">Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_volutus\" title=\"Stratocumulus volutus\">Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">Low-level-only<br />supplementary features</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Arcus_cloud\" title=\"Arcus cloud\">Arcus ((arc)</a> Shelf)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Funnel_cloud\" title=\"Funnel cloud\">Tuba ((tub)</a> Funnel cloud)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">Low-level-only<br /><a href=\"/wiki/Accessory_cloud\" title=\"Accessory cloud\">accessory cloud</a> and other</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Pileus_(meteorology)\" title=\"Pileus (meteorology)\">Pileus (pil)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_velum\" title=\"Cumulonimbus velum\">Velum (vel)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Scud_(cloud)\" title=\"Scud (cloud)\">Pannus (pan)</a></li>\n<li>Other- <a href=\"/wiki/Actinoform_cloud\" title=\"Actinoform cloud\">Actinoform cloud</a> (Stratocumulus)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">Non-height<br />specific</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">Varieties</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_duplicatus\" title=\"Cirrus duplicatus\">Duplicatus (du)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_lacunosus\" title=\"Cirrocumulus lacunosus\">Lacunosus (la)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Opacus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Opacus\">Opacus (op)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Perlucidus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perlucidus\">Perlucidus (pe)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_radiatus\" title=\"Cirrus radiatus\">Radiatus (ra)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Translucidus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Translucidus\">Translucidus (tr)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus_undulatus_cloud\" title=\"Altostratus undulatus cloud\">Undulatus (un)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">Supplementary features</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Asperitas_(cloud)\" title=\"Asperitas (cloud)\">Asperitas (asp)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fallstreak_hole\" title=\"Fallstreak hole\">Cavum (cav)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_instability\" title=\"Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz instability\">Fluctus (flu)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mammatus_cloud\" title=\"Mammatus cloud\">Mamma (mam)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation\" title=\"Precipitation\">Praecipitatio (pra)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Virga\" title=\"Virga\">Virga (vir)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">Mother clouds <br /> and human-made clouds</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)</li>\n<li>(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)<br /></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Homogenitus_(cloud)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Homogenitus (cloud)\">Homogenitus (hogen)</a></li>\n<li>Homomutatus (homut)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374\"/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846\"/></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Elements_of_nature\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374\"/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349\"/><div class=\"navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Nature\" title=\"Template:Nature\"><abbr title=\"View this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Nature\" title=\"Template talk:Nature\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nature&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"Elements_of_nature\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\">Elements of <a href=\"/wiki/Nature\" title=\"Nature\">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Universe\" title=\"Universe\">Universe</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Space\" title=\"Space\">Space</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Time\" title=\"Time\">Time</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Energy\" title=\"Energy\">Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Matter\" title=\"Matter\">Matter</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Particle\" title=\"Particle\">particles</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Chemical_element\" title=\"Chemical element\">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Calculus\" title=\"Calculus\">Change</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Earth_science\" title=\"Earth science\">Earth science</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/History_of_Earth\" title=\"History of Earth\">History</a>&#160;(<a href=\"/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth\" title=\"Geological history of Earth\">geological</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth\" title=\"Internal structure of Earth\">Structure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Geology\" title=\"Geology\">Geology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Plate_tectonics\" title=\"Plate tectonics\">Plate tectonics</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ocean\" title=\"Ocean\">Oceans</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis\" title=\"Gaia hypothesis\">Gaia hypothesis</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Future_of_Earth\" title=\"Future of Earth\">Future</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Weather\" title=\"Weather\">Weather</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">Meteorology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth\" title=\"Atmosphere of Earth\">Atmosphere <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(Earth)</span></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Climate\" title=\"Climate\">Climate</a></li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Clouds</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Moonlight\" title=\"Moonlight\">Moonlight</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rain\" title=\"Rain\">Rain</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Snow\" title=\"Snow\">Snow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sunlight\" title=\"Sunlight\">Sunlight</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tide\" title=\"Tide\">Tides</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wind\" title=\"Wind\">Wind</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Tornado\" title=\"Tornado\">tornado</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tropical_cyclone\" title=\"Tropical cyclone\">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Natural_environment\" title=\"Natural environment\">Natural environment</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ecology\" title=\"Ecology\">Ecology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ecosystem\" title=\"Ecosystem\">Ecosystem</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Field_(physics)\" title=\"Field (physics)\">Field</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Radiation\" title=\"Radiation\">Radiation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wilderness\" title=\"Wilderness\">Wilderness</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wildfire\" title=\"Wildfire\">Wildfires</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Life\" title=\"Life\">Life</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Abiogenesis\" title=\"Abiogenesis\">Origin <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/History_of_life\" title=\"History of life\">Evolutionary history</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Biosphere\" title=\"Biosphere\">Biosphere</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Biological_organisation\" title=\"Biological organisation\">Hierarchy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Biology\" title=\"Biology\">Biology</a>&#160;(<a href=\"/wiki/Astrobiology\" title=\"Astrobiology\">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Biodiversity\" title=\"Biodiversity\">Biodiversity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Organism\" title=\"Organism\">Organism</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Eukaryote\" title=\"Eukaryote\">Eukaryota</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Flora\" title=\"Flora\">flora</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Plant\" title=\"Plant\">plants</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fauna\" title=\"Fauna\">fauna</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Animal\" title=\"Animal\">animals</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fungus\" title=\"Fungus\">fungi</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Protist\" title=\"Protist\">protista</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Prokaryote\" title=\"Prokaryote\">Prokaryotes</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Archaea\" title=\"Archaea\">archaea</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bacteria\" title=\"Bacteria\">bacteria</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Virus\" title=\"Virus\">Viruses</a></i></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"2\"><div>\n<ul><li><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Category\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"180\" data-file-height=\"185\" /> <a href=\"/wiki/Category:Nature\" title=\"Category:Nature\">Category</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374\"/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846\"/><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1038841319\">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319\"/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319\"/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319\"/></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox authority-control\" aria-label=\"Navbox\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Authority_control\" title=\"Help:Authority control\">Authority control</a>: National <a href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8074#identifiers\" title=\"Edit this at Wikidata\"><img alt=\"Edit this at Wikidata\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: text-top\" class=\"noprint\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"20\" data-file-height=\"20\" /></a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"Nuages\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952827m\">France</a></span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"Nuages\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952827m\">BnF data</a></span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125270-6\">Germany</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007283918205171\">Israel</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"Clouds\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85027191\">United States</a></span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566990\">Japan</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"oblaka\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph138651&amp;CON_LNG=ENG\">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>",
    "request": "Cloud",
    "cleaned_content": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"></style><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Cloud (disambiguation)\">Cloud (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n\n</p>\n<div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Visible mass of liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in the atmosphere</div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:332px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg/330px-ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"330\" height=\"220\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg/495px-ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg/660px-ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4256\" data-file-height=\"2832\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:ISS-40_Thunderheads_near_Borneo.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">Cumulonimbus</a> cloudscape over <a href=\"/wiki/Borneo\" title=\"Borneo\">Borneo</a></div></div></div>\n</style></style><table class=\"sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist\"><tbody><tr><td class=\"sidebar-pretitle\">Part of  <a href=\"/wiki/Category:Weather\" title=\"Category:Weather\">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class=\"sidebar-title-with-pretitle\"><a href=\"/wiki/Weather\" title=\"Weather\">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-image\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Global tropical cyclone tracks-edit2.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg/200px-Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg/300px-Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg/400px-Global_tropical_cyclone_tracks-edit2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"8000\" data-file-height=\"4000\" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Season\" title=\"Season\">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Winter\" title=\"Winter\">Winter</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Spring_(season)\" title=\"Spring (season)\">Spring</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Summer\" title=\"Summer\">Summer</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Autumn\" title=\"Autumn\">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Tropics\" title=\"Tropics\">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Dry_season\" title=\"Dry season\">Dry season</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Harmattan\" title=\"Harmattan\">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wet_season\" title=\"Wet season\">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Storm\" title=\"Storm\">Storms</a></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Cloud</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Arcus_cloud\" title=\"Arcus cloud\">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Downburst\" title=\"Downburst\">Downburst</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Microburst\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Microburst\">Microburst</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Heat_burst\" title=\"Heat burst\">Heat burst</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Derecho\" title=\"Derecho\">Derecho</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lightning\" title=\"Lightning\">Lightning</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Volcanic_lightning\" title=\"Volcanic lightning\">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Thunderstorm\" title=\"Thunderstorm\">Thunderstorm</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm\" title=\"Air-mass thunderstorm\">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Thundersnow\" title=\"Thundersnow\">Thundersnow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm\" title=\"Dry thunderstorm\">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mesocyclone\" title=\"Mesocyclone\">Mesocyclone</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Supercell\" title=\"Supercell\">Supercell</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tornado\" title=\"Tornado\">Tornado</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado\" title=\"Anticyclonic tornado\">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Landspout\" title=\"Landspout\">Landspout</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Waterspout\" title=\"Waterspout\">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dust_devil\" title=\"Dust devil\">Dust devil</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fire_whirl\" title=\"Fire whirl\">Fire whirl</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Anticyclone\" title=\"Anticyclone\">Anticyclone</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cyclone\" title=\"Cyclone\">Cyclone</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Polar_low\" title=\"Polar low\">Polar low</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone\" title=\"Extratropical cyclone\">Extratropical cyclone</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/European_windstorm\" title=\"European windstorm\">European windstorm</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Nor%27easter\" title=\"Nor&#39;easter\">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone\" title=\"Subtropical cyclone\">Subtropical cyclone</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tropical_cyclone\" title=\"Tropical cyclone\">Tropical cyclone</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane\" title=\"Atlantic hurricane\">Atlantic hurricane</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Typhoon\" title=\"Typhoon\">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Storm_surge\" title=\"Storm surge\">Storm surge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dust_storm\" title=\"Dust storm\">Dust storm</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Simoom\" title=\"Simoom\">Simoom</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Haboob\" title=\"Haboob\">Haboob</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Monsoon\" title=\"Monsoon\">Monsoon</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Amihan\" title=\"Amihan\">Amihan</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gale\" title=\"Gale\">Gale</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sirocco\" title=\"Sirocco\">Sirocco</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Firestorm\" title=\"Firestorm\">Firestorm</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Winter_storm\" title=\"Winter storm\">Winter storm</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ice_storm\" title=\"Ice storm\">Ice storm</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Blizzard\" title=\"Blizzard\">Blizzard</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ground_blizzard\" title=\"Ground blizzard\">Ground blizzard</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Snow_squall\" title=\"Snow squall\">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation\" title=\"Precipitation\">Precipitation</a></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Drizzle\" title=\"Drizzle\">Drizzle</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Freezing_drizzle\" title=\"Freezing drizzle\">Freezing</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Graupel\" title=\"Graupel\">Graupel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hail\" title=\"Hail\">Hail</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Megacryometeor\" title=\"Megacryometeor\">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ice_pellets\" title=\"Ice pellets\">Ice pellets</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Diamond_dust\" title=\"Diamond dust\">Diamond dust</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rain\" title=\"Rain\">Rain</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Freezing_rain\" title=\"Freezing rain\">Freezing</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloudburst\" title=\"Cloudburst\">Cloudburst</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Snow\" title=\"Snow\">Snow</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed\" title=\"Rain and snow mixed\">Rain and snow mixed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Snow_grains\" title=\"Snow grains\">Snow grains</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Snow_roller\" title=\"Snow roller\">Snow roller</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Slush\" title=\"Slush\">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Index_of_meteorology_articles\" title=\"Index of meteorology articles\">Topics</a></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Air_pollution\" title=\"Air pollution\">Air pollution</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">Atmosphere</a></li></ul>\n<ul><li><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry\" title=\"Atmospheric chemistry\">Chemistry</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_convection\" title=\"Atmospheric convection\">Convection</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_physics\" title=\"Atmospheric physics\">Physics</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_river\" title=\"Atmospheric river\">River</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Climate\" title=\"Climate\">Climate</a></li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Cloud</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_physics\" title=\"Cloud physics\">Physics</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">Fog</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Fog_season\" title=\"Fog season\">Fog season</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cold_wave\" title=\"Cold wave\">Cold wave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Heat_wave\" title=\"Heat wave\">Heat wave</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Jet_stream\" title=\"Jet stream\">Jet stream</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">Meteorology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Severe_weather\" title=\"Severe weather\">Severe weather</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena\" title=\"List of severe weather phenomena\">List</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Extreme_weather\" title=\"Extreme weather\">Extreme</a></li>\n<li>Severe weather terminology\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Canada)\" title=\"Severe weather terminology (Canada)\">Canada</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Japan)\" title=\"Severe weather terminology (Japan)\">Japan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)\" title=\"Severe weather terminology (United States)\">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Weather_forecasting\" title=\"Weather forecasting\">Weather forecasting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Weather_modification\" title=\"Weather modification\">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-content\">\n<div class=\"sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed\"><div class=\"sidebar-list-title\" style=\"text-align:center\"><b>Glossaries</b></div><div class=\"sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology\" title=\"Glossary of meteorology\">Meteorology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change\" title=\"Glossary of climate change\">Climate change</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms\" title=\"Glossary of tornado terms\">Tornado terms</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms\" title=\"Glossary of tropical cyclone terms\">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td>\n</tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-below\" style=\"border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;\">\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"12\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"600\" /></a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Weather\" title=\"Portal:Weather\">Weather&#32;portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class=\"sidebar-navbar\"></style><div class=\"navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Weather\" title=\"Template:Weather\"><abbr title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Weather\" title=\"Template talk:Weather\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Weather&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>\n<p>In <a href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">meteorology</a>, a <b>cloud</b> is an <a href=\"/wiki/Aerosol\" title=\"Aerosol\">aerosol</a> consisting of a visible mass of miniature <a href=\"/wiki/Liquid\" title=\"Liquid\">liquid</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Drop_(liquid)\" title=\"Drop (liquid)\">droplets</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_crystals\" title=\"Ice crystals\">frozen crystals</a>, or other <a href=\"/wiki/Particulates\" title=\"Particulates\">particles</a> suspended in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> of a <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planetary</a> body or similar space.<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Water\" title=\"Water\">Water</a> or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On <a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a>, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the <a href=\"/wiki/Air\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Air\">air</a> when it is cooled to its <a href=\"/wiki/Dew_point\" title=\"Dew point\">dew point</a>, or when it gains sufficient <a href=\"/wiki/Moisture\" title=\"Moisture\">moisture</a> (usually in the form of <a href=\"/wiki/Water_vapor\" title=\"Water vapor\">water vapor</a>) from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient <a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">temperature</a>.\n</p><p>Clouds are seen in the Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Homosphere\" title=\"Homosphere\">homosphere</a>, which includes the <a href=\"/wiki/Troposphere\" title=\"Troposphere\">troposphere</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stratosphere\" title=\"Stratosphere\">stratosphere</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Mesosphere\" title=\"Mesosphere\">mesosphere</a>. <b>Nephology</b> is the science of clouds, which is undertaken in the <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_physics\" title=\"Cloud physics\">cloud physics</a> branch of <a href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">meteorology</a>.  There are two methods of naming clouds in their respective layers of the homosphere, <a href=\"/wiki/Latin\" title=\"Latin\">Latin</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Common_name\" title=\"Common name\">common name</a>.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Genus\" title=\"Genus\">Genus</a> types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have <a href=\"/wiki/Latin\" title=\"Latin\">Latin</a> names because of the universal adoption of <a href=\"/wiki/Luke_Howard\" title=\"Luke Howard\">Luke Howard</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Nomenclature\" title=\"Nomenclature\">nomenclature</a> that was formally proposed in 1802.  It became the basis of a modern international system that divides clouds into five physical <i>forms</i> which can be further divided or classified into <a href=\"/wiki/Altitude\" title=\"Altitude\">altitude</a> <i>levels</i> to derive ten basic <i>genera</i>. The main representative cloud types for each of these forms are <a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">stratiform</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">cumuliform</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">stratocumuliform</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">cumulonimbiform</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">cirriform</a>.  <i>Low-level</i>  clouds do not have any altitude-related prefixes.  However <i>mid-level</i> stratiform and stratocumuliform types are given the prefix <i>alto-</i> while <i>high-level</i> variants of these same two forms carry the prefix <i>cirro-</i>.  In both cases, <i>strato-</i> is dropped from the latter form to avoid double-prefixing. Genus types with sufficient vertical extent to occupy more than one level do not carry any altitude related prefixes.  They are classified formally as low- or mid-level depending on the altitude at which each initially forms, and are also more informally characterized as <i>multi-level</i> or <i>vertical</i>.  Most of the ten genera derived by this method of <a href=\"/wiki/Classification\" title=\"Classification\">classification</a> can be subdivided into <i>species</i> and further subdivided into <i>varieties</i>. Very low stratiform clouds that extend down to the Earth's surface are given the common names <i>fog</i> and <i>mist</i>, but have no Latin names.\n</p><p>In the stratosphere and mesosphere, clouds have common names for their main types. They may have the appearance of stratiform veils or sheets, cirriform wisps, or stratocumuliform bands or ripples. They are seen infrequently, mostly in the polar regions of Earth. Clouds have been observed in the atmospheres of other <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planets</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_satellite\" title=\"Natural satellite\">moons</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a> and beyond. However, due to their different temperature characteristics, they are often composed of other substances such as <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonia\" title=\"Ammonia\">ammonia</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfuric_acid\" title=\"Sulfuric acid\">sulfuric acid</a>, as well as water.\n</p><p>Tropospheric clouds can have a direct effect on <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_change\" title=\"Climate change\">climate change</a> on Earth.  They may reflect incoming rays from the sun which can contribute to a cooling effect where and when these clouds occur, or trap longer wave radiation that reflects back up from the Earth's surface which can cause a warming effect.  The altitude, form, and thickness of the clouds are the main factors that affect the local heating or cooling of Earth and the atmosphere.  Clouds that form above the troposphere are too scarce and too thin to have any influence on climate change. Clouds are the main uncertainty in <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_sensitivity\" title=\"Climate sensitivity\">climate sensitivity</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n</style><div class=\"toclimit-3\"><div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input type=\"checkbox\" role=\"button\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display:none\" /><div class=\"toctitle\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contents</h2><span class=\"toctogglespan\"><label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\"></label></span></div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Etymology\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Etymology</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Homospheric_nomenclatures_and_cross-classification\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Homospheric nomenclatures and cross-classification</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#History_of_cloud_science\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">History of cloud science</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Formation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Formation</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Adiabatic_cooling\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adiabatic cooling</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Non-adiabatic_cooling\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Non-adiabatic cooling</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Adding_moisture_to_the_air\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Adding moisture to the air</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Tropospheric_classification\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Tropospheric classification</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Physical_forms\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Physical forms</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#Levels_and_genera\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Levels and genera</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#High-level\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">High-level</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#Mid-level\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Mid-level</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Low-level\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Low-level</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#Multi-level_or_moderate_vertical\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Multi-level or moderate vertical</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-15\"><a href=\"#Towering_vertical\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Towering vertical</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><a href=\"#Species\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Species</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-17\"><a href=\"#Stable_or_mostly_stable\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Stable or mostly stable</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-18\"><a href=\"#Ragged\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Ragged</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-19\"><a href=\"#Partly_unstable\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Partly unstable</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-20\"><a href=\"#Unstable_or_mostly_unstable\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Unstable or mostly unstable</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-21\"><a href=\"#Varieties\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Varieties</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-22\"><a href=\"#Opacity-based\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Opacity-based</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-23\"><a href=\"#Pattern-based\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Pattern-based</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-24\"><a href=\"#Combinations\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Combinations</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-25\"><a href=\"#Other_types\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Other types</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-26\"><a href=\"#Precipitation-based_supplementary_features\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Precipitation-based supplementary features</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-27\"><a href=\"#Cloud-based_supplementary_features\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Cloud-based supplementary features</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-28\"><a href=\"#Accessory_clouds\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Accessory clouds</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-29\"><a href=\"#Mother_clouds\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Mother clouds</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-30\"><a href=\"#Other_genitus_and_mutatus_clouds\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Other genitus and mutatus clouds</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-31\"><a href=\"#Large_scale_patterns\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Large scale patterns</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-32\"><a href=\"#Stratocumulus_fields\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.6.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Stratocumulus fields</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-33\"><a href=\"#Vortex_streets\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.6.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Vortex streets</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-34\"><a href=\"#Distribution\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Distribution</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-35\"><a href=\"#Convergence_along_low-pressure_zones\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Convergence along low-pressure zones</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-36\"><a href=\"#Divergence_along_high_pressure_zones\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Divergence along high pressure zones</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-37\"><a href=\"#Luminance,_reflectivity,_and_coloration\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Luminance, reflectivity, and coloration</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-38\"><a href=\"#Effects\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Effects</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-39\"><a href=\"#Stratospheric_classification_and_distribution\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Stratospheric classification and distribution</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-40\"><a href=\"#Mesospheric_classification_and_distribution\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">10</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Mesospheric classification and distribution</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-41\"><a href=\"#Extraterrestrial\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">11</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Extraterrestrial</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-42\"><a href=\"#In_culture_and_religion\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">12</span> <span class=\"toctext\">In culture and religion</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-43\"><a href=\"#See_also\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">13</span> <span class=\"toctext\">See also</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-44\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">14</span> <span class=\"toctext\">References</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-45\"><a href=\"#Bibliography\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">15</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Bibliography</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-46\"><a href=\"#External_links\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">16</span> <span class=\"toctext\">External links</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Etymology\">Etymology</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1\" title=\"Edit section: Etymology\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<p>The origin of the term \"cloud\" can be found in the <a href=\"/wiki/Old_English\" title=\"Old English\">Old English</a> words <span title=\"Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text\"><i lang=\"ang\">clud</i></span> or <i><span title=\"Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text\"><i lang=\"ang\">clod</i></span></i>, meaning a hill or a mass of stone. Around the beginning of the 13th century, the word came to be used as a metaphor for rain clouds, because of the similarity in appearance between a mass of rock and cumulus heap cloud. Over time, the metaphoric usage of the word supplanted the Old English <i><span title=\"Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text\"><i lang=\"ang\">weolcan</i></span></i>, which had been the literal term for clouds in general.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Harper_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Harper-3\">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Homospheric_nomenclatures_and_cross-classification\">Homospheric nomenclatures and cross-classification</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Homospheric nomenclatures and cross-classification\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<p>The table that follows is very broad in scope like the cloud genera template upon which it is partly based. There are some variations in styles of nomenclature between the classification scheme used for the troposphere (strict Latin except for surface based aerosols) and the higher levels of the homosphere (common terms, some informally derived from Latin). However, the schemes presented here share a cross-classification of physical forms and altitude levels to derive the 10 tropospheric genera,<sup id=\"cite_ref-identification_guide_5-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-identification_guide-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> the fog and mist that forms at surface level, and several additional major types above the troposphere. The cumulus genus includes four species that indicate vertical size which can affect the altitude levels.\n</p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<th style=\"background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;\"><div style=\"margin-left:2em;text-align:right\">Form<sup id=\"cite_ref-LANDSAT_identification_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LANDSAT_identification-6\">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup></div><div style=\"margin-right:2em;text-align:left\"><br />Level<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup></div>\n</th>\n<th>Stratiform <br /> non-convective\n</th>\n<th>Cirriform <br /> mostly non-convective\n</th>\n<th>Stratocumuliform <br /> limited-convective\n</th>\n<th>Cumuliform <br /> free-convective\n</th>\n<th>Cumulonimbiform <br /> strong-convective\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Extreme-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud\" title=\"Noctilucent cloud\">Noctilucent</a> veils</td>\n<td>Noctilucent billows or whirls</td>\n<td>Noctilucent bands</td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Very high-level<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Nitric_acid\" title=\"Nitric acid\">Nitric acid</a> &amp; <a href=\"/wiki/Water\" title=\"Water\">water</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud\" title=\"Polar stratospheric cloud\">PSC</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">Cirriform</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Nacreous\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nacreous\">nacreous</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud\" title=\"Polar stratospheric cloud\">PSC</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Lenticular_cloud\" title=\"Lenticular cloud\">Lenticular</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Nacreous\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nacreous\">nacreous</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud\" title=\"Polar stratospheric cloud\">PSC</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>High-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cirrostratus\">Cirrostratus</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">Cirrus</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cirrocumulus\">Cirrocumulus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Mid-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Altostratus\">Altostratus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Altocumulus\">Altocumulus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Towering vertical<sup id=\"cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection-9\">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup>\n</th>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_congestus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus congestus\">Cumulus congestus</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulonimbus\">Cumulonimbus</a>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Multi-level or moderate vertical\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Nimbostratus\">Nimbostratus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_mediocris\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus mediocris\">Cumulus mediocris</a></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Low-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">Stratus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stratocumulus\">Stratocumulus</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus humilis\">Cumulus humilis</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Fractus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fractus\">fractus</a></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Surface-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">Fog</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Mist\" title=\"Mist\">mist</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr></tbody></table>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"History_of_cloud_science\">History of cloud science</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\" title=\"Edit section: History of cloud science\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_meteorology\" title=\"Timeline of meteorology\">Timeline of meteorology</a></div><p>Ancient cloud studies were not made in isolation, but were observed in combination with other <a href=\"/wiki/Weather\" title=\"Weather\">weather</a> elements and even other natural sciences. Around 340 BC, Greek philosopher <a href=\"/wiki/Aristotle\" title=\"Aristotle\">Aristotle</a> wrote <i><a href=\"/wiki/Meteorologica\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Meteorologica\">Meteorologica</a></i>, a work which represented the sum of knowledge of the time about natural science, including weather and climate. For the first time, precipitation and the clouds from which precipitation fell were called meteors, which originate from the Greek word <i>meteoros</i>, meaning 'high in the sky'. From that word came the modern term <a href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">meteorology</a>, the study of clouds and weather. <i>Meteorologica</i> was based on intuition and simple observation, but not on what is now considered the scientific method. Nevertheless, it was the first known work that attempted to treat a broad range of meteorological topics in a systematic way, especially the <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrological_cycle\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hydrological cycle\">hydrological cycle</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Meteorologica_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Meteorologica-10\">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup></p><div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cloud_types_en.svg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"g\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cloud_types_en.svg/300px-Cloud_types_en.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"184\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cloud_types_en.svg/450px-Cloud_types_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cloud_types_en.svg/600px-Cloud_types_en.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"960\" data-file-height=\"590\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cloud_types_en.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Tropospheric cloud classification by altitude of occurrence: Multi-level and vertical genus-types not limited to a single altitude level include nimbostratus, cumulonimbus, and some of the larger cumulus species.</div></div></div>\n<p>After centuries of speculative theories about the formation and behavior of clouds, the first truly scientific studies were undertaken by <a href=\"/wiki/Luke_Howard\" title=\"Luke Howard\">Luke Howard</a> in England and <a href=\"/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck\" title=\"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck\">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> in France. Howard was a methodical observer with a strong grounding in the Latin language, and used his background to formally classify the various tropospheric cloud types during 1802. He believed that scientific observations of the changing cloud forms in the sky could unlock the key to weather forecasting.\n</p><p>Lamarck had worked independently on cloud classification the same year and had come up with a different naming scheme that failed to make an impression even in his home country of <a href=\"/wiki/France\" title=\"France\">France</a> because it used unusually descriptive and informal French names and phrases for cloud types. His system of nomenclature included 12 categories of clouds, with such names as (translated from French) hazy clouds, dappled clouds, and broom-like clouds. By contrast, Howard used universally accepted Latin, which caught on quickly after it was published in 1803.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Preface_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Preface-11\">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> As a sign of the popularity of the naming scheme, German dramatist and poet <a href=\"/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe\" title=\"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> composed four poems about clouds, dedicating them to Howard.\n</p><p>An elaboration of Howard's system was eventually formally adopted by the International Meteorological Conference in 1891.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Preface_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Preface-11\">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> This system covered only the tropospheric cloud types.  However, the discovery of clouds above the troposphere during the late 19th century eventually led to the creation of separate classification schemes that reverted to the use of descriptive common names and phrases that somewhat recalled Lamarck's methods of classification.  These very high clouds, although classified by these different methods, are nevertheless broadly similar to some cloud forms identified in the troposphere with Latin names.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Formation\">Formation</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4\" title=\"Edit section: Formation\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_physics\" title=\"Cloud physics\">Cloud physics</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg/220px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg/330px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg/440px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3648\" data-file-height=\"2048\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis_clouds_in_Ukraine.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus humilis cloud\">Cumulus humilis clouds</a> in May</div></div></div>\n<p>Terrestrial clouds can be found throughout most of the homosphere, which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Within these layers of the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a>, air can become saturated as a result of being cooled to its <a href=\"/wiki/Dew_point\" title=\"Dew point\">dew point</a> or by having moisture added from an adjacent source.<sup id=\"cite_ref-auto_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-auto-12\">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> In the latter case, saturation occurs when the dew point is raised to the ambient air temperature.\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Adiabatic_cooling\">Adiabatic cooling</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5\" title=\"Edit section: Adiabatic cooling\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate#Dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Adiabatic lapse rate\">Adiabatic cooling</a> occurs when one or more of three possible lifting agents \u2013 convective, cyclonic/frontal, or orographic \u2013 cause a parcel of air containing invisible water vapor to rise and cool to its dew point, the temperature at which the air becomes saturated. The main mechanism behind this process is adiabatic cooling.<sup id=\"cite_ref-adiabatic_process_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-adiabatic_process-13\">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> As the air is cooled to its dew point and becomes saturated, water vapor normally condenses to form cloud drops. This condensation normally occurs on <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei\" title=\"Cloud condensation nuclei\">cloud condensation nuclei</a> such as <a href=\"/wiki/Salt\" title=\"Salt\">salt</a> or dust particles that are small enough to be held aloft by normal <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation\" title=\"Atmospheric circulation\">circulation</a> of the air.<sup id=\"cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability-14\">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud_drops_15-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud_drops-15\">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:302px;\"><video id=\"mwe_player_0\" poster=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/300px--Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.jpg\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" class=\"thumbimage\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" data-durationhint=\"36\" data-mwtitle=\"Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.480p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"SD VP9 (480P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 480P\" data-transcodekey=\"480p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"854\" data-height=\"480\" data-bandwidth=\"347088\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"Original Ogg file, 960 \u00d7 540 (832 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"960\" data-height=\"540\" data-bandwidth=\"832360\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.480p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"SD WebM (480P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 480P\" data-transcodekey=\"480p.webm\" data-width=\"854\" data-height=\"480\" data-bandwidth=\"1039384\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.120p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 120P\" data-transcodekey=\"120p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"214\" data-height=\"120\" data-bandwidth=\"153760\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.160p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth WebM (160P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 160P\" data-transcodekey=\"160p.webm\" data-width=\"284\" data-height=\"160\" data-bandwidth=\"186104\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.180p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 180P\" data-transcodekey=\"180p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"320\" data-height=\"180\" data-bandwidth=\"171544\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.240p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Small VP9 (240P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 240P\" data-transcodekey=\"240p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"426\" data-height=\"240\" data-bandwidth=\"192584\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.240p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"Small WebM (240P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 240P\" data-transcodekey=\"240p.webm\" data-width=\"426\" data-height=\"240\" data-bandwidth=\"285424\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.360p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"VP9 (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"244000\" data-framerate=\"30\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv/Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv.360p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"WebM (360P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 360P\" data-transcodekey=\"360p.webm\" data-width=\"640\" data-height=\"360\" data-bandwidth=\"540832\" data-framerate=\"30\" /></video>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cloud_evolution_in_under_a_minute.ogv\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Animation of cloud evolution from cumulus humilis to cumulonimbus capillatus incus</div></div></div>\n<p>One agent is the convective upward motion of air caused by daytime solar heating at surface level.<sup id=\"cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability-14\">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> Low level airmass instability allows for the formation of cumuliform clouds in the troposphere that can produce showers if the air is sufficiently moist.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> On moderately rare occasions, convective lift can be powerful enough to penetrate the tropopause and push the cloud top into the stratosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Tropopause_penetrations_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Tropopause_penetrations-17\">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Frontal and <a href=\"/wiki/Cyclonic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cyclonic\">cyclonic</a> lift occur in the troposphere when <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_instability\" title=\"Atmospheric instability\">stable</a> air is forced aloft at <a href=\"/wiki/Weather_fronts\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Weather fronts\">weather fronts</a> and around centers of <a href=\"/wiki/Low-pressure_area\" title=\"Low-pressure area\">low pressure</a> by a process called <a href=\"/wiki/Convergence_zone\" title=\"Convergence zone\">convergence</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-frontal_clouds_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-frontal_clouds-18\">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Warm_front\" title=\"Warm front\">Warm fronts</a> associated with extratropical cyclones tend to generate mostly cirriform and stratiform clouds over a wide area unless the approaching warm airmass is unstable, in which case cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus clouds are usually embedded in the main precipitating cloud layer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mackerel_sky_19-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mackerel_sky-19\">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_front\" title=\"Cold front\">Cold fronts</a> are usually faster moving and generate a narrower line of clouds, which are mostly stratocumuliform, cumuliform, or cumulonimbiform depending on the stability of the warm airmass just ahead of the front.<sup id=\"cite_ref-G&amp;N:207-212_20-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-G&amp;N:207-212-20\">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dreamy_Twilight.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dreamy_Twilight.jpg/220px-Dreamy_Twilight.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dreamy_Twilight.jpg/330px-Dreamy_Twilight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dreamy_Twilight.jpg/440px-Dreamy_Twilight.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2816\" data-file-height=\"2112\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dreamy_Twilight.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Windy evening <a href=\"/wiki/Twilight\" title=\"Twilight\">twilight</a> enhanced by the Sun's angle, can visually mimic a <a href=\"/wiki/Tornado\" title=\"Tornado\">tornado</a> resulting from orographic lift</div></div></div>\n<p>A third source of lift is wind circulation forcing air over a physical barrier such as a <a href=\"/wiki/Mountain\" title=\"Mountain\">mountain</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Orographic_lift\" title=\"Orographic lift\">orographic lift</a>).<sup id=\"cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability-14\">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> If the air is generally stable, nothing more than <a href=\"/wiki/Lenticular_cap\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lenticular cap\">lenticular cap</a> clouds form. However, if the air becomes sufficiently moist and unstable, orographic showers or <a href=\"/wiki/Thunderstorm\" title=\"Thunderstorm\">thunderstorms</a> may appear.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MT_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MT-21\">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Clouds formed by any of these lifting agents are initially seen in the troposphere where these agents are most active.  However, water vapor that has been lifted to the top of troposphere can be carried even higher by gravity waves where further condensation can result in the formation of clouds in the stratosphere and mesosphere. <sup id=\"cite_ref-Atoptics_22-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Atoptics-22\">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Non-adiabatic_cooling\">Non-adiabatic cooling</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6\" title=\"Edit section: Non-adiabatic cooling\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Along with adiabatic cooling that requires a lifting agent, three major nonadiabatic mechanisms exist for lowering the temperature of the air to its dew point. Conductive, radiational, and evaporative cooling require no lifting mechanism and can cause condensation at surface level resulting in the formation of <a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">fog</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fog_formation_23-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fog_formation-23\">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Adding_moisture_to_the_air\">Adding moisture to the air</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7\" title=\"Edit section: Adding moisture to the air\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Several main sources of water vapor can be added to the air as a way of achieving saturation without any cooling process: <a href=\"/wiki/Evaporation\" title=\"Evaporation\">evaporation</a> from surface water or moist ground,<sup id=\"cite_ref-convection_26-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-convection-26\">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-auto_12-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-auto-12\">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> precipitation or <a href=\"/wiki/Virga\" title=\"Virga\">virga</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> and <a href=\"/wiki/Transpiration\" title=\"Transpiration\">transpiration</a> from plants.<sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Tropospheric_classification\">Tropospheric classification</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\" title=\"Edit section: Tropospheric classification\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Further information: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_cloud_types\" title=\"List of cloud types\">List of cloud types</a></div>\n<p>Classification in the troposphere is based on a hierarchy of categories with physical forms and altitude levels at the top.<sup id=\"cite_ref-LANDSAT_identification_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-LANDSAT_identification-6\">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> These are cross-classified into a total of ten genus types, most of which can be divided into species and further subdivided into varieties which are at the bottom of the hierarchy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Principles_30-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Principles-30\">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Physical_forms\">Physical forms</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\" title=\"Edit section: Physical forms\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Cumulonimbus Incus in dissipating stage. Observed in Florida\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cumulus_humilis.jpg/220px-Cumulus_humilis.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cumulus_humilis.jpg/330px-Cumulus_humilis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cumulus_humilis.jpg/440px-Cumulus_humilis.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2272\" data-file-height=\"1704\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cumulus humilis clouds</div></div></div><div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cirrus-fibratus.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cirrus-fibratus.jpg/220px-Cirrus-fibratus.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cirrus-fibratus.jpg/330px-Cirrus-fibratus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cirrus-fibratus.jpg/440px-Cirrus-fibratus.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3920\" data-file-height=\"2204\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cirrus-fibratus.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_fibratus\" title=\"Cirrus fibratus\">Cirrus fibratus</a> clouds in March</div></div></div>\n<p>Clouds in the troposphere assume five physical forms based on structure and process of formation. These forms are commonly used for the purpose of satellite analysis.<sup id=\"cite_ref-31\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-31\">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> They are given below in approximate ascending order of instability or <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_convection\" title=\"Atmospheric convection\">convective</a> activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-meteorology_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meteorology-32\">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Nonconvective <a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">stratiform clouds</a> appear in stable airmass conditions and, in general, have flat, sheet-like structures that can form at any altitude in the troposphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Stratiform_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Stratiform-33\">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup> The stratiform group is divided by altitude range into the genera <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrostratus cloud\">cirrostratus</a> (high-level), <a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus_cloud\" title=\"Altostratus cloud\">altostratus</a> (mid-level), <a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">stratus</a> (low-level), and <a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus_cloud\" title=\"Nimbostratus cloud\">nimbostratus</a> (multi-level).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Fog is commonly considered a surface-based cloud layer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-MT_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MT-21\">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup> The fog may form at surface level in clear air or it may be the result of a very low stratus cloud subsiding to ground or sea level. Conversely, low stratiform clouds result when <a href=\"/wiki/Advection_fog\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Advection fog\">advection fog</a> is lifted above surface level during breezy conditions.</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">Cirriform clouds</a> in the troposphere are of the genus cirrus and have the appearance of detached or semimerged filaments. They form at high tropospheric altitudes in air that is mostly stable with little or no convective activity, although denser patches may occasionally show buildups caused by limited high-level <a href=\"/wiki/Convection\" title=\"Convection\">convection</a> where the air is partly unstable.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cirrus_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cirrus-34\">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> Clouds resembling cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus can be found above the troposphere but are classified separately using common names.</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">Stratocumuliform clouds</a> both cumuliform and stratiform characteristics in the form of rolls, ripples, or elements.<sup id=\"cite_ref-identification_guide_5-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-identification_guide-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> They generally form as a result of limited convection in an otherwise mostly stable airmass topped by an inversion layer.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Multi-regime_convection_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Multi-regime_convection-35\">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup> If the inversion layer is absent or higher in the troposphere, increased airmass instability may cause the cloud layers to develop tops in the form of turrets consisting of embedded cumuliform buildups.<sup id=\"cite_ref-castellanus_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-castellanus-36\">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup> The stratocumuliform group is divided into <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrocumulus cloud\">cirrocumulus</a> (high-level, strato- prefix dropped), <a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Altocumulus cloud\">altocumulus</a> (mid-level, strato- prefix dropped), and <a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">stratocumulus</a> (low-level).<sup id=\"cite_ref-identification_guide_5-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-identification_guide-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">Cumuliform clouds</a> generally appear in isolated heaps or tufts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-USA_Today_37-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-USA_Today-37\">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Stommel91_38-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Stommel91-38\">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup> They are the product of localized but generally free-convective lift where no inversion layers are in the troposphere to limit vertical growth. In general, small cumuliform clouds tend to indicate comparatively weak instability. Larger cumuliform types are a sign of greater atmospheric instability and convective activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mossop632-634_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mossop632-634-39\">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup> Depending on their vertical size, clouds of the <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">cumulus</a> genus type may be low-level or multi-level with moderate to towering vertical extent.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">Cumulonimbus clouds</a> are largest free-convective clouds, which has a towering vertical extent. They occur in highly unstable air<sup id=\"cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability-14\">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> and often have fuzzy outlines at the upper parts of the clouds that sometimes include anvil tops.<sup id=\"cite_ref-identification_guide_5-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-identification_guide-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> These clouds are the product of very strong convection that can penetrate the lower stratosphere.</li></ul>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Levels_and_genera\">Levels and genera</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10\" title=\"Edit section: Levels and genera\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Weather_map\" title=\"Weather map\">Weather map</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Station_model\" title=\"Station model\">Station model</a></div>\n<p>Tropospheric clouds form in any of three levels (formerly called <a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9tage\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:\u00e9tage\"><i>\u00e9tages</i></a>) based on altitude range above the Earth's surface. The grouping of clouds into levels is commonly done for the purposes of <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_atlas\" title=\"Cloud atlas\">cloud atlases</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Surface_weather_observation\" title=\"Surface weather observation\">surface weather observations</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> and <a href=\"/wiki/Weather_map\" title=\"Weather map\">weather maps</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-HOWTOREAD_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-HOWTOREAD-40\">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup> The base-height range for each level varies depending on the latitudinal <a href=\"/wiki/Geographical_zone\" title=\"Geographical zone\">geographical zone</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Each altitude level comprises two or three genus-types differentiated mainly by physical form.<sup id=\"cite_ref-appearance_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-appearance-41\">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-identification_guide_5-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-identification_guide-5\">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>The standard levels and genus-types are summarised below in approximate descending order of the altitude at which each is normally based.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wmo-cloud_classifications_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wmo-cloud_classifications-42\">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup> Multi-level clouds with significant vertical extent are separately listed and summarized in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-meteorology_32-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meteorology-32\">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"High-level\">High-level</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\" title=\"Edit section: High-level\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg/220px-Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"120\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg/330px-Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg/440px-Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1837\" data-file-height=\"1000\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cirrus_sky_panorama.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>High <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">cirrus</a> upper-left merging into <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cirrostratus\">cirrostratus</a> and some <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cirrocumulus\">cirrocumulus</a> upper right</div></div></div>\n<p>High clouds form at altitudes of 3,000 to 7,600&#160;m (10,000 to 25,000&#160;ft) in the <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_region\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar region\">polar regions</a>, 5,000 to 12,200&#160;m (16,500 to 40,000&#160;ft) in the <a href=\"/wiki/Temperateness\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Temperateness\">temperate regions</a>, and 6,100 to 18,300&#160;m (20,000 to 60,000&#160;ft) in the <a href=\"/wiki/Tropics\" title=\"Tropics\">tropics</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> All cirriform clouds are classified as high, thus constitute a single genus <i>cirrus</i> (Ci). Stratocumuliform and stratiform clouds in the high altitude range carry the prefix <i>cirro-</i>, yielding the respective genus names <i>cirrocumulus</i> (Cc) and <i>cirrostratus</i> (Cs). If limited-resolution satellite images of high clouds are analysed without supporting data from direct human observations, distinguishing between individual forms or genus types becomes impossible, and they are collectively identified as <i>high-type</i> (or informally as <i>cirrus-type</i>, though not all high clouds are of the cirrus form or genus).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cloud_type_identification-43\">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">cirrus</a> (Ci) \u2013 these are mostly fibrous wisps of delicate, white, cirriform, ice crystal clouds that show up clearly against the blue sky.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cirrus_34-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cirrus-34\">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> Cirrus are generally non-convective except castellanus and floccus subtypes which show limited convection. They often form along a high altitude <a href=\"/wiki/Jetstream\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Jetstream\">jetstream</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Jetstream_clouds_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jetstream_clouds-44\">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> and at the very leading edge of a frontal or low-pressure disturbance where they may merge into cirrostratus. This high-level cloud genus does not produce precipitation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-wmo-cloud_classifications_42-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-wmo-cloud_classifications-42\">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrocumulus cloud\">cirrocumulus</a> (Cc) \u2013 this is a pure white high stratocumuliform layer of limited convection. It is composed of ice crystals or supercooled water droplets appearing as small unshaded round masses or flakes in groups or lines with ripples like sand on a beach.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cirrocumulus_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cirrocumulus-45\">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-YDN-364_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-YDN-364-46\">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> Cirrocumulus occasionally forms alongside cirrus and may be accompanied or replaced by cirrostratus clouds near the leading edge of an active weather system. This genus-type occasionally produces virga, precipitation that evaporates below the base of the cloud.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mackerel_sky_19-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mackerel_sky-19\">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrostratus cloud\">cirrostratus</a> (Cs) \u2013 cirrostratus is a thin nonconvective stratiform ice crystal veil that typically gives rise to halos caused by refraction of the <a href=\"/wiki/Sunlight\" title=\"Sunlight\">sun's rays</a>. The sun and moon are visible in clear outline.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cirrostratus_47-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cirrostratus-47\">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup> Cirrostratus does not produce precipitation, but often thickens into altostratus ahead of a warm front or low-pressure area, which sometimes does.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Altostratus_48-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Altostratus-48\">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Mid-level\">Mid-level</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\" title=\"Edit section: Mid-level\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sunrise_(Abbottabad).jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg/220px-Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"164\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg/330px-Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg/440px-Sunrise_%28Abbottabad%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2592\" data-file-height=\"1936\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sunrise_(Abbottabad).jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Sunrise scene giving a shine to an altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus cloud (see also 'species and varieties')</div></div></div>\n<p>Nonvertical clouds in the middle level are prefixed by <i>alto-</i>, yielding the genus names <i>altocumulus</i> (Ac) for stratocumuliform types and <i>altostratus</i> (As) for stratiform types. These clouds can form as low as 2,000&#160;m (6,500&#160;ft) above surface at any latitude, but may be based as high as 4,000&#160;m (13,000&#160;ft) near the poles, 7,000&#160;m (23,000&#160;ft) at midlatitudes, and 7,600&#160;m (25,000&#160;ft) in the tropics.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> As with high clouds, the main genus types are easily identified by the human eye, but distinguishing between them using satellite photography alone is not possible. When the supporting data of human observations are not available, these clouds are usually collectively identified as <i>middle-type</i> on satellite images.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cloud_type_identification-43\">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Altocumulus cloud\">altocumulus</a> (Ac) \u2013 This is a midlevel cloud layer of limited convection that is usually appears in the form of irregular patches or more extensive sheets arranged in groups, lines, or waves.<sup id=\"cite_ref-altocumulus_49-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-altocumulus-49\">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup> Altocumulus may occasionally resemble cirrocumulus, but is usually thicker and composed of a mix of water droplets and ice crystals, so the bases show at least some light-grey shading.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ac-compared_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ac-compared-50\">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup> Altocumulus can produce virga, very light precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mid-level-clouds_51-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mid-level-clouds-51\">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus_cloud\" title=\"Altostratus cloud\">altostratus</a> (As) \u2013 Altostratus is a midlevel opaque or translucent nonconvective veil of grey/blue-grey cloud that often forms along warm fronts and around low-pressure areas. Altostratus is usually composed of water droplets, but may be mixed with ice crystals at higher altitudes. Widespread opaque altostratus can produce light continuous or intermittent precipitation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-altostratus_52-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-altostratus-52\">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Low-level\">Low-level</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\" title=\"Edit section: Low-level\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg/220px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg/330px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg/440px-Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4624\" data-file-height=\"3468\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_humilis_clouds_over_Jakarta.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus humilis\">Cumulus humilis</a> clouds over <a href=\"/wiki/Jakarta\" title=\"Jakarta\">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</div></div></div>\n<p>Low clouds are found from near the surface up to 2,000&#160;m (6,500&#160;ft).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Genus types in this level either have no prefix or carry one that refers to a characteristic other than altitude. Clouds that form in the low level of the troposphere are generally of larger structure than those that form in the middle and high levels, so they can usually be identified by their forms and genus types using satellite photography alone.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cloud_type_identification-43\">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">stratocumulus</a> (Sc) \u2013 This genus type is a stratocumuliform cloud layer of limited convection, usually in the form of irregular patches or more extensive sheets similar to altocumulus but having larger elements with deeper-gray shading.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stratocumulus_53-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stratocumulus-53\">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup> Stratocumulus is often present during wet weather originating from other rain clouds, but can only produce very light precipitation on its own.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stratocumulus-precipitation_54-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stratocumulus-precipitation-54\">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Species <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus humilis cloud\">cumulus humilis</a> \u2013 These are small detached fair-weather cumuliform clouds that have nearly horizontal bases and flattened tops, and do not produce rain showers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cumulus_55-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cumulus-55\">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">stratus</a> (St) \u2013 This is a flat or sometimes ragged nonconvective stratiform type that sometimes resembles elevated fog.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stratus_56-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stratus-56\">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup> Only very weak precipitation can fall from this cloud, usually drizzle or snow grains.<sup id=\"cite_ref-drizzle_57-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-drizzle-57\">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-snow-grains_58-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-snow-grains-58\">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup> When a very low stratus cloud subsides to surface level, it loses its Latin terminology and is given the common name fog if the prevailing surface visibility is less than 1&#160;km (0.62&#160;mi).<sup id=\"cite_ref-stratus-fog_59-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stratus-fog-59\">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> If the visibility is 1&#160;km or higher, the visible condensation is termed <a href=\"/wiki/Mist\" title=\"Mist\">mist</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mist-fog_60-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mist-fog-60\">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Multi-level_or_moderate_vertical\">Multi-level or moderate vertical</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\" title=\"Edit section: Multi-level or moderate vertical\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Clouds_over_Africa.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Clouds_over_Africa.jpg/220px-Clouds_over_Africa.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Clouds_over_Africa.jpg/330px-Clouds_over_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Clouds_over_Africa.jpg/440px-Clouds_over_Africa.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3522\" data-file-height=\"2348\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Clouds_over_Africa.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus humilis\">Cumulus humilis</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_mediocris\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus mediocris\">cumulus mediocris</a> with stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus in the foreground (see also 'species and varieties')</div></div></div>\n<p>These clouds have low- to mid-level bases that form anywhere from near the surface to about 2,400&#160;m (8,000&#160;ft) and tops that can extend into the mid-altitude range and sometimes higher in the case of nimbostratus.\n</p>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus_cloud\" title=\"Nimbostratus cloud\">nimbostratus</a> (Ns) \u2013 This is a diffuse, dark grey, multi-level stratiform layer with great horizontal extent and usually moderate to deep vertical development that looks feebly illuminated from the inside.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nimbostratus_61-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nimbostratus-61\">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> Nimbostratus normally forms from mid-level altostratus, and develops at least moderate vertical extent<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud_atlas-62\">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Plymouth_State_Meteorology-63\">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup> when the base subsides into the low level during precipitation that can reach moderate to heavy intensity. It  achieves even greater vertical development when it simultaneously grows upward into the high level due to large-scale frontal or cyclonic lift.<sup id=\"cite_ref-glossary_64-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-glossary-64\">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup> The <i>nimbo-</i> prefix refers to its ability to produce continuous rain or snow over a wide area, especially ahead of a warm front.<sup id=\"cite_ref-precipitating_clouds_65-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-precipitating_clouds-65\">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup> This thick cloud layer lacks any towering structure of its own, but may be accompanied by embedded towering cumuliform or cumulonimbiform types.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Plymouth_State_Meteorology-63\">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-nimbostratus_associated_with_deep_convection_66-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nimbostratus_associated_with_deep_convection-66\">&#91;66&#93;</a></sup> Meteorologists affiliated with the <a href=\"/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization\" title=\"World Meteorological Organization\">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO) officially classify nimbostratus as mid-level for synoptic purposes while informally characterizing it as multi-level.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Independent meteorologists and educators appear split between those who largely follow the WMO model<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud_atlas-62\">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Plymouth_State_Meteorology-63\">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup> and those who classify nimbostratus as low-level, despite its considerable vertical extent and its usual initial formation in the middle altitude range.<sup id=\"cite_ref-67\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-67\">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-classification_of_clouds_68-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-classification_of_clouds-68\">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<ul><li>Species <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_mediocris_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus mediocris cloud\">cumulus mediocris</a> \u2013 These cumuliform clouds of free convection have clear-cut, medium-grey, flat bases and white, domed tops in the form of small sproutings and generally do not produce precipitation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cumulus_55-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cumulus-55\">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> They usually form in the low level of the troposphere except during conditions of very low relative humidity, when the clouds bases can rise into the middle-altitude range. Cumulus mediocris is officially classified as low-level and more informally characterized as having moderate vertical extent that can involve more than one altitude level.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Definitions_7-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Definitions-7\">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Towering_vertical\">Towering vertical</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\" title=\"Edit section: Towering vertical\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/220px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"127\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/330px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/440px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4288\" data-file-height=\"2471\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Isolated cumulonimbus cloud over the <a href=\"/wiki/Mojave_Desert\" title=\"Mojave Desert\">Mojave Desert</a>, releasing a heavy shower</div></div></div>\n<p>These very large cumuliform and cumulonimbiform types have cloud bases in the same low- to mid-level range as the multi-level and moderate vertical types, but the tops nearly always extend into the high levels.  Unlike less vertically developed clouds, they are required to be identified by their standard names or abbreviations in all aviation observations (METARS) and forecasts (TAFS) to warn pilots of possible severe weather and turbulence.<sup id=\"cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection-9\">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Species <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_Congestus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus Congestus cloud\">cumulus congestus</a> \u2013 Increasing airmass instability can cause free-convective cumulus to grow very tall to the extent that the vertical height from base to top is greater than the base-width of the cloud. The cloud base takes on a darker grey coloration and the top commonly resembles a cauliflower. This cloud type can produce moderate to heavy showers<sup id=\"cite_ref-cumulus_55-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cumulus-55\">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> and is designated <i>Towering cumulus</i> (Tcu) by the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization\" title=\"International Civil Aviation Organization\">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO).</li></ul>\n<ul><li>Genus <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">cumulonimbus</a> (Cb) \u2013 This genus type is a heavy, towering, cumulonimbiform mass of free-convective cloud with a dark-grey to nearly black base and a very high top in the form of a mountain or huge tower.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cumulonimbus_69-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cumulonimbus-69\">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup> Cumulonimbus can produce <a href=\"/wiki/Thunderstorm\" title=\"Thunderstorm\">thunderstorms</a>, local very heavy downpours of <a href=\"/wiki/Rain\" title=\"Rain\">rain</a> that may cause <a href=\"/wiki/Flash_flood\" title=\"Flash flood\">flash floods</a>, and a variety of types of <a href=\"/wiki/Lightning\" title=\"Lightning\">lightning</a> including cloud-to-ground that can cause <a href=\"/wiki/Wildfire\" title=\"Wildfire\">wildfires</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Scott2000_70-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Scott2000-70\">&#91;70&#93;</a></sup> Other convective severe weather may or may not be associated with thunderstorms and include heavy <a href=\"/wiki/Snow\" title=\"Snow\">snow</a> showers, <a href=\"/wiki/Hail\" title=\"Hail\">hail</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-ncar_71-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ncar-71\">&#91;71&#93;</a></sup> strong <a href=\"/wiki/Wind_shear\" title=\"Wind shear\">wind shear</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Downburst\" title=\"Downburst\">downbursts</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-72\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-72\">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup> and <a href=\"/wiki/Tornado\" title=\"Tornado\">tornadoes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Renno_73-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Renno-73\">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup> Of all these possible cumulonimbus-related events, lightning is the only one of these that requires a thunderstorm to be taking place since it is the lightning that creates the thunder. Cumulonimbus clouds can form in unstable airmass conditions, but tend to be more concentrated and intense when they are associated with unstable <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_front\" title=\"Cold front\">cold fronts</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-G&amp;N:207-212_20-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-G&amp;N:207-212-20\">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Species\">Species</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\" title=\"Edit section: Species\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Genus types are commonly divided into subtypes called <i>species</i> that indicate specific structural details which can vary according to the stability and windshear characteristics of the atmosphere at any given time and location. Despite this hierarchy, a particular species may be a subtype of more than one genus, especially if the genera are of the same physical form and are differentiated from each other mainly by altitude or level. There are a few species, each of which can be associated with genera of more than one physical form.<sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup> The species types are grouped below according to the physical forms and genera with which each is normally associated. The forms, genera, and species are listed from left to right in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-meteorology_32-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-meteorology-32\">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<th>Forms and levels</th>\n<th>Stratiform <br /> non-convective</th>\n<th>Cirriform <br /> mostly nonconvective</th>\n<th>Stratocumuliform <br /> limited-convective</th>\n<th>Cumuliform <br /> free-convective</th>\n<th>Cumulonimbiform <br /> strong convective\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>High-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrostratus cloud\">Cirrostratus</a><br /> * nebulosus<br /> * fibratus</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">Cirrus</a><br /> <b>non-convective</b><br /> * uncinus<br /> * fibratus<br /> * spissatus<br /> <b>limited convective</b><br /> * castellanus<br /> * floccus</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrocumulus cloud\">Cirrocumulus</a><br /> * stratiformis<br /> * lenticularis<br /> * castellanus<br /> * floccus</td>\n<td></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Mid-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus_cloud\" title=\"Altostratus cloud\">Altostratus</a><br /> * no differentiated species<br />(always nebulous)</td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Altocumulus cloud\">Altocumulus</a><br /> * stratiformis<br /> * lenticularis<br />  *  castellanus<br />  * floccus<br /> * volutus</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Low-level\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">Stratus</a><br /> * nebulosus<br /> * <a href=\"/wiki/Fractus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fractus\">fractus</a></td>\n<td></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">Stratocumulus</a><br /> * stratiformis<br /> * lenticularis<br /> * castellanus<br /> * floccus<br />* volutus</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">Cumulus</a><br /> * <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus humilis\">humilis</a><br /> * <a href=\"/wiki/Fractus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fractus\">fractus</a></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Multi-level or moderate vertical\n</th>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus_cloud\" title=\"Nimbostratus cloud\">Nimbostratus</a><br /> * no differentiated species<br />(always nebulous)</td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>Cumulus<br /> * <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_mediocris\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus mediocris\">mediocris</a></td>\n<td>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Towering vertical\n</th>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td></td>\n<td>Cumulus<br /> * <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_congestus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus congestus\">congestus</a></td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">Cumulonimbus</a><br /> * calvus<br /> * capillatus\n</td></tr>\n</tbody></table>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Stable_or_mostly_stable\">Stable or mostly stable</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17\" title=\"Edit section: Stable or mostly stable\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>Of the non-convective stratiform group, high-level cirrostratus comprises two species. Cirrostratus <i>nebulosus</i> has a rather diffuse appearance lacking in structural detail.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nebulosus_75-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nebulosus-75\">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> Cirrostratus <i>fibratus</i> is a species made of semi-merged filaments that are transitional to or from cirrus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fibratus_76-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fibratus-76\">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup> Mid-level altostratus and multi-level nimbostratus always have a flat or diffuse appearance and are therefore not subdivided into species. Low stratus is of the species nebulosus<sup id=\"cite_ref-nebulosus_75-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nebulosus-75\">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> except when broken up into ragged sheets of stratus <a href=\"/wiki/Fractus_cloud\" title=\"Fractus cloud\">fractus</a> (see below).<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud_atlas-62\">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Cirriform clouds have three non-convective species that can form in <i>stable</i> airmass conditions. Cirrus fibratus comprise filaments that may be straight, wavy, or occasionally twisted by wind shear.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fibratus_76-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fibratus-76\">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup> The species <i>uncinus</i> is similar but has upturned hooks at the ends. Cirrus <i>spissatus</i> appear as opaque patches that can show light grey shading.<sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg/220px-Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg/330px-Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg/440px-Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3008\" data-file-height=\"2000\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Lenticular_Cloud_in_Wyoming_0034b.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Lenticular_cloud\" title=\"Lenticular cloud\">Altocumulus lenticularis</a> forming over mountains in Wyoming with lower layer of cumulus mediocris and higher layer of cirrus spissatus</div></div></div>\n<p>Stratocumuliform genus-types (cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus) that appear in mostly stable air with limited convection have two species each. The <i>stratiformis</i> species normally occur in extensive sheets or in smaller patches where there is only minimal convective activity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stratiformis_78-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stratiformis-78\">&#91;78&#93;</a></sup> Clouds of the <i>lenticularis</i> species tend to have lens-like shapes tapered at the ends. They are most commonly seen as orographic mountain-<a href=\"/wiki/Wave_cloud\" title=\"Wave cloud\">wave clouds</a>, but can occur anywhere in the troposphere where there is strong wind shear combined with sufficient airmass stability to maintain a generally flat cloud structure. These two species can be found in the high, middle, or low levels of the troposphere depending on the stratocumuliform genus or genera present at any given time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud_atlas-62\">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Ragged\">Ragged</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18\" title=\"Edit section: Ragged\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>The species <i>fractus</i> shows <i>variable</i> instability because it can be a subdivision of genus-types of different physical forms that have different stability characteristics. This subtype can be in the form of ragged but mostly <i>stable</i> stratiform sheets (stratus fractus) or small ragged cumuliform heaps with somewhat greater instability (cumulus fractus).<sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-fractus_79-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fractus-79\">&#91;79&#93;</a></sup> When clouds of this species are associated with precipitating cloud systems of considerable vertical and sometimes horizontal extent, they are also classified as <i>accessory clouds</i> under the name <i>pannus</i> (see section on supplementary features).<sup id=\"cite_ref-pannus_80-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pannus-80\">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Partly_unstable\">Partly unstable</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19\" title=\"Edit section: Partly unstable\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg/220px-Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"172\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg/330px-Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg/440px-Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2388\" data-file-height=\"1862\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Stratocumulus_castellanus_3oct.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Example of a castellanus cloud formation</div></div></div>\n<p>These species are subdivisions of genus types that can occur in partly unstable air with limited <a href=\"/wiki/Convection\" title=\"Convection\">convection</a>. The species <i>castellanus</i> appears when a mostly stable stratocumuliform or cirriform layer becomes disturbed by localized areas of airmass instability, usually in the morning or afternoon. This results in the formation of embedded cumuliform buildups arising from a common stratiform base.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Elevated_convection_81-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Elevated_convection-81\">&#91;81&#93;</a></sup> Castellanus resembles the turrets of a castle when viewed from the side, and can be found with stratocumuliform genera at any tropospheric altitude level and with limited-convective patches of high-level cirrus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-species-castellanus_82-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-castellanus-82\">&#91;82&#93;</a></sup> Tufted clouds of the more detached <i>floccus</i> species are subdivisions of genus-types which may be cirriform or stratocumuliform in overall structure. They are sometimes seen with cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, and stratocumulus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-floccus_83-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-floccus-83\">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>A newly recognized species of stratocumulus or altocumulus has been given the name <i>volutus</i>, a roll cloud that can occur ahead of a cumulonimbus formation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ICA2017_84-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ICA2017-84\">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup> There are some volutus clouds that form as a consequence of interactions with specific geographical features rather than with a parent cloud. Perhaps the strangest geographically specific cloud of this type is the <a href=\"/wiki/Morning_Glory_cloud\" title=\"Morning Glory cloud\">Morning Glory</a>, a rolling cylindrical cloud that appears unpredictably over the <a href=\"/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria\" title=\"Gulf of Carpentaria\">Gulf of Carpentaria</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Australia\" title=\"Northern Australia\">Northern Australia</a>. Associated with a powerful \"ripple\" in the atmosphere, the cloud may be \"surfed\" in <a href=\"/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)\" title=\"Glider (sailplane)\">glider</a> aircraft.<sup id=\"cite_ref-stg_85-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-stg-85\">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Unstable_or_mostly_unstable\">Unstable or mostly unstable</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20\" title=\"Edit section: Unstable or mostly unstable\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>More general airmass instability in the troposphere tends to produce clouds of the more freely convective cumulus genus type, whose species are mainly indicators of degrees of atmospheric instability and resultant vertical development of the clouds. A cumulus cloud initially forms in the low level of the troposphere as a cloudlet of the species <i>humilis</i> that shows only slight vertical development. If the air becomes more unstable, the cloud tends to grow vertically into the species <i>mediocris</i>, then strongly convective <i>congestus</i>, the tallest cumulus species<sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup> which is the same type that the International Civil Aviation Organization refers to as 'towering cumulus'.<sup id=\"cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection-9\">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg/220px-Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"183\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg/330px-Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg/440px-Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2112\" data-file-height=\"1755\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_mediocris_atmospheric_instability_01.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cumulus mediocris cloud, about to turn into a cumulus congestus</div></div></div>\n<p>With highly unstable atmospheric conditions, large cumulus may continue to grow into even more strongly convective cumulonimbus <i>calvus</i> (essentially a very tall congestus cloud that produces thunder), then ultimately into the species <i>capillatus</i> when supercooled water droplets at the top of the cloud turn into ice crystals giving it a cirriform appearance.<sup id=\"cite_ref-species_74-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-species-74\">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Varieties\">Varieties</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21\" title=\"Edit section: Varieties\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Genus and species types are further subdivided into <i>varieties</i> whose names can appear after the species name to provide a fuller description of a cloud. Some cloud varieties are not restricted to a specific altitude level or form, and can therefore be common to more than one genus or species.<sup id=\"cite_ref-varieties_86-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-varieties-86\">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Opacity-based\">Opacity-based</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22\" title=\"Edit section: Opacity-based\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sleepy_Twilight.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sleepy_Twilight.jpg/220px-Sleepy_Twilight.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"118\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sleepy_Twilight.jpg/330px-Sleepy_Twilight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sleepy_Twilight.jpg/440px-Sleepy_Twilight.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4288\" data-file-height=\"2291\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sleepy_Twilight.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>A layer of stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus hiding the setting sun with a background layer of stratocumulus cumulogenitus resembling distant mountains</div></div></div>\n<p>All cloud varieties fall into one of two main groups. One group identifies the opacities of particular low and mid-level cloud structures and comprises the varieties <i>translucidus</i> (thin translucent), <i>perlucidus</i> (thick opaque with translucent or very small clear breaks), and <i>opacus</i> (thick opaque). These varieties are always identifiable for cloud genera and species with variable opacity. All three are associated with the stratiformis species of altocumulus and stratocumulus. However, only two varieties are seen with altostratus and stratus nebulosus whose uniform structures prevent the formation of a perlucidus variety. Opacity-based varieties are not applied to high clouds because they are always translucent, or in the case of cirrus spissatus, always opaque.<sup id=\"cite_ref-varieties_86-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-varieties-86\">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Pattern-based\">Pattern-based</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23\" title=\"Edit section: Pattern-based\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg/220px-Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg/330px-Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg/440px-Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3888\" data-file-height=\"2592\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sculpting_La_Silla%E2%80%99s_Skies.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cirrus fibratus radiatus over ESO's <a href=\"/wiki/La_Silla_Observatory\" title=\"La Silla Observatory\">La Silla Observatory</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-88\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-88\">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup></div></div></div>\n<p>A second group describes the occasional arrangements of cloud structures into particular patterns that are discernible by a surface-based observer (cloud fields usually being visible only from a significant altitude above the formations). These varieties are not always present with the genera and species with which they are otherwise associated, but only appear when atmospheric conditions favor their formation. <i>Intortus</i> and <i>vertebratus</i> varieties occur on occasion with cirrus fibratus. They are respectively filaments twisted into irregular shapes, and those that are arranged in fishbone patterns, usually by uneven wind currents that favor the formation of these varieties. The variety <i>radiatus</i> is associated with cloud rows of a particular type that appear to converge at the horizon. It is sometimes seen with the fibratus and uncinus species of cirrus, the stratiformis species of altocumulus and stratocumulus, the mediocris and sometimes humilis species of cumulus,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cumulus_Humilis-Skynews_89-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Cumulus_Humilis-Skynews-89\">&#91;89&#93;</a></sup><sup class=\"noprint Inline-Template\" style=\"white-space:nowrap;\">&#91;<i><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources\" title=\"Wikipedia:Reliable sources\"><span title=\"The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. is there a better source than tumblr? If reliable maybe add a hidden comment to say why (February 2022)\">unreliable source?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Pretor-Pinney20_90-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Pretor-Pinney20-90\">&#91;90&#93;</a></sup> and with the genus altostratus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-radiatus_91-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-radiatus-91\">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Morning_Sky_7.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Morning_Sky_7.jpg/170px-Morning_Sky_7.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"170\" height=\"227\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Morning_Sky_7.jpg/255px-Morning_Sky_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Morning_Sky_7.jpg/340px-Morning_Sky_7.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2112\" data-file-height=\"2816\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Morning_Sky_7.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Altocumulus stratiformis duplicatus at sunrise in the California Mojave Desert, US (higher layer orange to white; lower layer grey)</div></div></div>\n<p>Another variety, <i>duplicatus</i> (closely spaced layers of the same type, one above the other), is sometimes found with cirrus of both the fibratus and uncinus species, and with altocumulus and stratocumulus of the species stratiformis and lenticularis. The variety <i>undulatus</i> (having a wavy undulating base) can occur with any clouds of the species stratiformis or lenticularis, and with altostratus. It is only rarely observed with stratus nebulosus. The variety <i>lacunosus</i> is caused by localized downdrafts that create circular holes in the form of a honeycomb or net. It is occasionally seen with cirrocumulus and altocumulus of the species stratiformis, castellanus, and floccus, and with stratocumulus of the species stratiformis and castellanus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-varieties_86-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-varieties-86\">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Combinations\">Combinations</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24\" title=\"Edit section: Combinations\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>It is possible for some species to show combined varieties at one time, especially if one variety is opacity-based and the other is pattern-based. An example of this would be a layer of altocumulus stratiformis arranged in seemingly converging rows separated by small breaks. The full technical name of a cloud in this configuration would be <i>altocumulus stratiformis radiatus perlucidus</i>, which would identify respectively its genus, species, and two combined varieties.<sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-varieties_86-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-varieties-86\">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Other_types\">Other types</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25\" title=\"Edit section: Other types\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_cloud_types\" title=\"List of cloud types\">List of cloud types</a></div>\n<p>Supplementary features and accessory clouds are not further subdivisions of cloud types below the species and variety level. Rather, they are either <i>hydrometeors</i> or special cloud types with their own Latin names that form in association with certain cloud genera, species, and varieties.<sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup> Supplementary features, whether in the form of clouds or precipitation, are directly attached to the main genus-cloud. Accessory clouds, by contrast, are generally detached from the main cloud.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Precipitation-based_supplementary_features\">Precipitation-based supplementary features</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26\" title=\"Edit section: Precipitation-based supplementary features\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>One group of supplementary features are not actual cloud formations, but precipitation that falls when water droplets or ice crystals that make up visible clouds have grown too heavy to remain aloft. <i>Virga</i> is a feature seen with clouds producing precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground, these being of the genera cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, nimbostratus, stratocumulus, cumulus, and cumulonimbus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>When the precipitation reaches the ground without completely evaporating, it is designated as the feature <i>praecipitatio</i>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dunlop77-78_93-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Dunlop77-78-93\">&#91;93&#93;</a></sup> This normally occurs with altostratus opacus, which can produce widespread but usually light precipitation, and with thicker clouds that show significant vertical development. Of the latter, <i>upward-growing</i> cumulus mediocris produces only isolated light showers, while <i>downward growing</i> nimbostratus is capable of heavier, more extensive precipitation. Towering vertical clouds have the greatest ability to produce intense precipitation events, but these tend to be localized unless organized along fast-moving cold fronts. Showers of moderate to heavy intensity can fall from cumulus congestus clouds. Cumulonimbus, the largest of all cloud genera, has the capacity to produce very heavy showers. Low stratus clouds usually produce only light precipitation, but this always occurs as the feature praecipitatio due to the fact this cloud genus lies too close to the ground to allow for the formation of virga.<sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Cloud-based_supplementary_features\">Cloud-based supplementary features</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27\" title=\"Edit section: Cloud-based supplementary features\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p><i>Incus</i> is the most type-specific supplementary feature, seen only with cumulonimbus of the species capillatus. A <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_incus\" title=\"Cumulonimbus incus\">cumulonimbus incus</a> cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the <a href=\"/wiki/Tropopause\" title=\"Tropopause\">tropopause</a> where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cumulonimbus-incus_94-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cumulonimbus-incus-94\">&#91;94&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>The <i>mamma</i> feature forms on the bases of clouds as downward-facing bubble-like protuberances caused by localized downdrafts within the cloud. It is also sometimes called <i>mammatus</i>, an earlier version of the term used before a standardization of Latin nomenclature brought about by the World Meteorological Organization during the 20th century. The best-known is <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_with_mammatus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulonimbus with mammatus\">cumulonimbus with mammatus</a>, but the mamma feature is also seen occasionally with cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, and stratocumulus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>A <i>tuba</i> feature is a cloud column that may hang from the bottom of a cumulus or cumulonimbus. A newly formed or poorly organized column might be comparatively benign, but can quickly intensify into a funnel cloud or tornado.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer_95-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer-95\">&#91;95&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Dunlop79_96-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Dunlop79-96\">&#91;96&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>An <i><a href=\"/wiki/Arcus_cloud\" title=\"Arcus cloud\">arcus</a></i> feature is a roll cloud with ragged edges attached to the lower front part of cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus that forms along the leading edge of a squall line or thunderstorm outflow.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ludlum473_97-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ludlum473-97\">&#91;97&#93;</a></sup> A large arcus formation can have the appearance of a dark menacing arch.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Several new supplementary features have been formally recognized by the <a href=\"/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization\" title=\"World Meteorological Organization\">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO). The feature <i>fluctus</i> can form under conditions of strong atmospheric wind shear when a stratocumulus, altocumulus, or cirrus cloud breaks into regularly spaced crests. This variant is sometimes known informally as a <a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_cloud\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz cloud\">Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz (wave) cloud</a>. This phenomenon has also been observed in cloud formations over other planets and even in the sun's atmosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-98\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-98\">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup> Another highly disturbed but more chaotic wave-like cloud feature associated with stratocumulus or altocumulus cloud has been given the Latin name <i>asperitas</i>. The supplementary feature <i>cavum</i> is a circular fall-streak hole that occasionally forms in a thin layer of supercooled altocumulus or cirrocumulus. Fall streaks consisting of virga or wisps of cirrus are usually seen beneath the hole as ice crystals fall out to a lower altitude. This type of hole is usually larger than typical lacunosus holes. A <i>murus</i> feature is a cumulonimbus wall cloud with a lowering, rotating cloud base than can lead to the development of tornadoes. A <i>cauda</i> feature is a tail cloud that extends horizontally away from the murus cloud and is the result of air feeding into the storm.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ICA2017_84-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ICA2017-84\">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Accessory_clouds\">Accessory clouds</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28\" title=\"Edit section: Accessory clouds\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>Supplementary cloud formations detached from the main cloud are known as <a href=\"/wiki/Accessory_cloud\" title=\"Accessory cloud\">accessory clouds</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup> The heavier precipitating clouds, nimbostratus, towering cumulus (cumulus congestus), and cumulonimbus typically see the formation in precipitation of the <i>pannus</i> feature, low ragged clouds of the genera and species cumulus fractus or stratus fractus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pannus_80-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pannus-80\">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>A group of accessory clouds comprise formations that are associated mainly with upward-growing cumuliform and cumulonimbiform clouds of free convection. <i>Pileus</i> is a cap cloud that can form over a cumulonimbus or large cumulus cloud,<sup id=\"cite_ref-GarretI_99-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GarretI-99\">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> whereas a <i>velum</i> feature is a thin horizontal sheet that sometimes forms like an apron around the middle or in front of the parent cloud.<sup id=\"cite_ref-features_92-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-features-92\">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup> An accessory cloud recently officially recognized by the World meteorological Organization is the <i>flumen</i>, also known more informally as the <i>beaver's tail</i>. It is formed by the warm, humid <a href=\"/wiki/Inflow_(meteorology)\" title=\"Inflow (meteorology)\">inflow</a> of a super-cell thunderstorm, and can be mistaken for a tornado. Although the flumen can indicate a tornado risk, it is similar in appearance to pannus or <a href=\"/wiki/Scud_(cloud)\" title=\"Scud (cloud)\">scud</a> clouds and does not rotate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-ICA2017_84-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-ICA2017-84\">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Mother_clouds\">Mother clouds</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29\" title=\"Edit section: Mother clouds\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG/220px-Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG/330px-Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG/440px-Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"3264\" data-file-height=\"2448\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Port_of_Piraeus_Panoramic_View.JPG\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cumulus partly spreading into stratocumulus cumulogenitus over the port of <a href=\"/wiki/Piraeus\" title=\"Piraeus\">Piraeus</a> in Greece</div></div></div>\n<p>Clouds initially form in clear air or become clouds when fog rises above surface level. The genus of a newly formed cloud is determined mainly by air mass characteristics such as stability and moisture content. If these characteristics change over time, the genus tends to change accordingly. When this happens, the original genus is called a <i>mother cloud</i>. If the mother cloud retains much of its original form after the appearance of the new genus, it is termed a <i>genitus</i> cloud. One example of this is <i>stratocumulus cumulogenitus</i>, a stratocumulus cloud formed by the partial spreading of a cumulus type when there is a loss of convective lift. If the mother cloud undergoes a complete change in genus, it is considered to be a <i>mutatus</i> cloud.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mother-clouds_100-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mother-clouds-100\">&#91;100&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg/220px-Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg/330px-Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg/440px-Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3664\" data-file-height=\"2748\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sunset_and_Clouds.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cumulonimbus mother cloud dissipating into stratocumulus cumulonimbogenitus at dusk</div></div></div>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Other_genitus_and_mutatus_clouds\">Other genitus and mutatus clouds</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30\" title=\"Edit section: Other genitus and mutatus clouds\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>The genitus and mutatus categories have been expanded to include certain types that do not originate from pre-existing clouds. The term <i>flammagenitus</i> (Latin for 'fire-made') applies to cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus that are formed by large scale fires or volcanic eruptions. Smaller low-level \"pyrocumulus\" or \"fumulus\" clouds formed by contained industrial activity are now classified as cumulus <i>homogenitus</i> (Latin for 'man-made'). <a href=\"/wiki/Contrail\" title=\"Contrail\">Contrails</a> formed from the exhaust of aircraft flying in the upper level of the troposphere can persist and spread into formations resembling cirrus which are designated cirrus <i>homogenitus</i>.  If a cirrus homogenitus cloud changes fully to any of the high-level genera, they are termed cirrus, cirrostratus, or cirrocumulus <i>homomutatus</i>. Stratus cataractagenitus (Latin for 'cataract-made') are generated by the spray from waterfalls. <i>Silvagenitus</i> (Latin for 'forest-made') is a stratus cloud that forms as water vapor is added to the air above a forest canopy.<sup id=\"cite_ref-mother-clouds_100-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-mother-clouds-100\">&#91;100&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Large_scale_patterns\">Large scale patterns</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31\" title=\"Edit section: Large scale patterns\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Sometimes certain atmospheric processes cause clouds to become organized into patterns that can cover large areas.  These patterns are usually difficult to identify from surface level and are best seen from an aircraft or spacecraft.\n</p>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Stratocumulus_fields\">Stratocumulus fields</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32\" title=\"Edit section: Stratocumulus fields\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<p>Stratocumulus clouds can be organized into \"fields\" that take on certain specially classified shapes and characteristics. In general, these fields are more discernible from high altitudes than from ground level. They can often be found in the following forms:\n</p>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Actinoform_cloud\" title=\"Actinoform cloud\">Actinoform</a>, which resembles a leaf or a spoked wheel.</li>\n<li>Closed cell, which is cloudy in the center and clear on the edges, similar to a filled <a href=\"/wiki/Honeycomb\" title=\"Honeycomb\">honeycomb</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-marine_clouds_101-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-marine_clouds-101\">&#91;101&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>Open cell, which resembles an empty honeycomb, with clouds around the edges and clear, open space in the middle.<sup id=\"cite_ref-102\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-102\">&#91;102&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h4><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Vortex_streets\">Vortex streets</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33\" title=\"Edit section: Vortex streets\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h4>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main article: <a href=\"/wiki/Karman_vortex_street\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Karman vortex street\">Karman vortex street</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Whirpool_Clouds.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whirpool_Clouds.jpg/220px-Whirpool_Clouds.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whirpool_Clouds.jpg/330px-Whirpool_Clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whirpool_Clouds.jpg/440px-Whirpool_Clouds.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4288\" data-file-height=\"2848\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Whirpool_Clouds.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cirrus fibratus intortus formed into a K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex street at evening twilight</div></div></div>\n<p>These patterns are formed from a phenomenon known as a <a href=\"/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_vortex\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex\">K\u00e1rm\u00e1n vortex</a> which is named after the engineer and fluid dynamicist <a href=\"/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n\" title=\"Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n\">Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n</a>,.<sup id=\"cite_ref-103\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-103\">&#91;103&#93;</a></sup> Wind driven clouds, usually mid level altocumulus or high level cirrus, can form into parallel rows that follow the wind direction. When the wind and clouds encounter high elevation land features such as a vertically prominent islands, they can form eddies around the high land masses that give the clouds a twisted appearance.<sup id=\"cite_ref-vortex-street_104-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-vortex-street-104\">&#91;104&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Distribution\">Distribution</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34\" title=\"Edit section: Distribution\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Convergence_along_low-pressure_zones\">Convergence along low-pressure zones</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35\" title=\"Edit section: Convergence along low-pressure zones\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Intertropical_convergence_zone\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Intertropical convergence zone\">Intertropical convergence zone</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone\" title=\"Extratropical cyclone\">Extratropical cyclone</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_front\" title=\"Cold front\">Cold front</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Warm_front\" title=\"Warm front\">Warm front</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Worldclouds_2009.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Worldclouds_2009.jpg/220px-Worldclouds_2009.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"110\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Worldclouds_2009.jpg/330px-Worldclouds_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Worldclouds_2009.jpg/440px-Worldclouds_2009.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"720\" data-file-height=\"360\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Worldclouds_2009.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Global cloud cover, averaged over the month of October 2009. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a> composite satellite image.<sup id=\"cite_ref-105\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-105\">&#91;105&#93;</a></sup></div></div></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><video id=\"mwe_player_1\" poster=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/220px--MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.jpg\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" class=\"thumbimage\" width=\"220\" height=\"147\" data-durationhint=\"26\" data-mwtitle=\"MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv\" type=\"video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora&quot;\" data-title=\"Original Ogg file, 472 \u00d7 316 (450 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"472\" data-height=\"316\" data-bandwidth=\"449650\" data-framerate=\"4\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.120p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Lowest bandwidth VP9 (120P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 120P\" data-transcodekey=\"120p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"180\" data-height=\"120\" data-bandwidth=\"51120\" data-framerate=\"4\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.160p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth WebM (160P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 160P\" data-transcodekey=\"160p.webm\" data-width=\"238\" data-height=\"160\" data-bandwidth=\"128312\" data-framerate=\"4\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.180p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Low bandwidth VP9 (180P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 180P\" data-transcodekey=\"180p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"268\" data-height=\"180\" data-bandwidth=\"97992\" data-framerate=\"4\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.240p.vp9.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;\" data-title=\"Small VP9 (240P)\" data-shorttitle=\"VP9 240P\" data-transcodekey=\"240p.vp9.webm\" data-width=\"358\" data-height=\"240\" data-bandwidth=\"155192\" data-framerate=\"4\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv.240p.webm\" type=\"video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;\" data-title=\"Small WebM (240P)\" data-shorttitle=\"WebM 240P\" data-transcodekey=\"240p.webm\" data-width=\"358\" data-height=\"240\" data-bandwidth=\"256208\" data-framerate=\"4\" /></video>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:MODAL2_M_CLD_FR.ogv\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>These maps display the fraction of Earth's area that was cloudy on average during each month from January 2005 to August 2013. The measurements were collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite. Colors range from blue (no clouds) to white (totally cloudy). Like a digital camera, MODIS collects information in gridded boxes, or pixels. Cloud fraction is the portion of each pixel that is covered by clouds. Colors range from blue (no clouds) to white (totally cloudy).<sup id=\"cite_ref-106\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-106\">&#91;106&#93;</a></sup> (<i>click for more detail</i>)</div></div></div>\n<p>Although the local distribution of clouds can be significantly influenced by topography, the global prevalence of cloud cover in the troposphere tends to vary more by <a href=\"/wiki/Latitude\" title=\"Latitude\">latitude</a>. It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the <a href=\"/wiki/Equator\" title=\"Equator\">equator</a> and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern <a href=\"/wiki/Hemispheres_of_the_Earth\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hemispheres of the Earth\">hemispheres</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-107\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-107\">&#91;107&#93;</a></sup> The adiabatic cooling processes that lead to the creation of clouds by way of lifting agents are all associated with convergence; a process that involves the horizontal inflow and accumulation of air at a given location, as well as the rate at which this happens.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Convergence/divergence_108-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Convergence/divergence-108\">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup> Near the equator, increased cloudiness is due to the presence of the low-pressure <a href=\"/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone\" title=\"Intertropical Convergence Zone\">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> (ITCZ) where very warm and unstable air promotes mostly cumuliform and cumulonimbiform clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-noaa_109-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-noaa-109\">&#91;109&#93;</a></sup> Clouds of virtually any type can form along the mid-latitude convergence zones depending on the stability and moisture content of the air. These extratropical convergence zones are occupied by the <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_front\" title=\"Polar front\">polar fronts</a> where <a href=\"/wiki/Air_mass\" title=\"Air mass\">air masses</a> of polar origin meet and clash with those of tropical or subtropical origin.<sup id=\"cite_ref-The_Climate_System:_General_Circulation_and_Climate_Zones_110-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-The_Climate_System:_General_Circulation_and_Climate_Zones-110\">&#91;110&#93;</a></sup> This leads to the formation of weather-making <a href=\"/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone\" title=\"Extratropical cyclone\">extratropical cyclones</a> composed of cloud systems that may be stable or unstable to varying degrees according to the stability characteristics of the various airmasses that are in conflict.<sup id=\"cite_ref-111\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-111\">&#91;111&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Divergence_along_high_pressure_zones\">Divergence along high pressure zones</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36\" title=\"Edit section: Divergence along high pressure zones\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/Subtropical_ridge\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Subtropical ridge\">Subtropical ridge</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Polar_high\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar high\">Polar high</a></div>\n<p>Divergence is the opposite of convergence. In the Earth's troposphere, it involves the horizontal outflow of air from the upper part of a rising column of air, or from the lower part of a subsiding column often associated with an area or ridge of high pressure.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Convergence/divergence_108-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Convergence/divergence-108\">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup> Cloudiness tends to be least prevalent near the poles and in the subtropics close to the 30th parallels, north and south. The latter are sometimes referred to as the <a href=\"/wiki/Horse_latitudes\" title=\"Horse latitudes\">horse latitudes</a>. The presence of a large-scale high-pressure <a href=\"/wiki/Subtropical_ridge\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Subtropical ridge\">subtropical ridge</a> on each side of the equator reduces cloudiness at these low latitudes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-subtropical-ridge_112-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-subtropical-ridge-112\">&#91;112&#93;</a></sup> Similar patterns also occur at higher latitudes in both hemispheres.<sup id=\"cite_ref-pressure-belts_113-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-pressure-belts-113\">&#91;113&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span id=\"Luminance.2C_reflectivity.2C_and_coloration\"></span><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Luminance,_reflectivity,_and_coloration\">Luminance, reflectivity, and coloration</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37\" title=\"Edit section: Luminance, reflectivity, and coloration\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<p>The luminance or brightness of a cloud is determined by how light is reflected, scattered, and transmitted by the cloud's particles. Its brightness may also be affected by the presence of haze or photometeors such as halos and rainbows.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Luminance_114-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Luminance-114\">&#91;114&#93;</a></sup> In the troposphere, dense, deep clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70\u201395%) throughout the <a href=\"/wiki/Visible_spectrum\" title=\"Visible spectrum\">visible spectrum</a>. Tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color, especially when viewed from the top.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Steven_Salter_and_John_Latham_115-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Steven_Salter_and_John_Latham-115\">&#91;115&#93;</a></sup> Cloud droplets tend to <a href=\"/wiki/Scattering\" title=\"Scattering\">scatter</a> light efficiently, so that the intensity of the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar radiation\">solar radiation</a> decreases with depth into the gases. As a result, the <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_base\" title=\"Cloud base\">cloud base</a> can vary from a very light to very-dark-grey depending on the cloud's thickness and how much <a href=\"/wiki/Light\" title=\"Light\">light</a> is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer. High thin tropospheric clouds reflect less light because of the comparatively low concentration of constituent ice crystals or supercooled water droplets which results in a slightly off-white appearance. However, a thick dense ice-crystal cloud appears brilliant white with pronounced grey shading because of its greater reflectivity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Luminance_114-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Luminance-114\">&#91;114&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>As a tropospheric cloud matures, the dense water droplets may combine to produce larger droplets. If the droplets become too large and heavy to be kept aloft by the air circulation, they will fall from the cloud as <a href=\"/wiki/Rain\" title=\"Rain\">rain</a>. By this process of accumulation, the space between droplets becomes increasingly larger, permitting light to penetrate farther into the cloud. If the cloud is sufficiently large and the droplets within are spaced far enough apart, a percentage of the light that enters the cloud is not reflected back out but is absorbed giving the cloud a darker look. A simple example of this is one's being able to see farther in heavy rain than in heavy fog. This process of <a href=\"/wiki/Reflection_(physics)\" title=\"Reflection (physics)\">reflection</a>/<a href=\"/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)\" title=\"Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)\">absorption</a> is what causes the range of cloud color from white to black.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bette_Hileman_116-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bette_Hileman-116\">&#91;116&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Striking cloud colorations can be seen at any altitude, with the color of a cloud usually being the same as the incident light.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Coloration_117-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Coloration-117\">&#91;117&#93;</a></sup> During daytime when the sun is relatively high in the sky, tropospheric clouds generally appear bright white on top with varying shades of grey underneath. Thin clouds may look white or appear to have acquired the color of their <a href=\"/wiki/Natural_environment\" title=\"Natural environment\">environment</a> or background. Red, orange, and pink clouds occur almost entirely at sunrise/sunset and are the result of the scattering of sunlight by the atmosphere. When the sun is just below the horizon, low-level clouds are gray, middle clouds appear rose-colored, and high clouds are white or off-white. Clouds at night are black or dark grey in a moonless sky, or whitish when illuminated by the moon. They may also reflect the colors of large fires, city lights, or auroras that might be present.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Coloration_117-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Coloration-117\">&#91;117&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>A cumulonimbus cloud that appears to have a greenish or bluish tint is a sign that it contains extremely high amounts of water; hail or rain which scatter light in a way that gives the cloud a blue color. A green colorization occurs mostly late in the day when the sun is comparatively low in the sky and the incident sunlight has a reddish tinge that appears green when illuminating a very tall bluish cloud. Supercell type storms are more likely to be characterized by this but any storm can appear this way. Coloration such as this does not directly indicate that it is a severe thunderstorm, it only confirms its potential. Since a green/blue tint signifies copious amounts of water, a strong updraft to support it, high winds from the storm raining out, and wet hail; all elements that improve the chance for it to become severe, can all be inferred from this. In addition, the stronger the updraft is, the more likely the storm is to undergo tornadogenesis and to produce large hail and high winds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Curiosities_118-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Curiosities-118\">&#91;118&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Yellowish clouds may be seen in the troposphere in the late spring through early fall months during <a href=\"/wiki/Wildfire\" title=\"Wildfire\">forest fire</a> season. The yellow color is due to the presence of pollutants in the smoke. Yellowish clouds are caused by the presence of nitrogen dioxide and are sometimes seen in urban areas with high air pollution levels.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Garrett_Nagle_119-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Garrett_Nagle-119\">&#91;119&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul class=\"gallery mw-gallery-packed\">\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\"><div style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 213.33333333333px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Stratocumulus stratiformis and small castellanus made orange by the sun rising\"><img alt=\"Stratocumulus stratiformis and small castellanus made orange by the sun rising\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg/320px-Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg/480px-Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg/640px-Sunrise_In_The_Peak_District.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2560\" data-file-height=\"1920\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Stratocumulus stratiformis and small castellanus made orange by the sun rising\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 173.33333333333px\"><div style=\"width: 173.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 171.33333333333px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Irid_clouds1.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"An occurrence of cloud iridescence with altocumulus volutus and cirrocumulus stratiformis\"><img alt=\"An occurrence of cloud iridescence with altocumulus volutus and cirrocumulus stratiformis\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Irid_clouds1.jpg/257px-Irid_clouds1.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"172\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Irid_clouds1.jpg/385px-Irid_clouds1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Irid_clouds1.jpg/513px-Irid_clouds1.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"711\" data-file-height=\"665\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>An occurrence of <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_iridescence\" title=\"Cloud iridescence\">cloud iridescence</a> with altocumulus volutus and cirrocumulus stratiformis\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\"><div style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 213.33333333333px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG\" class=\"image\" title=\"Sunset reflecting shades of pink onto grey stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus (becoming perlucidus in the background)\"><img alt=\"Sunset reflecting shades of pink onto grey stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus (becoming perlucidus in the background)\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG/320px-Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG/479px-Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG/639px-Red_Color_in_Gray_Clouds.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"2832\" data-file-height=\"2128\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Sunset reflecting shades of pink onto grey stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus (becoming perlucidus in the background)\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 202px\"><div style=\"width: 202px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 200px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Sharp_View.JPG\" class=\"image\" title=\"Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus before sunset. Bangalore, India.\"><img alt=\"Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus before sunset. Bangalore, India.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sharp_View.JPG/300px-Sharp_View.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sharp_View.JPG/450px-Sharp_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sharp_View.JPG/600px-Sharp_View.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"3873\" data-file-height=\"3101\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus before sunset. <a href=\"/wiki/Bangalore\" title=\"Bangalore\">Bangalore</a>, India.\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 231.33333333333px\"><div style=\"width: 231.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 229.33333333333px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Regnbyge.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Late-summer rainstorm in Denmark. Nearly black color of base indicates main cloud in foreground probably cumulonimbus.\"><img alt=\"Late-summer rainstorm in Denmark. Nearly black color of base indicates main cloud in foreground probably cumulonimbus.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Regnbyge.jpg/344px-Regnbyge.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Regnbyge.jpg/516px-Regnbyge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Regnbyge.jpg/687px-Regnbyge.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"859\" data-file-height=\"600\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Late-summer <a href=\"/wiki/Rainstorm\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Rainstorm\">rainstorm</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Denmark\" title=\"Denmark\">Denmark</a>. Nearly black color of base indicates main cloud in foreground probably cumulonimbus.\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n\t\t<li class=\"gallerybox\" style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\"><div style=\"width: 215.33333333333px\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"thumb\" style=\"width: 213.33333333333px;\"><div style=\"margin:0px auto;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg\" class=\"image\" title=\"Particles in the atmosphere and the sun&#39;s angle enhance colors of stratocumulus cumulogenitus at evening twilight.\"><img alt=\"Particles in the atmosphere and the sun&#39;s angle enhance colors of stratocumulus cumulogenitus at evening twilight.\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg/320px-Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg/480px-Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg/640px-Burning_Yellow_Sunset.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2816\" data-file-height=\"2112\" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"gallerytext\">\n<p>Particles in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Sun\" title=\"Sun\">sun</a>'s angle enhance colors of stratocumulus cumulogenitus at evening <a href=\"/wiki/Twilight\" title=\"Twilight\">twilight</a>.\n</p>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div></li>\n</ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Effects\">Effects</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38\" title=\"Edit section: Effects\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_cover\" title=\"Cloud cover\">Cloud cover</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_feedback\" title=\"Cloud feedback\">Cloud feedback</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Global_dimming\" title=\"Global dimming\">Global dimming</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_change\" title=\"Climate change\">Climate change</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:402px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg/400px-Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"120\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg/600px-Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg/800px-Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3568\" data-file-height=\"1067\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_panorama.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cumuliform cloudscape over <a href=\"/wiki/Swifts_Creek\" title=\"Swifts Creek\">Swifts Creek</a>, Australia</div></div></div>\n<p>Tropospheric clouds exert numerous influences on Earth's troposphere and climate. First and foremost, they are the source of precipitation, thereby greatly influencing the distribution and amount of precipitation. Because of their differential buoyancy relative to surrounding cloud-free air, clouds can be associated with vertical motions of the air that may be convective, frontal, or cyclonic. The motion is upward if the clouds are less dense because condensation of water vapor releases heat, warming the air and thereby decreasing its density. This can lead to downward motion because lifting of the air results in cooling that increases its density. All of these effects are subtly dependent on the vertical temperature and moisture structure of the atmosphere and result in major redistribution of heat that affect the Earth's climate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud-heating_120-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud-heating-120\">&#91;120&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>The complexity and diversity of clouds in the troposphere is a major reason for difficulty in quantifying the effects of clouds on climate and climate change. On the one hand, white cloud tops promote cooling of Earth's surface by reflecting shortwave radiation (visible and near infrared) from the sun, diminishing the amount of solar radiation that is absorbed at the surface, enhancing the Earth's <a href=\"/wiki/Albedo\" title=\"Albedo\">albedo</a>. Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths. At these wavelengths, however, water in the clouds acts as an efficient absorber. The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface. This is analogous to the <a href=\"/wiki/Greenhouse_effect\" title=\"Greenhouse effect\">greenhouse effect</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Greenhouse_gases\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Greenhouse gases\">greenhouse gases</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Water_vapor\" title=\"Water vapor\">water vapor</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-cloud-heating_120-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-cloud-heating-120\">&#91;120&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>High-level genus-types particularly show this duality with both short-wave albedo cooling and long-wave greenhouse warming effects. On the whole, <i>ice-crystal</i> clouds in the upper troposphere (cirrus) tend to favor net warming.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect-121\">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Nucleation_122-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nucleation-122\">&#91;122&#93;</a></sup> However, the cooling effect is dominant with mid-level and low clouds, especially when they form in extensive sheets.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect-121\">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup> Measurements by NASA indicate that on the whole, the effects of low and mid-level clouds that tend to promote cooling outweigh the warming effects of high layers and the variable outcomes associated with vertically developed clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect-121\">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>As difficult as it is to evaluate the influences of current clouds on current climate, it is even more problematic to predict changes in cloud patterns and properties in a future, warmer climate, and the resultant cloud influences on future climate. In a warmer climate more water would enter the atmosphere by evaporation at the surface; as clouds are formed from water vapor, cloudiness would be expected to increase. But in a warmer climate, higher temperatures would tend to evaporate clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-123\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-123\">&#91;123&#93;</a></sup> Both of these statements are considered accurate, and both phenomena, known as cloud feedbacks, are found in climate model calculations. Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases. But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive. Differing amounts of these feedbacks are the principal reason for differences in <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_sensitivity\" title=\"Climate sensitivity\">climate sensitivities</a> of current global climate models. As a consequence, much research has focused on the response of low and vertical clouds to a changing climate. Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases.<sup id=\"cite_ref-124\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-124\">&#91;124&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-125\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-125\">&#91;125&#93;</a></sup> For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating <a href=\"/wiki/Weather\" title=\"Weather\">weather</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Climate\" title=\"Climate\">climate</a> remains a leading source of uncertainty in <a href=\"/wiki/Global_warming\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Global warming\">global warming</a> projections.<sup id=\"cite_ref-126\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-126\">&#91;126&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-127\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-127\">&#91;127&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Stratospheric_classification_and_distribution\">Stratospheric classification and distribution</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39\" title=\"Edit section: Stratospheric classification and distribution\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg/220px-Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg/330px-Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg/440px-Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"768\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Nacreous_clouds_Antarctica.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Lenticular nacreous clouds over Antarctica</div></div></div>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud\" title=\"Polar stratospheric cloud\">Polar stratospheric clouds</a> (PSC's) are found in the lowest part of the stratosphere.  Moisture is scarce above the troposphere, so nacreous and non-nacreous clouds at this altitude range are restricted to polar regions in the winter where and when the air is coldest.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>PSC's show some variation in structure according to their chemical makeup and atmospheric conditions, but are limited to a single very high range of altitude of about 15,000\u201325,000&#160;m (49,200\u201382,000&#160;ft)  Accordingly, they are classified as a singular type with no differentiated altitude levels, genus types, species, or varieties. There is no Latin nomenclature in the manner of tropospheric clouds, but rather descriptive names of several general forms using common English.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Supercooled nitric acid and water PSC's, sometimes known as type 1, typically have a stratiform appearance resembling cirrostratus or haze, but because they are not frozen into crystals, do not show the pastel colours of the nacreous types.  This type of PSC has been identified as a cause of ozone depletion in the stratosphere.<sup id=\"cite_ref-PSC_128-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-PSC-128\">&#91;128&#93;</a></sup> The frozen nacreous types are typically very thin with mother-of-pearl colorations and an undulating cirriform or lenticular (stratocumuliform) appearance.  These are sometimes known as type 2.<sup id=\"cite_ref-nacreous_129-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-nacreous-129\">&#91;129&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-autogenerated2_130-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-autogenerated2-130\">&#91;130&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Mesospheric_classification_and_distribution\">Mesospheric classification and distribution</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40\" title=\"Edit section: Mesospheric classification and distribution\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg/220px-Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"146\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg/330px-Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg/440px-Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3402\" data-file-height=\"2261\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Helkivad_%C3%B6%C3%B6pilved_Kuresoo_kohal.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud\" title=\"Noctilucent cloud\">Noctilucent cloud</a> over Estonia</div></div></div>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud\" title=\"Noctilucent cloud\">Noctilucent clouds</a> are the highest in the atmosphere and are found near the top of the mesosphere at about 80 to 85&#160;km (50 to 53&#160;mi) or roughly ten times the altitude of tropospheric high clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-autogenerated1_131-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-autogenerated1-131\">&#91;131&#93;</a></sup>  They are given this Latin derived name because of their illumination well after sunset and before sunrise. They typically have a bluish or silvery white coloration that can resemble brightly illuminated cirrus. Noctilucent clouds may occasionally take on more of a red or orange hue.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> They are not common or widespread enough to have a significant effect on climate.<sup id=\"cite_ref-simulation_studies_132-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-simulation_studies-132\">&#91;132&#93;</a></sup> However, an increasing frequency of occurrence of noctilucent clouds since the 19th century may be the result of climate change.<sup id=\"cite_ref-noctilucent-cloud_133-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-noctilucent-cloud-133\">&#91;133&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Ongoing research indicates that convective lift in the mesosphere is strong enough during the polar <a href=\"/wiki/Summer\" title=\"Summer\">summer</a> to cause adiabatic cooling of small amount of water vapour to the point of saturation.  This tends to produce the coldest temperatures in the entire atmosphere just below the mesopause. <sup id=\"cite_ref-simulation_studies_132-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-simulation_studies-132\">&#91;132&#93;</a></sup> There is evidence that smoke particles from burnt-up meteors provide much of the condensation nuclei required for the formation of noctilucent cloud.<sup id=\"cite_ref-sounding_rocket_134-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-sounding_rocket-134\">&#91;134&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Noctilucent clouds have four major types based on physical structure and appearance. Type I veils are very tenuous and lack well-defined structure, somewhat like cirrostratus fibratus or poorly defined cirrus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-veils_135-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-veils-135\">&#91;135&#93;</a></sup> Type II bands are long streaks that often occur in groups arranged roughly parallel to each other. They are usually more widely spaced than the bands or elements seen with cirrocumulus clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bands_136-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-bands-136\">&#91;136&#93;</a></sup> Type III billows are arrangements of closely spaced, roughly parallel short streaks that mostly resemble cirrus.<sup id=\"cite_ref-billows_137-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-billows-137\">&#91;137&#93;</a></sup> Type IV whirls are partial or, more rarely, complete rings of cloud with dark centres.<sup id=\"cite_ref-whirls_138-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-whirls-138\">&#91;138&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Distribution in the mesosphere is similar to the stratosphere except at much higher altitudes. Because of the need for maximum cooling of the water vapor to produce noctilucent clouds, their distribution tends to be restricted to polar regions of Earth.  Sightings are rare more than 45 degrees south of the north pole or north of the south pole.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<div style=\"clear:both;\"></div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Extraterrestrial\">Extraterrestrial</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41\" title=\"Edit section: Extraterrestrial\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmospheres\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Extraterrestrial atmospheres\">Extraterrestrial atmospheres</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"A composite black-and-white photograph showing cirrus clouds over the surface of Mars\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/220px-Neptune_clouds.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"192\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/330px-Neptune_clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Neptune_clouds.jpg/440px-Neptune_clouds.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"682\" data-file-height=\"596\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Cirrus clouds on Neptune, captured during <i><a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_2\" title=\"Voyager 2\">Voyager 2</a></i>'s flyby</div></div></div>\n<p>Cloud cover has been seen on most other planets in the <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_System\" title=\"Solar System\">Solar System</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Venus\" title=\"Venus\">Venus</a>'s thick clouds are composed of <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide\" title=\"Sulfur dioxide\">sulfur dioxide</a> (due to volcanic activity) and appear to be almost entirely stratiform.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Bougher-127-129_139-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Bougher-127-129-139\">&#91;139&#93;</a></sup> They are arranged in three main layers at altitudes of 45 to 65&#160;km that obscure the <a href=\"/wiki/Planet\" title=\"Planet\">planet</a>'s surface and can produce <a href=\"/wiki/Virga\" title=\"Virga\">virga</a>. No embedded cumuliform types have been identified, but broken stratocumuliform wave formations are sometimes seen in the top layer that reveal more continuous layer clouds underneath.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mysterious_waves_140-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mysterious_waves-140\">&#91;140&#93;</a></sup> On <a href=\"/wiki/Mars\" title=\"Mars\">Mars</a>, noctilucent, cirrus, cirrocumulus and stratocumulus composed of water-ice have been detected mostly near the poles.<sup id=\"cite_ref-141\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-141\">&#91;141&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-photo_142-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-photo-142\">&#91;142&#93;</a></sup> Water-ice fogs have also been detected on Mars.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Mars-clouds_143-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Mars-clouds-143\">&#91;143&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Both <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Saturn\" title=\"Saturn\">Saturn</a> have an outer cirriform cloud deck composed of ammonia,<sup id=\"cite_ref-144\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-144\">&#91;144&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-145\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-145\">&#91;145&#93;</a></sup> an intermediate stratiform haze-cloud layer made of <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide\" title=\"Ammonium hydrosulfide\">ammonium hydrosulfide</a>, and an inner deck of cumulus water clouds.<sup id=\"cite_ref-146\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-146\">&#91;146&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-147\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-147\">&#91;147&#93;</a></sup> Embedded cumulonimbus are known to exist near the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Red_Spot\" title=\"Great Red Spot\">Great Red Spot</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/Jupiter\" title=\"Jupiter\">Jupiter</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Jupiter-clouds_148-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Jupiter-clouds-148\">&#91;148&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Saturn-clouds_149-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Saturn-clouds-149\">&#91;149&#93;</a></sup> The same category-types can be found covering <a href=\"/wiki/Uranus\" title=\"Uranus\">Uranus</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Neptune\" title=\"Neptune\">Neptune</a>, but are all composed of <a href=\"/wiki/Methane\" title=\"Methane\">methane</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Neptune&#39;s_Atmosphere_150-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Neptune&#39;s_Atmosphere-150\">&#91;150&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Uranus-clouds_151-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Uranus-clouds-151\">&#91;151&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Irwin-115_152-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Irwin-115-152\">&#91;152&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-elkins-tanton_153-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-elkins-tanton-153\">&#91;153&#93;</a></sup> Saturn's moon <a href=\"/wiki/Titan_(moon)\" title=\"Titan (moon)\">Titan</a> has cirrus clouds believed to be composed largely of methane.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Coustenis155_154-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Coustenis155-154\">&#91;154&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-155\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-155\">&#91;155&#93;</a></sup> The <i><a href=\"/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" title=\"Cassini\u2013Huygens\">Cassini\u2013Huygens</a></i> Saturn mission uncovered evidence of polar stratospheric clouds<sup id=\"cite_ref-Clouds_on_titan_156-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Clouds_on_titan-156\">&#91;156&#93;</a></sup> and a methane cycle on Titan, including lakes near the poles and fluvial channels on the surface of the moon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-methane-cycle_157-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-methane-cycle-157\">&#91;157&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Some planets outside the Solar System are known to have atmospheric clouds. In October 2013, the detection of high altitude optically thick clouds in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere\" title=\"Atmosphere\">atmosphere</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Exoplanet\" title=\"Exoplanet\">exoplanet</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Kepler-7b\" title=\"Kepler-7b\">Kepler-7b</a> was announced,<sup id=\"cite_ref-MIT-20131002_158-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-MIT-20131002-158\">&#91;158&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-159\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-159\">&#91;159&#93;</a></sup> and, in December 2013, in the atmospheres of <a href=\"/wiki/GJ_436_b\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"GJ 436 b\">GJ 436 b</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/GJ_1214_b\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"GJ 1214 b\">GJ 1214 b</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-NASA-20131231_160-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NASA-20131231-160\">&#91;160&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NAT-20140101a_161-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NAT-20140101a-161\">&#91;161&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NAT-20140101b_162-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NAT-20140101b-162\">&#91;162&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-NAT-20140101c_163-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-NAT-20140101c-163\">&#91;163&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"In_culture_and_religion\">In culture and religion</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42\" title=\"Edit section: In culture and religion\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:292px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/290px-Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"198\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/435px-Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/580px-Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"5001\" data-file-height=\"3409\" /></a>  <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Benjamin_West_-_Joshua_passing_the_River_Jordan_with_the_Ark_of_the_Covenant_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><i>Joshua Passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant</i> (1800) by <a href=\"/wiki/Benjamin_West\" title=\"Benjamin West\">Benjamin West</a>, showing <a href=\"/wiki/Yahweh\" title=\"Yahweh\">Yahweh</a> leading the Israelites through the desert in the form of a <a href=\"/wiki/Pillar_of_Cloud\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pillar of Cloud\">pillar of cloud</a>, as described in <a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#13:21\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Bible (King James)/Exodus\">Exodus 13:21\u201322</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Gertz_164-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Gertz-164\">&#91;164&#93;</a></sup></div></div></div>\n<p>Clouds play an important mythical or non-scientific role in various cultures and religious traditions. The ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Akkadian_Empire\" title=\"Akkadian Empire\">Akkadians</a> believed that the clouds (in meteorology, probably the supplementary feature <i>mamma</i>) were the breasts of the sky goddess <a href=\"/wiki/Antu_(goddess)\" title=\"Antu (goddess)\">Antu</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Nemet-Nejat_165-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nemet-Nejat-165\">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup> and that rain was milk from her breasts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Nemet-Nejat_165-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Nemet-Nejat-165\">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup> In <a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#13:21\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Bible (King James)/Exodus\">Exodus 13:21\u201322</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Yahweh\" title=\"Yahweh\">Yahweh</a> is described as guiding the <a href=\"/wiki/Israelites\" title=\"Israelites\">Israelites</a> through the desert in the form of a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Pillar_of_Cloud\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pillar of Cloud\">pillar of cloud</a>\" by day and a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Pillar_of_Fire_(theophany)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Pillar of Fire (theophany)\">pillar of fire</a>\" by night.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Gertz_164-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Gertz-164\">&#91;164&#93;</a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/Mandaeism\" title=\"Mandaeism\">Mandaeism</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Uthra\" title=\"Uthra\">uthras</a> (celestial beings) are also occasionally mentioned as being in <i>anana</i> (\"clouds\"; e.g., in <i><a href=\"/wiki/Right_Ginza\" title=\"Right Ginza\">Right Ginza</a></i> Book 17, Chapter 1), which can also be interpreted as female consorts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_166-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-GR_Gelbert-166\">&#91;166&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>In the <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy\" title=\"Ancient Greek comedy\">ancient Greek comedy</a> <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Clouds\" title=\"The Clouds\">The Clouds</a></i>, written by <a href=\"/wiki/Aristophanes\" title=\"Aristophanes\">Aristophanes</a> and first performed at the <a href=\"/wiki/Dionysia\" title=\"Dionysia\">City Dionysia</a> in 423 BC, the philosopher <a href=\"/wiki/Socrates\" title=\"Socrates\">Socrates</a> declares that the Clouds are the only true deities<sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> and tells the main character Strepsiades not to worship any deities other than the Clouds, but to pay homage to them alone.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> In the play, the Clouds change shape  to reveal the true nature of whoever is looking at them,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Roche_168-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Roche-168\">&#91;168&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Robson_169-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Robson-169\">&#91;169&#93;</a></sup> turning into <a href=\"/wiki/Centaur\" title=\"Centaur\">centaurs</a> at the sight of a <a href=\"/wiki/Long_hair\" title=\"Long hair\">long-haired</a> politician, wolves at the sight of the <a href=\"/wiki/Embezzlement\" title=\"Embezzlement\">embezzler</a> Simon, deer at the sight of the coward <a href=\"/wiki/Cleonymus_of_Athens\" title=\"Cleonymus of Athens\">Cleonymus</a>, and mortal women at the sight of the effeminate <a href=\"/wiki/Theoroi\" title=\"Theoroi\">informer</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Cleisthenes_(son_of_Sibyrtius)\" title=\"Cleisthenes (son of Sibyrtius)\">Cleisthenes</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Roche_168-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Roche-168\">&#91;168&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Robson_169-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Robson-169\">&#91;169&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> They are hailed the source of inspiration to comic poets and philosophers;<sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> they are masters of <a href=\"/wiki/Rhetoric\" title=\"Rhetoric\">rhetoric</a>, regarding <a href=\"/wiki/Eloquence\" title=\"Eloquence\">eloquence</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Sophistry\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Sophistry\">sophistry</a> alike as their \"friends\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Strauss1966-167\">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> \n</p><p>In China, clouds are symbols of luck and happiness.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ding_170-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ding-170\">&#91;170&#93;</a></sup> Overlapping clouds (in meteorology, probably <i>duplicatus clouds</i>) are thought to imply eternal happiness<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ding_170-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ding-170\">&#91;170&#93;</a></sup> and clouds of different colors are said to indicate \"multiplied blessings\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-Ding_170-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Ding-170\">&#91;170&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Informal cloud watching or cloud gazing is a popular children's activity involving watching the clouds and looking for shapes in them, a form of <a href=\"/wiki/Pareidolia\" title=\"Pareidolia\">pareidolia</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-171\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-171\">&#91;171&#93;</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-172\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-172\">&#91;172&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"See_also\">See also</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43\" title=\"Edit section: See also\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n</style><ul role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Portals\" class=\"noprint portalbox portalborder portalright\">\n<li class=\"portalbox-entry\"><span class=\"portalbox-image\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"24\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x\" data-file-width=\"800\" data-file-height=\"600\" /></a></span><span class=\"portalbox-link\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Weather\" title=\"Portal:Weather\">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul>\n</style><div class=\"div-col\" style=\"column-width: 22em;\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_Radiation_Measurement\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Atmospheric Radiation Measurement\">Atmospheric Radiation Measurement</a> (ARM) (US)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bioprecipitation\" title=\"Bioprecipitation\">Bioprecipitation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ceiling_(cloud)\" title=\"Ceiling (cloud)\">Ceiling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_albedo\" title=\"Cloud albedo\">Cloud albedo</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_Appreciation_Society\" title=\"Cloud Appreciation Society\">Cloud Appreciation Society</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_cover\" title=\"Cloud cover\">Cloud cover</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_forcing\" title=\"Cloud forcing\">Cloud forcing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_seeding\" title=\"Cloud seeding\">Cloud seeding</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Clouds_(sculpture)\" title=\"Clouds (sculpture)\">Clouds (sculpture)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloudscape_(art)\" title=\"Cloudscape (art)\">Cloudscape (art)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloudscape_photography\" title=\"Cloudscape photography\">Cloudscape photography</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Coalescence_(meteorology)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Coalescence (meteorology)\">Coalescence</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sky\" title=\"Extraterrestrial sky\">Extraterrestrial sky</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">Fog</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mist\" title=\"Mist\">Mist</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mushroom_cloud\" title=\"Mushroom cloud\">Mushroom cloud</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Pileus_(meteorology)\" title=\"Pileus (meteorology)\">Pileus (meteorology)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation\" title=\"Precipitation\">Precipitation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sunshine_duration\" title=\"Sunshine duration\">Sunshine duration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Undulatus_asperatus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Undulatus asperatus\">Undulatus asperatus</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Weather_lore\" title=\"Weather lore\">Weather lore</a></li></ul>\n</div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44\" title=\"Edit section: References\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n</style><div class=\"reflist reflist-columns references-column-width\" style=\"column-width: 30em;\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"></style><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/glossary.htm\">\"Weather Terms\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Weather_Service\" title=\"National Weather Service\">National Weather Service</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Weather+Terms&amp;rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erh.noaa.gov%2Fbox%2Fglossary.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFCeppiWilliams\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Ceppi, Paulo; Williams, Ric. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://theconversation.com/why-clouds-are-the-missing-piece-in-the-climate-change-puzzle-140812\">\"Why clouds are the missing piece in the climate change puzzle\"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&amp;rft.atitle=Why+clouds+are+the+missing+piece+in+the+climate+change+puzzle&amp;rft.aulast=Ceppi&amp;rft.aufirst=Paulo&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Ric&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-clouds-are-the-missing-piece-in-the-climate-change-puzzle-140812&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Harper-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Harper_3-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHarper,_Douglas2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Harper, Douglas (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cloud\">\"Cloud\"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Harper%2C+Douglas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcloud&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cloud\">\"Cloud\"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i>. Farlex<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fcloud&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-identification_guide-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-identification_guide_5-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-identification_guide_5-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-identification_guide_5-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-identification_guide_5-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-identification_guide_5-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/cloud-identification-guide.html\">\"Cloud Identification Guide, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Identification+Guide%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fcloud-identification-guide.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-LANDSAT_identification-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-LANDSAT_identification_6-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-LANDSAT_identification_6-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFE.C._Barrett_and_C.K._Grant1976\" class=\"citation web cs1\">E.C. Barrett and C.K. Grant (1976). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19760014556\">\"The identification of cloud types in LANDSAT MSS images\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+identification+of+cloud+types+in+LANDSAT+MSS+images&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.au=E.C.+Barrett+and+C.K.+Grant&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fcitations%2F19760014556&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Definitions-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-8\"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-9\"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Definitions_7-10\"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-definitions.html\">\"Definitions, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Definitions%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-definitions.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Polar-stratospheric-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Polar-stratospheric_8-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/upper-atmospheric-clouds.html\">\"Upper atmospheric clouds, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Upper+atmospheric+clouds%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fupper-atmospheric-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-automated_Cb_and_Tcu_detection_9-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFde_Valk,_Paulvan_Westhrenen,_RudolfCarbajal_Henken,_Cintia2010\" class=\"citation web cs1\">de Valk, Paul; van Westhrenen, Rudolf; Carbajal Henken, Cintia (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20111116001457/http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/AboutEUMETSAT/Publications/ConferenceandWorkshopProceedings/2010/groups/cps/documents/document/pdf_conf_p57_s7_08_devalk_v.pdf\">\"Automated CB and TCU detection using radar and satellite data: from research to application\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/AboutEUMETSAT/Publications/ConferenceandWorkshopProceedings/2010/groups/cps/documents/document/pdf_conf_p57_s7_08_devalk_v.pdf\">the original</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> on 16 November 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Automated+CB+and+TCU+detection+using+radar+and+satellite+data%3A+from+research+to+application&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.au=de+Valk%2C+Paul&amp;rft.au=van+Westhrenen%2C+Rudolf&amp;rft.au=Carbajal+Henken%2C+Cintia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eumetsat.int%2FHome%2FMain%2FAboutEUMETSAT%2FPublications%2FConferenceandWorkshopProceedings%2F2010%2Fgroups%2Fcps%2Fdocuments%2Fdocument%2Fpdf_conf_p57_s7_08_devalk_v.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Meteorologica-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Meteorologica_10-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFFrisinger1972\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Frisinger, H. Howard (1972). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281972%29053%3C0634%3AAAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">\"Aristotle and his <i>Meteorologica</i>\"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</i>. <b>53</b>: 634. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477%281972%29053%3C0634%3AAAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">10.1175/1520-0477(1972)053&#60;0634:AAH&#62;2.0.CO;2</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-0477\">1520-0477</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Meteorological+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Aristotle+and+his+Meteorologica&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.pages=634&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0477%281972%29053%3C0634%3AAAH%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.issn=1520-0477&amp;rft.aulast=Frisinger&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+Howard&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0477%25281972%2529053%253C0634%253AAAH%253E2.0.CO%253B2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Preface-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Preface_11-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Preface_11-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization1975\" class=\"citation book cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/manualonobservat00worl/page/\"><i>International Cloud Atlas, preface to the 1939 edition</i></a>. Vol.&#160;I. pp.&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/manualonobservat00worl/page/\">IX\u2013XIII</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-63-10407-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-92-63-10407-6\"><bdi>978-92-63-10407-6</bdi></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=International+Cloud+Atlas%2C+preface+to+the+1939+edition&amp;rft.pages=IX-XIII&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-63-10407-6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualonobservat00worl%2Fpage%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-auto-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-auto_12-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-auto_12-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFBart_van_den_HurkEleanor_Blyth2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Bart van den Hurk; Eleanor Blyth (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074154/http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf\">\"Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. KNMI. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf\">the original</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Global+maps+of+Local+Land-Atmosphere+coupling&amp;rft.pub=KNMI&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Bart+van+den+Hurk&amp;rft.au=Eleanor+Blyth&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knmi.nl%2F~hurkvd%2FLoco_workshop%2FWorkshop_report.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-adiabatic_process-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-adiabatic_process_13-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNave,_R.2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Nave, R. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/adiab.html\">\"Adiabatic Process\"</a>. gsu.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Adiabatic+Process&amp;rft.pub=gsu.edu&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Nave%2C+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fthermo%2Fadiab.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-humidity,_saturation,_and_stability_14-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFElementary_Meteorology_Online2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Elementary Meteorology Online (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502055741/http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter06/\">\"Humidity, Saturation, and Stability\"</a>. vsc.edu. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter06/\">the original</a> on 2 May 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Humidity%2C+Saturation%2C+and+Stability&amp;rft.pub=vsc.edu&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Elementary+Meteorology+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapollo.lsc.vsc.edu%2F~wintelsw%2FMET1010LOL%2Fchapter06%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cloud_drops-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud_drops_15-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHorstmeyer,_Steve2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Horstmeyer, Steve (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.shorstmeyer.com/wxfaqs/float/float.html\">\"Cloud Drops, Rain Drops\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Drops%2C+Rain+Drops&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Horstmeyer%2C+Steve&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shorstmeyer.com%2Fwxfaqs%2Ffloat%2Ffloat.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFFreudRosenfeld2012\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Freud, E.; Rosenfeld, D. (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JD016457\">\"Linear relation between convective cloud drop number concentration and depth for rain initiation\"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>117</b> (D2): n/a. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JGRD..117.2207F\">2012JGRD..117.2207F</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011JD016457\">10.1029/2011JD016457</a></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Linear+relation+between+convective+cloud+drop+number+concentration+and+depth+for+rain+initiation&amp;rft.volume=117&amp;rft.issue=D2&amp;rft.pages=n%2Fa&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2011JD016457&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JGRD..117.2207F&amp;rft.aulast=Freud&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2011JD016457&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Tropopause_penetrations-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Tropopause_penetrations_17-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLong,_Michael_J.Hanks,_Howard_H.Beebe,_Robert_G.1965\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Long, Michael J.; Hanks, Howard H.; Beebe, Robert G. (June 1965). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235551/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=AD0621573\">\"TROPOPAUSE PENETRATIONS BY CUMULONIMBUS CLOUDS\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&amp;metadataPrefix=html&amp;identifier=AD0621573\">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=TROPOPAUSE+PENETRATIONS+BY+CUMULONIMBUS+CLOUDS&amp;rft.date=1965-06&amp;rft.au=Long%2C+Michael+J.&amp;rft.au=Hanks%2C+Howard+H.&amp;rft.au=Beebe%2C+Robert+G.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foai.dtic.mil%2Foai%2Foai%3Fverb%3DgetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dhtml%26identifier%3DAD0621573&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-frontal_clouds-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-frontal_clouds_18-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFElementary_Meteorology_Online2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Elementary Meteorology Online (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/cld/dvlp/frnt.rxml/~wintelsw/MET1010LOL/chapter06/\">\"Lifting Along Frontal Boundaries\"</a>. vsc.edu<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lifting+Along+Frontal+Boundaries&amp;rft.pub=vsc.edu&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Elementary+Meteorology+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu%2F%2528Gh%2529%2Fguides%2Fmtr%2Fcld%2Fdvlp%2Ffrnt.rxml%2F~wintelsw%2FMET1010LOL%2Fchapter06%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mackerel_sky-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Mackerel_sky_19-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Mackerel_sky_19-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Sometimes-a-bit-fishy.htm\">\"Mackerel sky\"</a>. Weather Online<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">21 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mackerel+sky&amp;rft.pub=Weather+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Freports%2Fwxfacts%2FSometimes-a-bit-fishy.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-G&amp;N:207-212-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-G&amp;N:207-212_20-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-G&amp;N:207-212_20-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLee_M._GrenciJon_M._Nese2001\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Lee M. Grenci; Jon M. Nese (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=oh8lqM5obuYC&amp;pg=PA212\"><i>A World of Weather: Fundamentals of Meteorology: A Text / Laboratory Manual</i></a> (3&#160;ed.). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. pp.&#160;207\u2013212. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-7716-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-7716-1\"><bdi>978-0-7872-7716-1</bdi></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51160155\">51160155</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+World+of+Weather%3A+Fundamentals+of+Meteorology%3A+A+Text+%2F+Laboratory+Manual&amp;rft.pages=207-212&amp;rft.edition=3&amp;rft.pub=Kendall%2FHunt+Publishing+Company&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51160155&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7872-7716-1&amp;rft.au=Lee+M.+Grenci&amp;rft.au=Jon+M.+Nese&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doh8lqM5obuYC%26pg%3DPA212&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MT-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-MT_21-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-MT_21-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Pidwirny, M. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html\">\"Cloud Formation Processes\"</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220230524/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html\">Archived</a> 20 December 2008 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>, chapter 8 in <i>Fundamentals of Physical Geography</i>, 2nd ed.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Atoptics-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Atoptics_22-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/nlc2.htm\">About NLCs, Polar Mesospheric Clouds</a>, from Atmospheric optics</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fog_formation-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fog_formation_23-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Ackerman\">Ackerman</a>, p. 109</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2009\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110512161339/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&amp;query=radiational+cooling&amp;submit=Search\">\"Radiational cooling\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society\" title=\"American Meteorological Society\">American Meteorological Society</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&amp;query=radiational+cooling&amp;submit=Search\">the original</a> on 12 May 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Radiational+cooling&amp;rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fp%3D1%26query%3Dradiational%2Bcooling%26submit%3DSearch&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFFovell,_Robert2004\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fovell, Robert (2004). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074155/http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf\">\"Approaches to saturation\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <a href=\"/wiki/UCLA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"UCLA\">University of California in Los Angeles</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf\">the original</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">7 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Approaches+to+saturation&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+in+Los+Angeles&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.au=Fovell%2C+Robert&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmos.ucla.edu%2F~fovell%2FAS3downloads%2Fsaturation.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-convection-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-convection_26-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPearce,_Robert_Penrose2002\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Pearce, Robert Penrose (2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&amp;pg=PA66\"><i>Meteorology at the Millennium</i></a>. Academic Press. p.&#160;66. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-548035-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-12-548035-2\"><bdi>978-0-12-548035-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Meteorology+at+the+Millennium&amp;rft.pages=66&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-548035-2&amp;rft.au=Pearce%2C+Robert+Penrose&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQECy_UBdyrcC%26pg%3DPA66&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFJetStream2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">JetStream (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081224062959/http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm\">\"Air Masses\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Weather_Service\" title=\"National Weather Service\">National Weather Service</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm\">the original</a> on 24 December 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Air+Masses&amp;rft.pub=National+Weather+Service&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=JetStream&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srh.weather.gov%2Fsrh%2Fjetstream%2Fsynoptic%2Fairmass.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNational_Weather_Service_Office2009\" class=\"citation web cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/National_Weather_Service\" title=\"National Weather Service\">National Weather Service</a> Office (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/otx/outreach/ttalk/virga.php\">\"Virga and Dry Thunderstorms\"</a>. Spokane, Washington: <a href=\"/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration\" title=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Virga+and+Dry+Thunderstorms&amp;rft.place=Spokane%2C+Washington&amp;rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=National+Weather+Service+Office&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrh.noaa.gov%2Fotx%2Foutreach%2Fttalk%2Fvirga.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFReiley,_H._EdwardShry,_Carroll_L.2002\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Reiley, H. Edward; Shry, Carroll L. (2002). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=jZvsnsLIkNsC&amp;pg=PA40\"><i>Introductory horticulture</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p.&#160;40. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7668-1567-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7668-1567-4\"><bdi>978-0-7668-1567-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introductory+horticulture&amp;rft.pages=40&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7668-1567-4&amp;rft.au=Reiley%2C+H.+Edward&amp;rft.au=Shry%2C+Carroll+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZvsnsLIkNsC%26pg%3DPA40&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Principles-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Principles_30-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification.html\">\"Principles, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Principles%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fprinciples-of-cloud-classification.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-31\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFE.C._BarrettC.K._Grant1976\" class=\"citation web cs1\">E.C. Barrett; C.K. Grant (1976). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19760014556\">\"The identification of cloud types in LANDSAT MSS images\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+identification+of+cloud+types+in+LANDSAT+MSS+images&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.au=E.C.+Barrett&amp;rft.au=C.K.+Grant&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fsearch.jsp%3FR%3D19760014556&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-meteorology-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-meteorology_32-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-meteorology_32-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-meteorology_32-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPilotfriend2016\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Pilotfriend, ed. (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.pilotfriend.com/av_weather/meteo/clouds.htm\">\"Meteorology\"</a>. Pilotfriend<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Meteorology&amp;rft.pub=Pilotfriend&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilotfriend.com%2Fav_weather%2Fmeteo%2Fclouds.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Stratiform-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Stratiform_33-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNASA2015\" class=\"citation web cs1\">NASA, ed. (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/Aero2000/studweb/glossary/stratcld.html\">\"Stratiform or Stratus Clouds\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratiform+or+Stratus+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2Fk-12%2FAero2000%2Fstudweb%2Fglossary%2Fstratcld.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cirrus-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cirrus_34-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cirrus_34-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cirrus.html\">\"Cirrus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cirrus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-cirrus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Multi-regime_convection-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Multi-regime_convection_35-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLaufersweilerShirer1995\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Laufersweiler, M. J.; Shirer, H. N. (1995). \"A theoretical model of multi-regime convection in a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer\". <i>Boundary-Layer Meteorology</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 373\u2013409. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995BoLMe..73..373L\">1995BoLMe..73..373L</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00712679\">10.1007/BF00712679</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123031505\">123031505</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Boundary-Layer+Meteorology&amp;rft.atitle=A+theoretical+model+of+multi-regime+convection+in+a+stratocumulus-topped+boundary+layer&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=373-409&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123031505%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00712679&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995BoLMe..73..373L&amp;rft.aulast=Laufersweiler&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+J.&amp;rft.au=Shirer%2C+H.+N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-castellanus-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-castellanus_36-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/species-altocumulus-castellanus-ac-cas.html\">\"Altocumulus Castellanus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Altocumulus+Castellanus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fspecies-altocumulus-castellanus-ac-cas.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-USA_Today-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-USA_Today_37-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation news cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/wcumulus.htm\">\"Cumulus clouds\"</a>. <i>Weather</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/USA_Today\" title=\"USA Today\">USA Today</a>. 16 October 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Weather&amp;rft.atitle=Cumulus+clouds&amp;rft.date=2005-10-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fweather%2Fwcumulus.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Stommel91-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Stommel91_38-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFStommel1947\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Stommel, H. (1947). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281947%29004%3C0091%3AEOAIAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">\"Entrainment of Air into a Cumulus Cloud\"</a>. <i>Journal of Meteorology</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 91\u201394. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947JAtS....4...91S\">1947JAtS....4...91S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281947%29004%3C0091%3AEOAIAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2\">10.1175/1520-0469(1947)004&#60;0091:EOAIAC&#62;2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Meteorology&amp;rft.atitle=Entrainment+of+Air+into+a+Cumulus+Cloud&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=91-94&amp;rft.date=1947&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281947%29004%3C0091%3AEOAIAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1947JAtS....4...91S&amp;rft.aulast=Stommel&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252F1520-0469%25281947%2529004%253C0091%253AEOAIAC%253E2.0.CO%253B2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mossop632-634-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Mossop632-634_39-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMossopHallett1974\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Mossop, S. C.; Hallett, J. (1974). \"Ice Crystal Concentration in Cumulus Clouds: Influence of the Drop Spectrum\". <i>Science</i>. <b>186</b> (4164): 632\u2013634. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Sci...186..632M\">1974Sci...186..632M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.186.4164.632\">10.1126/science.186.4164.632</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17833720\">17833720</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19285155\">19285155</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Ice+Crystal+Concentration+in+Cumulus+Clouds%3A+Influence+of+the+Drop+Spectrum&amp;rft.volume=186&amp;rft.issue=4164&amp;rft.pages=632-634&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.186.4164.632&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19285155%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17833720&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Sci...186..632M&amp;rft.aulast=Mossop&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+C.&amp;rft.au=Hallett%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-HOWTOREAD-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-HOWTOREAD_40-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">JetStream (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/wxmaps.htm\">How to read weather maps.</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20150101062001/http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/wxmaps.htm\">Archived</a> 1 January 2015 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a> <a href=\"/wiki/National_Weather_Service\" title=\"National Weather Service\">National Weather Service</a>. Retrieved on 16 May 2007.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-appearance-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-appearance_41-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/appearance-of-clouds.html\">\"Appearance of Clouds, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Appearance+of+Clouds%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fappearance-of-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-wmo-cloud_classifications-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-wmo-cloud_classifications_42-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-wmo-cloud_classifications_42-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization1995\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1995). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.weatheranswer.com/public/Clouds_WMO.pdf\">\"WMO cloud classifications\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20050226160200/http://www.weatheranswer.com/public/Clouds_WMO.pdf\">Archived</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 February 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=WMO+cloud+classifications&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheranswer.com%2Fpublic%2FClouds_WMO.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Cloud_type_identification-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Cloud_type_identification_43-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFColorado_State_University_Dept._of_Atmospheric_Science2015\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Colorado State University Dept. of Atmospheric Science, ed. (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/wmovl/VRL/Texts/SATELLITE_METEOROLOGY/CHAPTER-2.PDF\">\"Cloud type identification by satellites\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Colorado_State_University\" title=\"Colorado State University\">Colorado State University</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060411213048/http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/wmovl/VRL/Texts/SATELLITE_METEOROLOGY/CHAPTER-2.PDF\">Archived</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 April 2006<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+type+identification+by+satellites&amp;rft.pub=Colorado+State+University&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frammb.cira.colostate.edu%2Fwmovl%2FVRL%2FTexts%2FSATELLITE_METEOROLOGY%2FCHAPTER-2.PDF&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Jetstream_clouds-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Jetstream_clouds_44-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFVincent_J._Schaefer1952\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Vincent J. Schaefer (October 1952). \"Cloud Forms of the Jet Stream\". <i>Tellus</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 27\u201331. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Tell....5...27S\">1953Tell....5...27S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1953.tb01032.x\">10.1111/j.2153-3490.1953.tb01032.x</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tellus&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Forms+of+the+Jet+Stream&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=27-31&amp;rft.date=1952-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1953.tb01032.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Tell....5...27S&amp;rft.au=Vincent+J.+Schaefer&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cirrocumulus-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cirrocumulus_45-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cirrocumulus.html\">\"Cirrocumulus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cirrocumulus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-cirrocumulus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-YDN-364-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-YDN-364_46-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMiyazakiYoshidaDobashiNishita2001\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Miyazaki, R.; Yoshida, S.; Dobashi, Y.; Nishita, T. (2001). \"A method for modeling clouds based on atmospheric fluid dynamics\". <i>Proceedings Ninth Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. Pacific Graphics 2001</i>. p.&#160;363. <a href=\"/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"CiteSeerX (identifier)\">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.76.7428\">10.1.1.76.7428</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPCCGA.2001.962893\">10.1109/PCCGA.2001.962893</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-1227-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-1227-3\"><bdi>978-0-7695-1227-3</bdi></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6656499\">6656499</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=A+method+for+modeling+clouds+based+on+atmospheric+fluid+dynamics&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+Ninth+Pacific+Conference+on+Computer+Graphics+and+Applications.+Pacific+Graphics+2001&amp;rft.pages=363&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.76.7428%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6656499%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPCCGA.2001.962893&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7695-1227-3&amp;rft.aulast=Miyazaki&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Yoshida%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Dobashi%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Nishita%2C+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cirrostratus-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cirrostratus_47-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cirrostratus.html\">\"Cirrostratus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cirrostratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-cirrostratus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Altostratus-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Altostratus_48-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization1975\" class=\"citation book cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/manualonobservat00worl/page/35\"><i>Altostratus, International Cloud Atlas</i></a>. Vol.&#160;I. pp.&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/manualonobservat00worl/page/35\">35\u201337</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-63-10407-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-92-63-10407-6\"><bdi>978-92-63-10407-6</bdi></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Altostratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.pages=35-37&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-63-10407-6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualonobservat00worl%2Fpage%2F35&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-altocumulus-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-altocumulus_49-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-altocumulus.html\">\"Altocumulus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Altocumulus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-altocumulus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ac-compared-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ac-compared_50-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/ac-compared-with-cc.html\">\"Ac Compared With Cc, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ac+Compared+With+Cc%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fac-compared-with-cc.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mid-level-clouds-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mid-level-clouds_51-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMet_Office2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Met Office, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/clouds/mid-level-clouds/altocumulus\">\"Mid Level Clouds \u2013 Altocumulus\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mid+Level+Clouds+%E2%80%93+Altocumulus&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Flearning%2Fclouds%2Fmid-level-clouds%2Faltocumulus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-altostratus-52\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-altostratus_52-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-altostratus.html\">\"Altostratus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Altostratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-altostratus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stratocumulus-53\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stratocumulus_53-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510035919/https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-stratocumulus.html\">\"Stratocumulus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-stratocumulus.html\">the original</a> on 10 May 2017<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratocumulus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-stratocumulus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stratocumulus-precipitation-54\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stratocumulus-precipitation_54-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMet_Office2016\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Met Office, ed. (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/clouds/low-level-clouds/stratocumulus\">\"Stratocumulus\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratocumulus&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Flearning%2Fclouds%2Flow-level-clouds%2Fstratocumulus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cumulus-55\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cumulus_55-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cumulus_55-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cumulus_55-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cumulus.html\">\"Cumulus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cumulus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-cumulus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stratus-56\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stratus_56-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-stratus.html\">\"Stratus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-stratus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-drizzle-57\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-drizzle_57-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/drizzle.html\">\"Drizzle, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Drizzle%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fdrizzle.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-snow-grains-58\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-snow-grains_58-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/snow-grains.html\">\"Snow Grains, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Snow+Grains%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fsnow-grains.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stratus-fog-59\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stratus-fog_59-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFColorado_State_University2000\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Colorado State University, ed. (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/wmovl/vrl/tutorials/satmanu-eumetsat/SatManu/CMs/FgStr/backgr.htm\">\"Stratus and Fog\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratus+and+Fog&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frammb.cira.colostate.edu%2Fwmovl%2Fvrl%2Ftutorials%2Fsatmanu-eumetsat%2FSatManu%2FCMs%2FFgStr%2Fbackgr.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mist-fog-60\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-mist-fog_60-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMet_Office2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Met Office, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/fog/difference-mist-and-fog\">\"Difference Between Mist and Fog\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Difference+Between+Mist+and+Fog&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Flearning%2Ffog%2Fdifference-mist-and-fog&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nimbostratus-61\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nimbostratus_61-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-nimbostratus.html\">\"Nimbostratus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Nimbostratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-nimbostratus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cloud_atlas-62\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud_atlas_62-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFClouds_Online2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Clouds Online (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.clouds-online.com\">\"Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Clouds+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clouds-online.com&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Plymouth_State_Meteorology-63\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Plymouth_State_Meteorology_63-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKoermer,_Jim2011\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Koermer, Jim (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701173917/http://vortex.plymouth.edu/cloudboutique/\">\"Plymouth State Meteorology Program Cloud Boutique\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Plymouth_State_University\" title=\"Plymouth State University\">Plymouth State University</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://vortex.plymouth.edu/cloudboutique/\">the original</a> on 1 July 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Plymouth+State+Meteorology+Program+Cloud+Boutique&amp;rft.pub=Plymouth+State+University&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.au=Koermer%2C+Jim&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvortex.plymouth.edu%2Fcloudboutique%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-glossary-64\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-glossary_64-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFAmerican_Meteorological_Society2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">American Meteorological Society (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Nimbostratus\">\"Glossary of Meteorology\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Meteorology&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=American+Meteorological+Society&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglossary.ametsoc.org%2Fwiki%2FNimbostratus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-precipitating_clouds-65\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-precipitating_clouds_65-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Ackerman\">Ackerman</a>, p. 118</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nimbostratus_associated_with_deep_convection-66\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nimbostratus_associated_with_deep_convection_66-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHouze,_Robert_A.1994\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Houze, Robert A. (1994). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=5DKWGZwBBEYC&amp;pg=PA211\"><i>Cloud Dynamics</i></a>. Academic Press. p.&#160;211. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-050210-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-08-050210-6\"><bdi>978-0-08-050210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Dynamics&amp;rft.pages=211&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-08-050210-6&amp;rft.au=Houze%2C+Robert+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5DKWGZwBBEYC%26pg%3DPA211&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-67\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-67\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHatheway,_Becca2009\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Hatheway, Becca (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/clouds/cloud_types.html\">\"Cloud Types\"</a>. <i>Windows to the Universe, US National Earth Science Teachers Association (NESTA)</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Windows+to+the+Universe%2C+US+National+Earth+Science+Teachers+Association+%28NESTA%29&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Types&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Hatheway%2C+Becca&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windows2universe.org%2Fearth%2FAtmosphere%2Fclouds%2Fcloud_types.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-classification_of_clouds-68\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-classification_of_clouds_68-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/weather/A0857400.html\">\"cloud: Classification of Clouds\"</a>. <i>Infoplease.com</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Infoplease.com&amp;rft.atitle=cloud%3A+Classification+of+Clouds&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fce6%2Fweather%2FA0857400.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cumulonimbus-69\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cumulonimbus_69-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-genera-cumulonimbus.html\">\"Cumulonimbus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cumulonimbus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-genera-cumulonimbus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Scott2000-70\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Scott2000_70-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFScott_A2000\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Scott A (2000). \"The Pre-Quaternary history of fire\". <i>Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol</i>. <b>164</b> (1\u20134): 281\u2013329. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PPP...164..281S\">2000PPP...164..281S</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2800%2900192-9\">10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Palaeogeogr+Palaeoclimatol+Palaeoecol&amp;rft.atitle=The+Pre-Quaternary+history+of+fire&amp;rft.volume=164&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=281-329&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2800%2900192-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PPP...164..281S&amp;rft.au=Scott+A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ncar-71\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-ncar_71-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNational_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">National Center for Atmospheric Research (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100527170048/http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/research/meteorology/storms/hail.php\">\"Hail\"</a>. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.ncar.ucar.edu/research/meteorology/storms/hail.php\">the original</a> on 27 May 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hail&amp;rft.pub=University+Corporation+for+Atmospheric+Research&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=National+Center+for+Atmospheric+Research&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncar.ucar.edu%2Fresearch%2Fmeteorology%2Fstorms%2Fhail.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-72\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-72\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"/wiki/Ted_Fujita\" title=\"Ted Fujita\">Fujita, Ted</a> (1985). \"The Downburst, microburst and macroburst\". SMRP Research Paper 210.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Renno-73\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Renno_73-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFRenno2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Renno, N. O. (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73164/1/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x.pdf\">\"A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tellus A</i>. <b>60</b> (4): 688\u2013699. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008TellA..60..688R\">2008TellA..60..688R</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0870.2008.00331.x\">10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hdl (identifier)\">hdl</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F73164\">2027.42/73164</a></span>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502122954/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73164/1/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x.pdf\">Archived</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 May 2019.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Tellus+A&amp;rft.atitle=A+thermodynamically+general+theory+for+convective+vortices&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=688-699&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F73164&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0870.2008.00331.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008TellA..60..688R&amp;rft.aulast=Renno&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+O.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F73164%2F1%2Fj.1600-0870.2008.00331.x.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-species-74\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-species_74-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-species.html\">\"Species, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Species%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fprinciples-of-cloud-classification-species.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nebulosus-75\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-nebulosus_75-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-nebulosus_75-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-nebulosus.html\">\"Nebulosus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Nebulosus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-nebulosus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fibratus-76\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fibratus_76-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fibratus_76-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-fibratus.html\">\"Fibratus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Fibratus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-fibratus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-clouds_-_species_and_varieties-77\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-clouds_-_species_and_varieties_77-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFBoyd,_Sylke2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Boyd, Sylke (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101230041442/http://www.morris.umn.edu/~sboyd/weather/cloudsystems/Clouds_files/speciesandvarieties.htm\">\"Clouds \u2013 Species and Varieties\"</a>. <i>University of Minnesota</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.morris.umn.edu/~sboyd/weather/cloudsystems/Clouds_files/speciesandvarieties.htm\">the original</a> on 30 December 2010<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=University+of+Minnesota&amp;rft.atitle=Clouds+%E2%80%93+Species+and+Varieties&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Boyd%2C+Sylke&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morris.umn.edu%2F~sboyd%2Fweather%2Fcloudsystems%2FClouds_files%2Fspeciesandvarieties.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stratiformis-78\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stratiformis_78-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-stratiformis.html\">\"Stratiformis, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Stratiformis%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-stratiformis.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fractus-79\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-fractus_79-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-fractus.html\">\"Species Fractus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Species+Fractus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-fractus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pannus-80\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-pannus_80-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-pannus_80-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-accessory-pannus.html\">\"Accessory Cloud Pannus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Accessory+Cloud+Pannus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-accessory-pannus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Elevated_convection-81\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Elevated_convection_81-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFStephen_F._CorfidiSarah_J._CorfidiDavid_M_Schultz2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Stephen F. Corfidi; Sarah J. Corfidi; David M Schultz (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://zenodo.org/record/1234533\">\"Elevated Convection and Castellanus: Ambiguities, Significance, and Questions\"</a>. <i>Weather and Forecasting</i>. <b>23</b> (6): 1282. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008WtFor..23.1280C\">2008WtFor..23.1280C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2008WAF2222118.1\">10.1175/2008WAF2222118.1</a></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Weather+and+Forecasting&amp;rft.atitle=Elevated+Convection+and+Castellanus%3A+Ambiguities%2C+Significance%2C+and+Questions&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1282&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F2008WAF2222118.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008WtFor..23.1280C&amp;rft.au=Stephen+F.+Corfidi&amp;rft.au=Sarah+J.+Corfidi&amp;rft.au=David+M+Schultz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1234533&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-species-castellanus-82\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-species-castellanus_82-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-castellanus.html\">\"Species Castellanus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Species+Castellanus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-castellanus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-floccus-83\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-floccus_83-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-species-floccus.html\">\"Species Floccus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Species+Floccus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-species-floccus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-ICA2017-84\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-ICA2017_84-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ICA2017_84-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-ICA2017_84-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSutherland2017\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Sutherland, Scott (23 March 2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/cloud-atlas-leaps-into-21st-century-with-12-new-cloud-types/80685/\">\"Cloud Atlas leaps into 21st century with 12 new cloud types\"</a>. <i>The Weather Network</i>. Pelmorex Media<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">24 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Weather+Network&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Atlas+leaps+into+21st+century+with+12+new+cloud+types&amp;rft.date=2017-03-23&amp;rft.aulast=Sutherland&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweathernetwork.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcloud-atlas-leaps-into-21st-century-with-12-new-cloud-types%2F80685%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-stg-85\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-stg_85-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFAbbie_Thomas2003\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Abbie Thomas (7 August 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2003/08/07/2045486.htm\">\"Soaring the glory\"</a>. <i>ABC Science</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">30 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Soaring+the+glory&amp;rft.date=2003-08-07&amp;rft.au=Abbie+Thomas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Farticles%2F2003%2F08%2F07%2F2045486.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-varieties-86\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-varieties_86-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-varieties_86-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-varieties_86-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-varieties_86-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-varieties.html\">\"Varieties, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Varieties%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fprinciples-of-cloud-classification-varieties.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Aerographer2012-87\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer2012_87-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFAerographer/Meteorology2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Aerographer/Meteorology (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20121221005913/http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_20.htm\">\"Cloud Variety\"</a>. <i>meteorologytraining.tpub.com</i>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_20.htm\">the original</a> on 21 December 2012<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=meteorologytraining.tpub.com&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Variety&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Aerographer%2FMeteorology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteorologytraining.tpub.com%2F14269%2Fcss%2F14269_20.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-88\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-88\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1433a/\">\"Sculpting La Silla's Skies\"</a>. <i>www.eso.org</i>. ESO<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.eso.org&amp;rft.atitle=Sculpting+La+Silla%27s+Skies&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fpotw1433a%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Cumulus_Humilis-Skynews-89\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Cumulus_Humilis-Skynews_89-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFCumulus-skynews2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Cumulus-skynews (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cumulus-skynews.tumblr.com/post/49212742113/5a-cumulus-humilis-radiatus-the-latin-term\">\"Clouds: Their curious natures\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Clouds%3A+Their+curious+natures&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Cumulus-skynews&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcumulus-skynews.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F49212742113%2F5a-cumulus-humilis-radiatus-the-latin-term&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Pretor-Pinney20-90\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Pretor-Pinney20_90-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPretor-Pinney2007\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/Gavin_Pretor-Pinney\" title=\"Gavin Pretor-Pinney\">Pretor-Pinney, Gavin</a> (2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=ix4qy7FihDcC\"><i>The Cloudspotter's Guide: The Science, History, and Culture of Clouds</i></a>. Penguin Group. p.&#160;20. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-20331-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-101-20331-6\"><bdi>978-1-101-20331-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cloudspotter%27s+Guide%3A+The+Science%2C+History%2C+and+Culture+of+Clouds&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Group&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-101-20331-6&amp;rft.aulast=Pretor-Pinney&amp;rft.aufirst=Gavin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dix4qy7FihDcC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-radiatus-91\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-radiatus_91-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/clouds-varieties-radiatus.html\">\"Variety Radiatus, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Variety+Radiatus%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fclouds-varieties-radiatus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-features-92\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-6\"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-features_92-7\"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-supplementary-features.html\">\"Features, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Features%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fprinciples-of-cloud-classification-supplementary-features.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Dunlop77-78-93\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Dunlop77-78_93-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFDunlop2003\">Dunlop 2003</a>, pp.&#160;77\u201378</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cumulonimbus-incus-94\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-cumulonimbus-incus_94-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2009/08/cumulonimbus-incus.html\">\"Cumulonimbus Incus\"</a>. Universities Space Research Association. 5 August 2009<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cumulonimbus+Incus&amp;rft.pub=Universities+Space+Research+Association&amp;rft.date=2009-08-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepod.usra.edu%2Fblog%2F2009%2F08%2Fcumulonimbus-incus.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Aerographer-95\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Aerographer_95-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFAerographer/Meteorology2012\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Aerographer/Meteorology (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130518082044/http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_27.htm\">\"Roll cloud formation on cumulonimbus\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://meteorologytraining.tpub.com/14269/css/14269_27.htm\">the original</a> on 18 May 2013<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Roll+cloud+formation+on+cumulonimbus&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Aerographer%2FMeteorology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteorologytraining.tpub.com%2F14269%2Fcss%2F14269_27.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Dunlop79-96\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Dunlop79_96-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFDunlop2003\">Dunlop 2003</a>, p.&#160;79</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Ludlum473-97\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Ludlum473_97-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLudlum2000\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Ludlum, David McWilliams (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00ludl/page/473\"><i>National Audubon Society Field Guide to Weather</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. p.&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00ludl/page/473\">473</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40851-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40851-2\"><bdi>978-0-679-40851-2</bdi></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56559729\">56559729</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=National+Audubon+Society+Field+Guide+to+Weather&amp;rft.pages=473&amp;rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56559729&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-679-40851-2&amp;rft.aulast=Ludlum&amp;rft.aufirst=David+McWilliams&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faudubonsocietyfi00ludl%2Fpage%2F473&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-98\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-98\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFFox2014\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fox, Karen C. (30 December 2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/sun-surfing.html\">\"NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory Catches \"Surfer\" Waves on the Sun\"</a>. <i>NASA-The Sun-Earth Connection: Heliophysics</i>. NASA.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA-The+Sun-Earth+Connection%3A+Heliophysics&amp;rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Solar+Dynamics+Observatory+Catches+%22Surfer%22+Waves+on+the+Sun&amp;rft.date=2014-12-30&amp;rft.aulast=Fox&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fsunearth%2Fnews%2Fsun-surfing.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GarretI-99\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-GarretI_99-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFGarrettDean-DayLiuBarnett2006\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Garrett, T. J.; Dean-Day, J.; Liu, C.; Barnett, B.; Mace, G.; Baumgardner, D.; Webster, C.; Bui, T.; Read, W.; Minnis, P. (2006). \"Convective formation of pileus cloud near the tropopause\". <i>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 1185\u20131200. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ACP.....6.1185G\">2006ACP.....6.1185G</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-6-1185-2006\">10.5194/acp-6-1185-2006</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hdl (identifier)\">hdl</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20080015842\">2060/20080015842</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14440075\">14440075</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.atitle=Convective+formation+of+pileus+cloud+near+the+tropopause&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1185-1200&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20080015842&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14440075%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Facp-6-1185-2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ACP.....6.1185G&amp;rft.aulast=Garrett&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+J.&amp;rft.au=Dean-Day%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Barnett%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Mace%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Baumgardner%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Webster%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Bui%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Read%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Minnis%2C+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-mother-clouds-100\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-mother-clouds_100-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-mother-clouds_100-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/principles-of-cloud-classification-mother-clouds.html\">\"Mother clouds, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mother+clouds%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fprinciples-of-cloud-classification-mother-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-marine_clouds-101\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-marine_clouds_101-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKore.nFeingold2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Kore.n, I.; Feingold, G. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3753593\">\"Adaptive behavior of marine cellular clouds\"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>3</b>: 2507. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3E2507K\">2013NatSR...3E2507K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep02507\">10.1038/srep02507</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\">PMC</a>&#160;<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3753593\">3753593</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23978979\">23978979</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.atitle=Adaptive+behavior+of+marine+cellular+clouds&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.pages=2507&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3753593%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23978979&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep02507&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatSR...3E2507K&amp;rft.aulast=Kore.n&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.au=Feingold%2C+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3753593&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-102\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-102\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=5904\">\"Cloud Formations off the West Coast of South America\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory\" title=\"NASA Earth Observatory\">NASA Earth Observatory</a>. 5 October 2005<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cloud+Formations+off+the+West+Coast+of+South+America&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Earth+Observatory&amp;rft.date=2005-10-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D5904&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-103\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-103\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n, <i>Aerodynamics</i>. McGraw-Hill (1963): <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-067602-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-07-067602-2\">978-0-07-067602-2</a>. Dover (1994): <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43485-8\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43485-8\">978-0-486-43485-8</a>.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-vortex-street-104\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-vortex-street_104-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNational_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration2001\" class=\"citation web cs1\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ed. (2001). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=2270\">\"Vortex Streets\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Vortex+Streets&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D2270&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-105\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-105\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">For a larger image see <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/41000/41292/cldfrc_TMO_200910_lrg.png\">this image</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20100529185735/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/41000/41292/cldfrc_TMO_200910_lrg.png\">Archived</a> 29 May 2010 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a> at earthobservatory.nasa.gov</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-106\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-106\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_CLD_FR\">\"Cloud Fraction&#160;: Global Maps\"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Fraction+%3A+Global+Maps&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FGlobalMaps%2Fview.php%3Fd1%3DMODAL2_M_CLD_FR&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-107\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-107\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKondrat\u02b9ev,_Kirill_Iakovlevich2006\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Kondrat\u02b9ev, Kirill Iakovlevich (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=tcCTsENwgGYC&amp;pg=PA411\"><i>Atmospheric aerosol properties: formation, processes and impacts</i></a>. Springer. p.&#160;403. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26263-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26263-3\"><bdi>978-3-540-26263-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Atmospheric+aerosol+properties%3A+formation%2C+processes+and+impacts&amp;rft.pages=403&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-26263-3&amp;rft.au=Kondrat%CA%B9ev%2C+Kirill+Iakovlevich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtcCTsENwgGYC%26pg%3DPA411&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Convergence/divergence-108\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Convergence/divergence_108-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Convergence/divergence_108-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWei-hung,_Leung2010\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Wei-hung, Leung (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20191026053144/http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele-condiv-e.htm\">\"Meteorology Basics: Convergence and Divergence\"</a>. Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele-condiv-e.htm\">the original</a> on 26 October 2019<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">8 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Meteorology+Basics%3A+Convergence+and+Divergence&amp;rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Observatory&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.au=Wei-hung%2C+Leung&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hko.gov.hk%2Feducation%2Fedu01met%2Fwxphe%2Fele-condiv-e.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-noaa-109\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-noaa_109-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream//tropics/itcz.htm\">\"Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone\"</a>. <i>JetStream \u2013 Online School for Weather</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/NOAA\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"NOAA\">NOAA</a>. 24 October 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=JetStream+%E2%80%93+Online+School+for+Weather&amp;rft.atitle=Inter-Tropical+Convergence+Zone&amp;rft.date=2007-10-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srh.noaa.gov%2Fjetstream%2F%2Ftropics%2Fitcz.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-The_Climate_System:_General_Circulation_and_Climate_Zones-110\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-The_Climate_System:_General_Circulation_and_Climate_Zones_110-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKushnir,_Yochanan2000\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Kushnir, Yochanan (2000). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20040822022845/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/gen_circ/index.html\">\"The Climate System: General Circulation and Climate Zones\"</a>. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/gen_circ/index.html\">the original</a> on 22 August 2004<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Climate+System%3A+General+Circulation+and+Climate+Zones&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.au=Kushnir%2C+Yochanan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feesc.columbia.edu%2Fcourses%2Fees%2Fclimate%2Flectures%2Fgen_circ%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-111\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-111\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWilliams,_Jack1997\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Williams, Jack (27 June 1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/weather/wstorm.htm\">\"Extratropical storms are major weather makers\"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Extratropical+storms+are+major+weather+makers&amp;rft.date=1997-06-27&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C+Jack&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fweather%2Fwstorm.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-subtropical-ridge-112\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-subtropical-ridge_112-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFCaiVan_RenschCowan2011\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Cai, Wenju; Van Rensch, Peter; Cowan, Tim (2011). \"Subtropical Ridge\". <i>Journal of Climate</i>. <b>24</b> (23): 6035. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.6035C\">2011JCli...24.6035C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2011JCLI4149.1\">10.1175/2011JCLI4149.1</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59145525\">59145525</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&amp;rft.atitle=Subtropical+Ridge&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=23&amp;rft.pages=6035&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59145525%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F2011JCLI4149.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JCli...24.6035C&amp;rft.aulast=Cai&amp;rft.aufirst=Wenju&amp;rft.au=Van+Rensch%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Cowan%2C+Tim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-pressure-belts-113\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-pressure-belts_113-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPMF_IAS2015\" class=\"citation web cs1\">PMF IAS, ed. (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.pmfias.com/pressure-belts-pressure-systems-equatorial-low-sub-tropical-high-sub-polar-low-polar-high/\">\"Atmospheric Pressure Belts and Wind Systems PMF IAS Pressure Belts\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Atmospheric+Pressure+Belts+and+Wind+Systems+PMF+IAS+Pressure+Belts&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmfias.com%2Fpressure-belts-pressure-systems-equatorial-low-sub-tropical-high-sub-polar-low-polar-high%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Luminance-114\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Luminance_114-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Luminance_114-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/appearance-of-clouds-luminance.html\">\"Luminance, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Luminance%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fappearance-of-clouds-luminance.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Steven_Salter_and_John_Latham-115\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Steven_Salter_and_John_Latham_115-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.21stcenturychallenges.org/60-seconds/increasing-cloud-reflectivity/\">Increasing Cloud Reflectivity</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511051600/http://www.21stcenturychallenges.org/60-seconds/increasing-cloud-reflectivity/\">Archived</a> 11 May 2013 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Wayback_Machine\" title=\"Wayback Machine\">Wayback Machine</a>, Royal Geographical Society, 2010.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Bette_Hileman-116\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Bette_Hileman_116-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHileman1995\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hileman, B. (1995). \"Clouds absorb more solar radiation than researchers previously thought\". <i>Chemical &amp; Engineering News</i>. <b>73</b> (7): 33. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v073n007.p033\">10.1021/cen-v073n007.p033</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&amp;rft.atitle=Clouds+absorb+more+solar+radiation+than+researchers+previously+thought&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v073n007.p033&amp;rft.aulast=Hileman&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Coloration-117\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Coloration_117-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Coloration_117-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/appearance-of-clouds-colour.html\">\"Coloration, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">13 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Coloration%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fappearance-of-clouds-colour.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Curiosities-118\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Curiosities_118-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Wisconsin-Madison-News2007\" class=\"citation web cs1\">University of Wisconsin-Madison-News, ed. (2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/14039\">\"Curiosities-Green sky before tornado\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">17 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Curiosities-Green+sky+before+tornado&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.wisc.edu%2F14039&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Garrett_Nagle-119\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Garrett_Nagle_119-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNagle,_Garrett1998\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Nagle, Garrett (1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=qC1l1RdWpIwC&amp;pg=PA101\">\"10. Cities and Air Pollution\"</a>. <i>Hazards</i>. Nelson Thornes. p.&#160;101. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-490022-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-17-490022-1\"><bdi>978-0-17-490022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=10.+Cities+and+Air+Pollution&amp;rft.btitle=Hazards&amp;rft.pages=101&amp;rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-17-490022-1&amp;rft.au=Nagle%2C+Garrett&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqC1l1RdWpIwC%26pg%3DPA101&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-cloud-heating-120\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud-heating_120-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-cloud-heating_120-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/role.html\">\"Cloud Climatology\"</a>. <i>International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program</i>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">12 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Satellite+Cloud+Climatology+Program&amp;rft.atitle=Cloud+Climatology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisccp.giss.nasa.gov%2Frole.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect-121\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Clouds_and_the_greenhouse_effect_121-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#Ackerman\">Ackerman</a>, p. 124</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Nucleation-122\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Nucleation_122-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFFranks2003\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Franks, F. (2003). \"Nucleation of ice and its management in ecosystems\". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>361</b> (1804): 557\u201374. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003RSPTA.361..557F\">2003RSPTA.361..557F</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2002.1141\">10.1098/rsta.2002.1141</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12662454\">12662454</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25606767\">25606767</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Nucleation+of+ice+and+its+management+in+ecosystems&amp;rft.volume=361&amp;rft.issue=1804&amp;rft.pages=557-74&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2002.1141&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25606767%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12662454&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003RSPTA.361..557F&amp;rft.aulast=Franks&amp;rft.aufirst=F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-123\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-123\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWolchover2019\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Wolchover, Natalie (25 February 2019). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.quantamagazine.org/cloud-loss-could-add-8-degrees-to-global-warming-20190225/\">\"A World Without Clouds\"</a>. <i>Quanta Magazine</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Quanta+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=A+World+Without+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2019-02-25&amp;rft.aulast=Wolchover&amp;rft.aufirst=Natalie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantamagazine.org%2Fcloud-loss-could-add-8-degrees-to-global-warming-20190225%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-124\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-124\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFBony2005\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Bony, S. (2005). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL023851\">\"Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models\"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>32</b> (20): L20806. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3220806B\">2005GeoRL..3220806B</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL023851\">10.1029/2005GL023851</a></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Marine+boundary+layer+clouds+at+the+heart+of+tropical+cloud+feedback+uncertainties+in+climate+models&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=L20806&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005GL023851&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GeoRL..3220806B&amp;rft.aulast=Bony&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2005GL023851&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-125\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-125\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMedeirosStevensHeldZhao2008\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Medeiros, B.; Stevens, B.; Held, I. M.; Zhao, M.; Williamson, D. L.; Olson, J. G.; Bretherton, C. S. (2008). \"Aquaplanets, Climate Sensitivity, and Low Clouds\". <i>Journal of Climate</i>. <b>21</b> (19): 4974\u20134991. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JCli...21.4974M\">2008JCli...21.4974M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"CiteSeerX (identifier)\">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.620.6314\">10.1.1.620.6314</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2008JCLI1995.1\">10.1175/2008JCLI1995.1</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&amp;rft.atitle=Aquaplanets%2C+Climate+Sensitivity%2C+and+Low+Clouds&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=4974-4991&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.620.6314%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F2008JCLI1995.1&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JCli...21.4974M&amp;rft.aulast=Medeiros&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.au=Stevens%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Held%2C+I.+M.&amp;rft.au=Zhao%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Williamson%2C+D.+L.&amp;rft.au=Olson%2C+J.+G.&amp;rft.au=Bretherton%2C+C.+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-126\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-126\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch72021\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Forster, P.; Storelvmo, T.; Armour, K.; Collins, W. (2021). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf\">\"Chapter 7: The Earth's energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href=\"#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG12021\">IPCC AR6 WG1 2021</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+The+Earth%27s+energy+budget%2C+climate+feedbacks%2C+and+climate+sensitivity&amp;rft.btitle=IPCC+AR6+WG1+2021&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.aulast=Forster&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft.au=Storelvmo%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Armour%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Collins%2C+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span> From pp 1022: \"The cloud feedback could either amplify or offset some of the future warming and has long been the biggest source of uncertainty in climate projections.\"</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-127\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-127\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.today/20111114194612/https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/question.jsp\">\"Will Clouds Speed or Slow Global Warming?\"</a>. National Science Foundation. Archived from <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/clouds/question.jsp\">the original</a> on 14 November 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Will+Clouds+Speed+or+Slow+Global+Warming%3F&amp;rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fspecial_reports%2Fclouds%2Fquestion.jsp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-PSC-128\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-PSC_128-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/nitric-acid-and-water-polar-stratospheric-clouds.html\">\"Nitric acid and water PSC, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Nitric+acid+and+water+PSC%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnitric-acid-and-water-polar-stratospheric-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-nacreous-129\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-nacreous_129-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/nacreous-clouds.html\">\"Nacreous PSC, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Nacreous+PSC%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnacreous-clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-autogenerated2-130\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-autogenerated2_130-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFLes_Cowley2011\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Les Cowley (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/nacr1.htm\">\"Nacreous clouds\"</a>. <i>atoptics.co.uk</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=atoptics.co.uk&amp;rft.atitle=Nacreous+clouds&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.au=Les+Cowley&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoptics.co.uk%2Fhighsky%2Fnacr1.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-autogenerated1-131\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-autogenerated1_131-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMichael_GadsdenPekka_Parviainen2006\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Michael Gadsden; Pekka Parviainen (September 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.iugg.org/IAGA/iaga_pages/pdf/ONC_Sep06.pdf\"><i>Observing Noctilucent Clouds</i></a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. International Association of Geomagnetism &amp; Aeronomy. p.&#160;9<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Observing+Noctilucent+Clouds&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=International+Association+of+Geomagnetism+%26+Aeronomy&amp;rft.date=2006-09&amp;rft.au=Michael+Gadsden&amp;rft.au=Pekka+Parviainen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iugg.org%2FIAGA%2Fiaga_pages%2Fpdf%2FONC_Sep06.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-simulation_studies-132\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-simulation_studies_132-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-simulation_studies_132-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFTurcoToonWhittenKeesee1982\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Turco, R. P.; Toon, O. B.; Whitten, R. C.; Keesee, R. G.; Hollenbach, D. (1982). \"Noctilucent clouds: Simulation studies of their genesis, properties and global influences\". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>30</b> (11): 1147\u20131181. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982P&amp;SS...30.1147T\">1982P&#38;SS...30.1147T</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-0633%2882%2990126-X\">10.1016/0032-0633(82)90126-X</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Noctilucent+clouds%3A+Simulation+studies+of+their+genesis%2C+properties+and+global+influences&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=1147-1181&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0032-0633%2882%2990126-X&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982P%26SS...30.1147T&amp;rft.aulast=Turco&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+P.&amp;rft.au=Toon%2C+O.+B.&amp;rft.au=Whitten%2C+R.+C.&amp;rft.au=Keesee%2C+R.+G.&amp;rft.au=Hollenbach%2C+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-noctilucent-cloud-133\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-noctilucent-cloud_133-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFProject_Possum2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Project Possum, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://projectpossum.org/research/noctilucent-cloud/about-noctilucent-clouds/\">\"About Noctiluent Clouds\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=About+Noctiluent+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojectpossum.org%2Fresearch%2Fnoctilucent-cloud%2Fabout-noctilucent-clouds%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-sounding_rocket-134\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-sounding_rocket_134-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFFox,_Karen_C.2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Fox, Karen C. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/CHAMPS-NLCs.html#.UkqY0BAxIgq\">\"NASA Sounding Rocket Observes the Seeds of Noctilucent Clouds\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Sounding+Rocket+Observes+the+Seeds+of+Noctilucent+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Fox%2C+Karen+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fsunearth%2Fnews%2FCHAMPS-NLCs.html%23.UkqY0BAxIgq&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-veils-135\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-veils_135-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-I-veils.html\">\"Type I Veils, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Type+I+Veils%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnoctilucent-clouds-type-I-veils.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-bands-136\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-bands_136-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-II-bands.html\">\"Type II Bands, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Type+II+Bands%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnoctilucent-clouds-type-II-bands.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-billows-137\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-billows_137-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-III-billows.html\">\"Type III Billows, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Type+III+Billows%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnoctilucent-clouds-type-III-billows.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-whirls-138\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-whirls_138-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization2017\" class=\"citation web cs1\">World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/noctilucent-clouds-type-IV-whirls.html\">\"Type IV Whirls, International Cloud Atlas\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Type+IV+Whirls%2C+International+Cloud+Atlas&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudatlas.wmo.int%2Fnoctilucent-clouds-type-IV-whirls.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Bougher-127-129-139\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Bougher-127-129_139-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFBougherPhillips1997\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Bougher, Stephen Wesley; Phillips, Roger (1997). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=b93lEgkPquoC&amp;pg=PA128\"><i>Venus II: Geology, Geophysics, Atmosphere, and Solar Wind Environment</i></a>. University of Arizona Press. pp.&#160;127\u2013129. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1830-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1830-2\"><bdi>978-0-8165-1830-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Venus+II%3A+Geology%2C+Geophysics%2C+Atmosphere%2C+and+Solar+Wind+Environment&amp;rft.pages=127-129&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1830-2&amp;rft.aulast=Bougher&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+Wesley&amp;rft.au=Phillips%2C+Roger&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db93lEgkPquoC%26pg%3DPA128&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mysterious_waves-140\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Mysterious_waves_140-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFShiga,_David2006\" class=\"citation magazine cs1\">Shiga, David (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10497-mysterious-waves-seen-in-venuss-clouds.html#.UnjSlRAxKQx\">\"Mysterious waves seen in Venus's clouds\"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Mysterious+waves+seen+in+Venus%27s+clouds&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.au=Shiga%2C+David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn10497-mysterious-waves-seen-in-venuss-clouds.html%23.UnjSlRAxKQx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-141\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-141\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSPACE.com_staff2006\" class=\"citation web cs1\">SPACE.com staff (28 August 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060828_mars_clouds.html\">\"Mars Clouds Higher Than Any on Earth\"</a>. SPACE.com.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mars+Clouds+Higher+Than+Any+on+Earth&amp;rft.pub=SPACE.com&amp;rft.date=2006-08-28&amp;rft.au=SPACE.com+staff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2F060828_mars_clouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA-photo-142\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-photo_142-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/images/press/16145-animated.html\">\"Clouds Move Across Mars Horizon\"</a>. <i>Phoenix Photographs</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. 19 September 2008<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Photographs&amp;rft.atitle=Clouds+Move+Across+Mars+Horizon&amp;rft.date=2008-09-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fphoenix%2Fimages%2Fpress%2F16145-animated.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Mars-clouds-143\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Mars-clouds_143-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://history.nasa.gov/SP-441/ch12.htm\">\"NASA SP-441: Viking Orbiter Views of Mars\"</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+SP-441%3A+Viking+Orbiter+Views+of+Mars&amp;rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-441%2Fch12.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-144\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-144\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPhillips2010\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Phillips, Tony (20 May 2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/20may_loststripe/\">\"Big Mystery: Jupiter Loses a Stripe\"</a>. <i>Nasa Headline News \u2013 2010</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Nasa+Headline+News+%E2%80%93+2010&amp;rft.atitle=Big+Mystery%3A+Jupiter+Loses+a+Stripe&amp;rft.date=2010-05-20&amp;rft.aulast=Phillips&amp;rft.aufirst=Tony&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F2010%2F20may_loststripe%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-145\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-145\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFDoughertyEsposito2009\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Dougherty, Michele; Esposito, Larry (November 2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=M56CHHxVMP4C&amp;pg=PA118\"><i>Saturn from Cassini-Huygens</i></a> (1&#160;ed.). Springer. p.&#160;118. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9216-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9216-9\"><bdi>978-1-4020-9216-9</bdi></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/527635272\">527635272</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn+from+Cassini-Huygens&amp;rft.pages=118&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2009-11&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F527635272&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9216-9&amp;rft.aulast=Dougherty&amp;rft.aufirst=Michele&amp;rft.au=Esposito%2C+Larry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM56CHHxVMP4C%26pg%3DPA118&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-146\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-146\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFIngersoll,_A.P.Dowling,_T.E.Gierasch,_P.J.Orton,_G.S.\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Ingersoll, A.P.; Dowling, T.E.; Gierasch, P.J.; Orton, G.S.; Read, P.L.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Showman, A.P.; Simon-Miller, A.A.; Vasavada, A.R. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/ingersolletal-2004.pdf\">\"Dynamics of Jupiter's Atmosphere\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. Lunar &amp; Planetary Institute. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070418104027/http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/ingersolletal-2004.pdf\">Archived</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 April 2007<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Jupiter%27s+Atmosphere&amp;rft.pub=Lunar+%26+Planetary+Institute&amp;rft.au=Ingersoll%2C+A.P.&amp;rft.au=Dowling%2C+T.E.&amp;rft.au=Gierasch%2C+P.J.&amp;rft.au=Orton%2C+G.S.&amp;rft.au=Read%2C+P.L.&amp;rft.au=Sanchez-Lavega%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Showman%2C+A.P.&amp;rft.au=Simon-Miller%2C+A.A.&amp;rft.au=Vasavada%2C+A.R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpl.arizona.edu%2F~showman%2Fpublications%2Fingersolletal-2004.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-147\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-147\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMonterrey_Institute_for_Research_in_Astronomy2006\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Monterrey Institute for Research in Astronomy (11 August 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.mira.org/fts0/planets/100/text/txt002x.htm\">\"Saturn\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">31 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Saturn&amp;rft.date=2006-08-11&amp;rft.au=Monterrey+Institute+for+Research+in+Astronomy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mira.org%2Ffts0%2Fplanets%2F100%2Ftext%2Ftxt002x.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Jupiter-clouds-148\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Jupiter-clouds_148-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia00506\">\"Thunderheads on Jupiter\"</a>. <i>Jet Propulsion Laboratory</i>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&amp;rft.atitle=Thunderheads+on+Jupiter&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotojournal.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fcatalog%2Fpia00506&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Saturn-clouds-149\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Saturn-clouds_149-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMinard2008\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Minard, Anne (14 October 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/10/081014-saturn-cyclones.html\">\"Mysterious Cyclones Seen at Both of Saturn's Poles\"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. National Geographic<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&amp;rft.atitle=Mysterious+Cyclones+Seen+at+Both+of+Saturn%27s+Poles&amp;rft.date=2008-10-14&amp;rft.aulast=Minard&amp;rft.aufirst=Anne&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F10%2F081014-saturn-cyclones.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Neptune&#39;s_Atmosphere-150\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Neptune&#39;s_Atmosphere_150-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFTaylor_Redd,_Nola2012\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Taylor Redd, Nola (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.space.com/18922-neptune-atmosphere.html\">\"Neptune's Atmosphere: Composition, Climate, &amp; Weather\"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft.atitle=Neptune%27s+Atmosphere%3A+Composition%2C+Climate%2C+%26+Weather&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.au=Taylor+Redd%2C+Nola&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F18922-neptune-atmosphere.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Uranus-clouds-151\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Uranus-clouds_151-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFBoyle2012\" class=\"citation magazine cs1\">Boyle, Rebecca (18 October 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-10/most-richly-detailed-image-ever-taken-icy-distant-uranus\">\"Check Out The Most Richly Detailed Image Ever Taken of Uranus\"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Check+Out+The+Most+Richly+Detailed+Image+Ever+Taken+of+Uranus&amp;rft.date=2012-10-18&amp;rft.aulast=Boyle&amp;rft.aufirst=Rebecca&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F2012-10%2Fmost-richly-detailed-image-ever-taken-icy-distant-uranus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Irwin-115-152\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Irwin-115_152-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFIrwin2003\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Irwin, Patrick (July 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=p8wCsJweUb0C&amp;pg=PA115\"><i>Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure</i></a> (1&#160;ed.). Springer. p.&#160;115. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00681-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-540-00681-7\"><bdi>978-3-540-00681-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Giant+Planets+of+Our+Solar+System%3A+Atmospheres%2C+Composition%2C+and+Structure&amp;rft.pages=115&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2003-07&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-00681-7&amp;rft.aulast=Irwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp8wCsJweUb0C%26pg%3DPA115&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-elkins-tanton-153\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_153-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFElkins-Tanton,_Linda_T.2006\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/uranusneptuneplu00elki/page/79\"><i>Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, and the Outer Solar System</i></a>. New York: Chelsea House. pp.&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/uranusneptuneplu00elki/page/79\">79\u201383</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5197-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5197-7\"><bdi>978-0-8160-5197-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Uranus%2C+Neptune%2C+Pluto%2C+and+the+Outer+Solar+System&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=79-83&amp;rft.pub=Chelsea+House&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5197-7&amp;rft.au=Elkins-Tanton%2C+Linda+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Furanusneptuneplu00elki%2Fpage%2F79&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Coustenis155-154\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Coustenis155_154-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFAth\u00e9na_CoustenisF.W._Taylor2008\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Ath\u00e9na Coustenis; F.W. Taylor (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=j3O47dxrDAQC\"><i>Titan: Exploring an Earthlike World</i></a>. World Scientific. pp.&#160;154\u2013155. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-270-501-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-981-270-501-3\"><bdi>978-981-270-501-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Titan%3A+Exploring+an+Earthlike+World&amp;rft.pages=154-155&amp;rft.pub=World+Scientific&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-270-501-3&amp;rft.au=Ath%C3%A9na+Coustenis&amp;rft.au=F.W.+Taylor&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3O47dxrDAQC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-155\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-155\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/titan-clouds_prt.htm\">\"Surprise Hidden in Titan's Smog: Cirrus-Like Clouds\"</a>. <i>Mission News</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"National Aeronautics and Space Administration\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>. 3 February 2011<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">16 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mission+News&amp;rft.atitle=Surprise+Hidden+in+Titan%27s+Smog%3A+Cirrus-Like+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2011-02-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fwhycassini%2Ftitan-clouds_prt.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Clouds_on_titan-156\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Clouds_on_titan_156-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFElizabeth_Zubritsky2016\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Elizabeth Zubritsky (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-scientists-find-impossible-cloud-on-titan-again\">\"NASA Scientists find impossible cloud on titan\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Scientists+find+impossible+cloud+on+titan&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.au=Elizabeth+Zubritsky&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fgoddard%2F2016%2Fnasa-scientists-find-impossible-cloud-on-titan-again&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-methane-cycle-157\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-methane-cycle_157-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNational_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration2008\" class=\"citation web cs1\">National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ed. (2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-20080730.html\">\"NASA Confirms Liquid Lake on Saturn Moon, Cassini Mission News\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA+Confirms+Liquid+Lake+on+Saturn+Moon%2C+Cassini+Mission+News&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fcassini%2Fmedia%2Fcassini-20080730.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-MIT-20131002-158\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-MIT-20131002_158-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFChu2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Chu, Jennifer (2 October 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/scientists-generate-first-map-of-clouds-on-kepler-7b-1003.html\">\"Scientists generate first map of clouds on an exoplanet\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/MIT\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"MIT\">MIT</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=MIT&amp;rft.atitle=Scientists+generate+first+map+of+clouds+on+an+exoplanet&amp;rft.date=2013-10-02&amp;rft.aulast=Chu&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fnewsoffice%2F2013%2Fscientists-generate-first-map-of-clouds-on-kepler-7b-1003.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-159\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-159\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFDemoryDe_WitLewisFortney2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Demory, B. O.; De Wit, J.; Lewis, N.; Fortney, J.; Zsom, A.; Seager, S.; Knutson, H.; Heng, K.; Madhusudhan, N.; Gillon, M.; Barclay, T.; Desert, J. M.; Parmentier, V.; Cowan, N. B. (2013). \"Inference of Inhomogeneous Clouds in an Exoplanet Atmosphere\". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>776</b> (2): L25. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ArXiv (identifier)\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1309.7894\">1309.7894</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...776L..25D\">2013ApJ...776L..25D</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F776%2F2%2FL25\">10.1088/2041-8205/776/2/L25</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:701011\">701011</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Inference+of+Inhomogeneous+Clouds+in+an+Exoplanet+Atmosphere&amp;rft.volume=776&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=L25&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1309.7894&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A701011%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F776%2F2%2FL25&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ApJ...776L..25D&amp;rft.aulast=Demory&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+O.&amp;rft.au=De+Wit%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Fortney%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Zsom%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Seager%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Knutson%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Heng%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Madhusudhan%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Gillon%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Barclay%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Desert%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Parmentier%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Cowan%2C+N.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NASA-20131231-160\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NASA-20131231_160-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHarringtonWeaverVillard2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Harrington, J.D.; Weaver, Donna; Villard, Ray (31 December 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/december/nasas-hubble-sees-cloudy-super-worlds-with-chance-for-more-clouds/\">\"Release 13-383 \u2013 NASA's Hubble Sees Cloudy Super-Worlds With Chance for More Clouds\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/NASA\" title=\"NASA\">NASA</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft.atitle=Release+13-383+%E2%80%93+NASA%27s+Hubble+Sees+Cloudy+Super-Worlds+With+Chance+for+More+Clouds&amp;rft.date=2013-12-31&amp;rft.aulast=Harrington&amp;rft.aufirst=J.D.&amp;rft.au=Weaver%2C+Donna&amp;rft.au=Villard%2C+Ray&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress%2F2013%2Fdecember%2Fnasas-hubble-sees-cloudy-super-worlds-with-chance-for-more-clouds%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NAT-20140101a-161\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NAT-20140101a_161-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFMoses2014\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Moses, J. (2014). \"Extrasolar planets: Cloudy with a chance of dustballs\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>505</b> (7481): 31\u201332. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505...31M\">2014Natur.505...31M</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F505031a\">10.1038/505031a</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24380949\">24380949</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4408861\">4408861</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Extrasolar+planets%3A+Cloudy+with+a+chance+of+dustballs&amp;rft.volume=505&amp;rft.issue=7481&amp;rft.pages=31-32&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F505031a&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4408861%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24380949&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.505...31M&amp;rft.aulast=Moses&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NAT-20140101b-162\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NAT-20140101b_162-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKnutsonBennekeDemingHomeier2014\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Knutson, H. A.; Benneke, B. R.; Deming, D.; Homeier, D. (2014). \"A featureless transmission spectrum for the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>505</b> (7481): 66\u201368. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ArXiv (identifier)\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.3350\">1401.3350</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505...66K\">2014Natur.505...66K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12887\">10.1038/nature12887</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24380953\">24380953</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4454617\">4454617</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=A+featureless+transmission+spectrum+for+the+Neptune-mass+exoplanet+GJ+436b&amp;rft.volume=505&amp;rft.issue=7481&amp;rft.pages=66-68&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4454617%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.505...66K&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1401.3350&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24380953&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12887&amp;rft.aulast=Knutson&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+A.&amp;rft.au=Benneke%2C+B.+R.&amp;rft.au=Deming%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Homeier%2C+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-NAT-20140101c-163\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-NAT-20140101c_163-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKreidbergBeanD\u00e9sertBenneke2014\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Kreidberg, L.; Bean, J. L.; D\u00e9sert, J. M.; Benneke, B. R.; Deming, D.; Stevenson, K. B.; Seager, S.; Berta-Thompson, Z.; Seifahrt, A.; Homeier, D. (2014). \"Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b\". <i>Nature</i>. <b>505</b> (7481): 69\u201372. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ArXiv (identifier)\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.0022\">1401.0022</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505...69K\">2014Natur.505...69K</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12888\">10.1038/nature12888</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24380954\">24380954</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4447642\">4447642</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Clouds+in+the+atmosphere+of+the+super-Earth+exoplanet+GJ+1214b&amp;rft.volume=505&amp;rft.issue=7481&amp;rft.pages=69-72&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4447642%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.505...69K&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1401.0022&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24380954&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12888&amp;rft.aulast=Kreidberg&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Bean%2C+J.+L.&amp;rft.au=D%C3%A9sert%2C+J.+M.&amp;rft.au=Benneke%2C+B.+R.&amp;rft.au=Deming%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Stevenson%2C+K.+B.&amp;rft.au=Seager%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Berta-Thompson%2C+Z.&amp;rft.au=Seifahrt%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Homeier%2C+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Gertz-164\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Gertz_164-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Gertz_164-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFGertz2014\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Gertz, Jan Christian (2014). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=TmGeBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA111\">\"The Miracle at the Sea: Remarks on the Recent Discussion about Origin and Composition of the Exodus Narrative\"</a>. <i>The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p.&#160;111. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28266-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28266-7\"><bdi>978-90-04-28266-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Miracle+at+the+Sea%3A+Remarks+on+the+Recent+Discussion+about+Origin+and+Composition+of+the+Exodus+Narrative&amp;rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Exodus%3A+Composition%2C+Reception%2C+and+Interpretation&amp;rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&amp;rft.pages=111&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-28266-7&amp;rft.aulast=Gertz&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan+Christian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTmGeBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Nemet-Nejat-165\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Nemet-Nejat_165-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Nemet-Nejat_165-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Karen_Rhea_Nemet-Nejat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat (page does not exist)\">Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea</a> (1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/182\"><i>Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</i></a>. Daily Life. Greenwood. p.&#160;<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/182\">182</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313294976\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0313294976\"><bdi>978-0313294976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&amp;rft.series=Daily+Life&amp;rft.pages=182&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0313294976&amp;rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme%2Fpage%2F182&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-GR_Gelbert-166\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_166-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFGelbert2011\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Gelbert, Carlos (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/\"><i>Ginza Rba</i></a>. Sydney: Living Water Books. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958034630\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9780958034630\"><bdi>9780958034630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ginza+Rba&amp;rft.place=Sydney&amp;rft.pub=Living+Water+Books&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=9780958034630&amp;rft.aulast=Gelbert&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivingwaterbooks.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fginza-rba%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Strauss1966-167\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Strauss1966_167-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFStrauss1966\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Strauss, Leo (1966). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=Vce_OEKtTf4C\"><i>Socrates and Aristophanes</i></a>. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp.&#160;17\u201321, 29. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77719-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77719-1\"><bdi>978-0-226-77719-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Socrates+and+Aristophanes&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&amp;rft.pages=17-21%2C+29&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1966&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-77719-1&amp;rft.aulast=Strauss&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVce_OEKtTf4C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Roche-168\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Roche_168-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Roche_168-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFRoche2005\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Roche, Paul (2005). <i>Aristophanes: The Complete Plays: A New Translation by Paul Roche</i>. New York City, New York: New American Library. pp.&#160;149\u2013150. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21409-6\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-451-21409-6\"><bdi>978-0-451-21409-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aristophanes%3A+The+Complete+Plays%3A+A+New+Translation+by+Paul+Roche&amp;rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pages=149-150&amp;rft.pub=New+American+Library&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-451-21409-6&amp;rft.aulast=Roche&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Robson-169\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Robson_169-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Robson_169-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFRobson2017\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Robson, James (2017).  Grig, Lucy (ed.). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=isKSDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA81\"><i>Popular Culture in the Ancient World</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;81. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07489-7\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07489-7\"><bdi>978-1-107-07489-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Popular+Culture+in+the+Ancient+World&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&amp;rft.pages=81&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-107-07489-7&amp;rft.aulast=Robson&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisKSDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Ding-170\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ding_170-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ding_170-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Ding_170-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFDing2010\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Ding, Ersu (2010). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=hLeQ8eDWNGUC&amp;pg=PT118\"><i>Parallels, Interactions, and Illuminations: Traversing Chinese and Western Theories of the Sign</i></a>. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p.&#160;118. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4048-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4048-1\"><bdi>978-1-4426-4048-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Parallels%2C+Interactions%2C+and+Illuminations%3A+Traversing+Chinese+and+Western+Theories+of+the+Sign&amp;rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&amp;rft.pages=118&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4048-1&amp;rft.aulast=Ding&amp;rft.aufirst=Ersu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLeQ8eDWNGUC%26pg%3DPT118&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-171\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-171\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://discovertheforest.org/activities/cloudgazing\">\"Cloudgazing\"</a>. <i>Discover the Forest</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Discover+the+Forest&amp;rft.atitle=Cloudgazing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovertheforest.org%2Factivities%2Fcloudgazing&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-172\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-172\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.farmersalmanac.com/is-that-a-face-in-the-clouds-pareidolia-21911\">\"Do You See Faces In The Clouds? The Science of Pareidolia\"</a>. 20 July 2015.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Do+You+See+Faces+In+The+Clouds%3F+The+Science+of+Pareidolia&amp;rft.date=2015-07-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmersalmanac.com%2Fis-that-a-face-in-the-clouds-pareidolia-21911&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n</ol></div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Bibliography\">Bibliography</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45\" title=\"Edit section: Bibliography\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<ul><li><cite id=\"Ackerman\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Ackerman, Steven A. (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=N8Gwc-IXxbMC&amp;pg=PA124\"><i>Meteorology: Clouds and the Greenhouse Effect</i></a>. Jones &amp; Bartlett. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-8927-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-8927-5\"><bdi>978-0-7637-8927-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Meteorology%3A+Clouds+and+the+Greenhouse+Effect&amp;rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7637-8927-5&amp;rft.au=Ackerman%2C+Steven+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8Gwc-IXxbMC%26pg%3DPA124&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></li>\n<li><cite id=\"CITEREFDunlop2003\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Dunlop, Storm (June 2003). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=BR2ft4G5TgQC\"><i>The Weather Identification Handbook</i></a>. Lyons Press. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-857-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-857-0\"><bdi>978-1-58574-857-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Weather+Identification+Handbook&amp;rft.pub=Lyons+Press&amp;rft.date=2003-06&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58574-857-0&amp;rft.aulast=Dunlop&amp;rft.aufirst=Storm&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBR2ft4G5TgQC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></li>\n<li><cite id=\"CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG12021\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/IPCC\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"IPCC\">IPCC</a> (2021).  Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.;  et&#160;al. (eds.). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf\"><i>Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis</i></a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. Contribution of Working Group I to the <a href=\"/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report\" title=\"IPCC Sixth Assessment Report\">Sixth Assessment Report</a> of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis&amp;rft.series=Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.au=IPCC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></li></ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"External_links\">External links</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cloud&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46\" title=\"Edit section: External links\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n</style></style><div role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"sister-projects\" class=\"side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks\"></style>\n<div class=\"side-box-abovebelow\">\n<b>Cloud</b>  at Wikipedia's <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects\" title=\"Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects\"><span id=\"sister-projects\">sister projects</span></a></div>\n<div class=\"side-box-flex\">\n<div class=\"side-box-text plainlist\"><ul><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"391\" data-file-height=\"391\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cloud\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikt:Special:Search/Cloud\">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cloud\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"c:Cloud\">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"15\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"759\" data-file-height=\"415\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cloud\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"n:Special:Search/Cloud\">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"23\" height=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"355\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Clouds\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"q:Clouds\">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"26\" height=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"410\" data-file-height=\"430\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cloud\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"s:Special:Search/Cloud\">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"27\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"300\" data-file-height=\"300\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cloud\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"b:Special:Search/Cloud\">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class=\"sister-logo\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"27\" height=\"22\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"626\" data-file-height=\"512\" /></span><span class=\"sister-link\"><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Clouds\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"v:Clouds\">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div>\n</div>\n<ul><li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/wind/surface/level/overlay=total_cloud_water/winkel3/\">Current global map of total cloud water</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/global-maps/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR\">Monthly maps of global cloud cover</a>, from NASA's <a href=\"/wiki/Earth_Observatory\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Earth Observatory\">Earth Observatory</a></li>\n<li><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://cloudatlas.wmo.int/home.html\">World Meteorological Organization\u2019s (WMO) International Cloud Atlas</a>  <a href=\"/wiki/International_Cloud_Atlas\" title=\"International Cloud Atlas\">International Cloud Atlas</a></li></ul>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"></style></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Meteorological_data_and_variables\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div class=\"navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Meteorological_variables\" title=\"Template:Meteorological variables\"><abbr title=\"View this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Meteorological_variables\" title=\"Template talk:Meteorological variables\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Meteorological_variables&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"Meteorological_data_and_variables\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\">Meteorological data and variables</div></th></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">General</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Adiabatic_process\" title=\"Adiabatic process\">Adiabatic processes</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Advection\" title=\"Advection\">Advection</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Buoyancy\" title=\"Buoyancy\">Buoyancy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lapse_rate\" title=\"Lapse rate\">Lapse rate</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lightning\" title=\"Lightning\">Lightning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Solar_radiation\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Solar radiation\">Surface solar radiation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_weather_analysis\" title=\"Surface weather analysis\">Surface weather analysis</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Visibility\" title=\"Visibility\">Visibility</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vorticity\" title=\"Vorticity\">Vorticity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wind\" title=\"Wind\">Wind</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wind_shear\" title=\"Wind shear\">Wind shear</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Condensation\" title=\"Condensation\">Condensation</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Cloud</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei\" title=\"Cloud condensation nuclei\">Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">Fog</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_condensation_level\" title=\"Convective condensation level\">Convective condensation level (CCL)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lifted_condensation_level\" title=\"Lifted condensation level\">Lifted condensation level (LCL)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation\" title=\"Precipitation\">Precipitation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Water_vapor\" title=\"Water vapor\">Water vapor</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_convection\" title=\"Atmospheric convection\">Convection</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_available_potential_energy\" title=\"Convective available potential energy\">Convective available potential energy (CAPE)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_inhibition\" title=\"Convective inhibition\">Convective inhibition (CIN)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_instability\" title=\"Convective instability\">Convective instability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_momentum_transport\" title=\"Convective momentum transport\">Convective momentum transport</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Conditional_symmetric_instability\" title=\"Conditional symmetric instability\">Conditional symmetric instability</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Convective_temperature\" title=\"Convective temperature\">Convective temperature (<i>T</i><sub>c</sub>)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Equilibrium_level\" title=\"Equilibrium level\">Equilibrium level (EL)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Free_convective_layer\" title=\"Free convective layer\">Free convective layer (FCL)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Helicity_(fluid_mechanics)#Meteorology\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Helicity (fluid mechanics)\">Helicity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/K-index_(meteorology)\" title=\"K-index (meteorology)\">K Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Level_of_free_convection\" title=\"Level of free convection\">Level of free convection (LFC)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lifted_index\" title=\"Lifted index\">Lifted index (LI)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Maximum_parcel_level\" title=\"Maximum parcel level\">Maximum parcel level (MPL)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bulk_Richardson_number\" title=\"Bulk Richardson number\">Bulk Richardson number (BRN)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Temperature\" title=\"Temperature\">Temperature</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Dew_point\" title=\"Dew point\">Dew point (<i>T</i><sub>d</sub>)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dew_point_depression\" title=\"Dew point depression\">Dew point depression</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperature\" title=\"Dry-bulb temperature\">Dry-bulb temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Equivalent_temperature\" title=\"Equivalent temperature\">Equivalent temperature (<i>T</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Forest_fire_weather_index\" title=\"Forest fire weather index\">Forest fire weather index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Haines_Index\" title=\"Haines Index\">Haines Index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Heat_index\" title=\"Heat index\">Heat index</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Humidex\" title=\"Humidex\">Humidex</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Humidity\" title=\"Humidity\">Humidity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Relative_humidity\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Relative humidity\">Relative humidity (RH)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mixing_ratio\" title=\"Mixing ratio\">Mixing ratio</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Potential_temperature\" title=\"Potential temperature\">Potential temperature (<i>\u03b8</i>)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Equivalent_potential_temperature\" title=\"Equivalent potential temperature\">Equivalent potential temperature (<i>\u03b8</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature\" title=\"Sea surface temperature\">Sea surface temperature (SST)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Temperature_anomaly\" title=\"Temperature anomaly\">Temperature anomaly</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Thermodynamic_temperature\" title=\"Thermodynamic temperature\">Thermodynamic temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Vapor_pressure\" title=\"Vapor pressure\">Vapor pressure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Virtual_temperature\" title=\"Virtual temperature\">Virtual temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperature\" title=\"Wet-bulb temperature\">Wet-bulb temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wet-bulb_globe_temperature\" title=\"Wet-bulb globe temperature\">Wet-bulb globe temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wet-bulb_potential_temperature\" title=\"Wet-bulb potential temperature\">Wet-bulb potential temperature</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wind_chill\" title=\"Wind chill\">Wind chill</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Pressure\" title=\"Pressure\">Pressure</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure\" title=\"Atmospheric pressure\">Atmospheric pressure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Baroclinity\" title=\"Baroclinity\">Baroclinity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Barotropic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Barotropic\">Barotropicity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Pressure_gradient\" title=\"Pressure gradient\">Pressure gradient</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Pressure-gradient_force\" title=\"Pressure-gradient force\">Pressure-gradient force (PGF)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Velocity\" title=\"Velocity\">Velocity</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Maximum_potential_intensity\" title=\"Maximum potential intensity\">Maximum potential intensity</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Cloud_genera_and_selected_species,_supplementary_features,_and_other_airborne_hydrometeors_-_WMO_Latin_terminology_except_where_indicated\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div class=\"navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Cloud_types\" title=\"Template:Cloud types\"><abbr title=\"View this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Cloud_types\" title=\"Template talk:Cloud types\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cloud_types&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"Cloud_genera_and_selected_species,_supplementary_features,_and_other_airborne_hydrometeors_-_WMO_Latin_terminology_except_where_indicated\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Cloud</a> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_cloud_types\" title=\"List of cloud types\">genera</a> and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne <a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation#Hydrometeor_definition\" title=\"Precipitation\">hydrometeors</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/WMO\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"WMO\">WMO</a> Latin terminology except where indicated</div></th></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: center;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Mesospheric\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Mesospheric\">Mesospheric</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Extreme-level80\u201385_km\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">Extreme-level<br />80\u201385 km</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Noctilucent_(NLC)Polar_mesospheric_clouds\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud\" title=\"Noctilucent cloud\">Noctilucent</a> (NLC)<br />Polar mesospheric clouds</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>Noctilucent type I veils</li>\n<li>Noctilucent type II bands</li>\n<li>Noctilucent type III billows</li>\n<li>Noctilucent type IV whirls</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: center;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stratospheric\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stratospheric\">Stratospheric</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Very_high-level15\u201330_km\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">Very high-level<br />15\u201330 km</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_clouds\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar stratospheric clouds\">Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>Cirriform nacreous</li>\n<li>Lenticular nacreous</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_clouds\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Polar stratospheric clouds\">Nitric acid and water<br />polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%;text-align: center;\"><a href=\"/wiki/Tropospheric\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tropospheric\">Tropospheric</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">High-level<br />3\u201318 km</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus cloud\">Cirrus (Ci)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_castellanus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus castellanus cloud\">Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_fibratus\" title=\"Cirrus fibratus\">Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_floccus\" title=\"Cirrus floccus\">Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_spissatus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus spissatus cloud\">Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_uncinus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus uncinus cloud\">Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Ci-only varieties</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_intortus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrus intortus cloud\">Cirrus intortus (Ci in)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_vertebratus\" title=\"Cirrus vertebratus\">Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrocumulus cloud\">Cirrocumulus (Cc)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Species\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_castellanus\" title=\"Cirrocumulus castellanus\">Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_floccus\" title=\"Cirrocumulus floccus\">Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_lenticularis\" title=\"Cirrocumulus lenticularis\">Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_stratiformis\" title=\"Cirrocumulus stratiformis\">Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_cloud\" title=\"Cirrostratus cloud\">Cirrostratus (Cs)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Species\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_fibratus\" title=\"Cirrostratus fibratus\">Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrostratus_nebulosus\" title=\"Cirrostratus nebulosus\">Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">High-level-only<br />mutatus cloud</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>Mutatus non-height specific (see below)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">Medium-level<br />2\u20138 km</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Altocumulus cloud\">Altocumulus (Ac)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Species\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_castellanus_cloud\" title=\"Altocumulus castellanus cloud\">Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_floccus\" title=\"Altocumulus floccus\">Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Lenticular_cloud\" title=\"Lenticular cloud\">Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_stratiformis\" title=\"Altocumulus stratiformis\">Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Altocumulus_volutus\" title=\"Altocumulus volutus\">Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus_cloud\" title=\"Altostratus cloud\">Altostratus (As)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>No differentiated species</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus_cloud\" title=\"Nimbostratus cloud\">Nimbostratus (Ns)</a><br /> Multi-level</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Varieties\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Varieties</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Nimbostratus_virga\" title=\"Nimbostratus virga\">Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">Low-level<br />0\u20132 km</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulonimbus cloud\">Cumulonimbus (Cb)</a><br /> Towering vertical</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_calvus\" title=\"Cumulonimbus calvus\">Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_capillatus\" title=\"Cumulonimbus capillatus\">Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Cb-only supplementary features</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Wall_cloud#Associated_features\" title=\"Wall cloud\">Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)</a> Tail cloud)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_incus\" title=\"Cumulonimbus incus\">Cumulonimbus incus (inc)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wall_cloud\" title=\"Wall cloud\">Cumulonimbus murus ((mur)</a> Wall cloud)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Cb-only accessories and other</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Cumulonimbus_flumen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Cumulonimbus flumen (page does not exist)\">Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)</a> Beaver tail)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Overshooting_top\" title=\"Overshooting top\">Overshooting top</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hot_tower\" title=\"Hot tower\">Hot tower</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus cloud\">Cumulus (Cu)</a><br />Variable vertical extent</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Fractus_cloud\" title=\"Fractus cloud\">Fractus</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_humilis_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus humilis cloud\">Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_mediocris_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus mediocris cloud\">Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)</a></li>\n<li>(<a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_congestus_cloud\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Cumulus congestus cloud\">Cumulus congestus (Cu con)</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_castellanus_cloud\" title=\"Cumulus castellanus cloud\">Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization\" title=\"International Civil Aviation Organization\">ICAO</a> term for Cu con and \"Cu cas\" is  Towering cumulus [Tcu]))</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Horseshoe_cloud\" title=\"Horseshoe cloud\">Horseshoe</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_cloud\" title=\"Stratus cloud\">Stratus (St)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_fractus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stratus fractus\">Stratus fractus (St fra)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_nebulosus\" title=\"Stratus nebulosus\">Stratus nebulosus (St neb)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">St-only genitus cloud and other</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratus_silvagenitus\" title=\"Stratus silvagenitus\">Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fog\" title=\"Fog\">Fog</a> (Fg) Surface level</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus cloud\">Stratocumulus (Sc)</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th id=\"Species\" scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_species\" title=\"Cloud species\">Species</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_castellanus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus castellanus cloud\">Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_floccus_cloud\" title=\"Stratocumulus floccus cloud\">Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_lenticularis\" title=\"Stratocumulus lenticularis\">Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Stratocumulus_stratiformis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Stratocumulus stratiformis (page does not exist)\">Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stratocumulus_volutus\" title=\"Stratocumulus volutus\">Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">Low-level-only<br />supplementary features</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Arcus_cloud\" title=\"Arcus cloud\">Arcus ((arc)</a> Shelf)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Funnel_cloud\" title=\"Funnel cloud\">Tuba ((tub)</a> Funnel cloud)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">Low-level-only<br /><a href=\"/wiki/Accessory_cloud\" title=\"Accessory cloud\">accessory cloud</a> and other</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Pileus_(meteorology)\" title=\"Pileus (meteorology)\">Pileus (pil)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cumulonimbus_velum\" title=\"Cumulonimbus velum\">Velum (vel)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Scud_(cloud)\" title=\"Scud (cloud)\">Pannus (pan)</a></li>\n<li>Other- <a href=\"/wiki/Actinoform_cloud\" title=\"Actinoform cloud\">Actinoform cloud</a> (Stratocumulus)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:10em\">Non-height<br />specific</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">Varieties</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_duplicatus\" title=\"Cirrus duplicatus\">Duplicatus (du)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrocumulus_lacunosus\" title=\"Cirrocumulus lacunosus\">Lacunosus (la)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Opacus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Opacus\">Opacus (op)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Perlucidus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Perlucidus\">Perlucidus (pe)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cirrus_radiatus\" title=\"Cirrus radiatus\">Radiatus (ra)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Translucidus\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Translucidus\">Translucidus (tr)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Altostratus_undulatus_cloud\" title=\"Altostratus undulatus cloud\">Undulatus (un)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">Supplementary features</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Asperitas_(cloud)\" title=\"Asperitas (cloud)\">Asperitas (asp)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fallstreak_hole\" title=\"Fallstreak hole\">Cavum (cav)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_instability\" title=\"Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz instability\">Fluctus (flu)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mammatus_cloud\" title=\"Mammatus cloud\">Mamma (mam)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Precipitation\" title=\"Precipitation\">Praecipitatio (pra)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Virga\" title=\"Virga\">Virga (vir)</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:15em\">Mother clouds <br /> and human-made clouds</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li>(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)</li>\n<li>(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)<br /></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Homogenitus_(cloud)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Homogenitus (cloud)\">Homogenitus (hogen)</a></li>\n<li>Homomutatus (homut)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Elements_of_nature\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div class=\"navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Nature\" title=\"Template:Nature\"><abbr title=\"View this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Nature\" title=\"Template talk:Nature\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nature&amp;action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"Elements_of_nature\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\">Elements of <a href=\"/wiki/Nature\" title=\"Nature\">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Universe\" title=\"Universe\">Universe</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Space\" title=\"Space\">Space</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Time\" title=\"Time\">Time</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Energy\" title=\"Energy\">Energy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Matter\" title=\"Matter\">Matter</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Particle\" title=\"Particle\">particles</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Chemical_element\" title=\"Chemical element\">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Calculus\" title=\"Calculus\">Change</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Earth\" title=\"Earth\">Earth</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Earth_science\" title=\"Earth science\">Earth science</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/History_of_Earth\" title=\"History of Earth\">History</a>&#160;(<a href=\"/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth\" title=\"Geological history of Earth\">geological</a>)</li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth\" title=\"Internal structure of Earth\">Structure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Geology\" title=\"Geology\">Geology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Plate_tectonics\" title=\"Plate tectonics\">Plate tectonics</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ocean\" title=\"Ocean\">Oceans</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis\" title=\"Gaia hypothesis\">Gaia hypothesis</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Future_of_Earth\" title=\"Future of Earth\">Future</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Weather\" title=\"Weather\">Weather</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Meteorology\" title=\"Meteorology\">Meteorology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth\" title=\"Atmosphere of Earth\">Atmosphere <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(Earth)</span></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Climate\" title=\"Climate\">Climate</a></li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Clouds</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Moonlight\" title=\"Moonlight\">Moonlight</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rain\" title=\"Rain\">Rain</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Snow\" title=\"Snow\">Snow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sunlight\" title=\"Sunlight\">Sunlight</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tide\" title=\"Tide\">Tides</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wind\" title=\"Wind\">Wind</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Tornado\" title=\"Tornado\">tornado</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tropical_cyclone\" title=\"Tropical cyclone\">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Natural_environment\" title=\"Natural environment\">Natural environment</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ecology\" title=\"Ecology\">Ecology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ecosystem\" title=\"Ecosystem\">Ecosystem</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Field_(physics)\" title=\"Field (physics)\">Field</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Radiation\" title=\"Radiation\">Radiation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wilderness\" title=\"Wilderness\">Wilderness</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wildfire\" title=\"Wildfire\">Wildfires</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Life\" title=\"Life\">Life</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\"></div><table class=\"nowraplinks navbox-subgroup\" style=\"border-spacing:0\"><tbody><tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Abiogenesis\" title=\"Abiogenesis\">Origin <span style=\"font-size:85%;\">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/History_of_life\" title=\"History of life\">Evolutionary history</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Biosphere\" title=\"Biosphere\">Biosphere</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Biological_organisation\" title=\"Biological organisation\">Hierarchy</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Biology\" title=\"Biology\">Biology</a>&#160;(<a href=\"/wiki/Astrobiology\" title=\"Astrobiology\">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Biodiversity\" title=\"Biodiversity\">Biodiversity</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Organism\" title=\"Organism\">Organism</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Eukaryote\" title=\"Eukaryote\">Eukaryota</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Flora\" title=\"Flora\">flora</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Plant\" title=\"Plant\">plants</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fauna\" title=\"Fauna\">fauna</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Animal\" title=\"Animal\">animals</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fungus\" title=\"Fungus\">fungi</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Protist\" title=\"Protist\">protista</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Prokaryote\" title=\"Prokaryote\">Prokaryotes</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Archaea\" title=\"Archaea\">archaea</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bacteria\" title=\"Bacteria\">bacteria</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Virus\" title=\"Virus\">Viruses</a></i></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"2\"><div>\n<ul><li><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Category\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"180\" data-file-height=\"185\" /> <a href=\"/wiki/Category:Nature\" title=\"Category:Nature\">Category</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"></style></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox authority-control\" aria-label=\"Navbox\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Authority_control\" title=\"Help:Authority control\">Authority control</a>: National <a href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8074#identifiers\" title=\"Edit this at Wikidata\"><img alt=\"Edit this at Wikidata\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: text-top\" class=\"noprint\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"20\" data-file-height=\"20\" /></a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"Nuages\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952827m\">France</a></span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"Nuages\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952827m\">BnF data</a></span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125270-6\">Germany</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007283918205171\">Israel</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"Clouds\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85027191\">United States</a></span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566990\">Japan</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"oblaka\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph138651&amp;CON_LNG=ENG\">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>"
}