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{
"title": "Waterfall",
"original_title": "Waterfall",
"pageid": "69442",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall",
"_content": "A waterfall is a point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge \nof a tabular iceberg or ice shelf.\nWaterfalls can be formed in several ways, but the most common method of formation is that a river courses over a top layer of resistant bedrock before falling on to softer rock, which erodes faster, leading to an increasingly high fall. Waterfalls have been studied for their impact on species living in and around them.\nHumans have had a distinct relationship with waterfalls for years, travelling to see them, exploring and naming them. They can present formidable barriers to navigation along rivers. Waterfalls are religious sites in many cultures. Since the 18th century they have received increased attention as tourist destinations, sources of hydropower, and\u2014particularly since the mid-20th century\u2014as subjects of research.\n\n\n== Definition and terminology ==\nA waterfall is generally defined as a point in a river where water flows over a steep drop that is close to or directly vertical. In 2000 Mabin specified that \"The horizontal distance between the positions of the lip and plunge pool should be no more than c 25% of the waterfall height.\" There are various types and methods to classify waterfalls. Some scholars have included rapids as a subsection. What actually constitutes a waterfall continues to be debated.Waterfalls are sometimes interchangeably referred to as \"cascades\" and \"cataracts\", though some sources specify a cataract as being a larger and more powerful waterfall and a cascade as being smaller. A plunge pool is a type of stream pool formed at the bottom of a waterfall. A waterfall may also be referred to as a \"foss\" or \"force\".\n\n\n== Formation ==\n\nWaterfalls are commonly formed in the upper course of a river where lakes flow into valleys in steep mountains.A river sometimes flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a fault line. Waterfalls can occur along the edge of a glacial trough, where a stream or river flowing into a glacier continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in Yosemite Valley are examples of this phenomenon, which is referred to as a hanging valley. Another reason hanging valleys may form is where two rivers join and one is flowing faster than the other.When warm and cold water meet by a gorge in the ocean, large underwater waterfalls can form as the cold water rushes to the bottom.\n\n\n=== Caprock model ===\nThe caprock model of waterfall formation states that the river courses over resistant bedrock, erosion happens slowly and is dominated by impacts of water-borne sediment on the rock, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly. As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it may pluck material from the riverbed, if the bed is fractured or otherwise more erodible. Hydraulic jets and hydraulic jumps at the toe of a falls can generate large forces to erode the bed, especially when forces are amplified by water-borne sediment. Horseshoe-shaped falls focus the erosion to a central point, also enhancing riverbed change below a waterfalls.A process known as \"potholing\" involves local erosion of a potentially deep hole in bedrock due to turbulent whirlpools spinning stones around on the bed, drilling it out. Sand and stones carried by the watercourse therefore increase erosion capacity. This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream. Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it. The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one-and-a-half metres per year.Often, the rock stratum just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that undercutting due to splashback will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by attrition as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by abrasion, creating a deep plunge pool in the gorge downstream.Streams can become wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep area just below the waterfall because of the kinetic energy of the water hitting the bottom. However, a study of waterfalls systematics reported that waterfalls can be wider or narrower above or below a falls, so almost anything is possible given the right geological and hydrological setting. Waterfalls normally form in a rocky area due to erosion. After a long period of being fully formed, the water falling off the ledge will retreat, causing a horizontal pit parallel to the waterfall wall. Eventually, as the pit grows deeper, the waterfall collapses to be replaced by a steeply sloping stretch of river bed. In addition to gradual processes such as erosion, earth movement caused by earthquakes or landslides or volcanoes can lead to the formation of waterfalls.\n\n\n== Ecology ==\n\nWaterfalls are an important factor in determining the distribution of lotic organisms such as fish and aquatic invertebrates, as they may restrict dispersal along streams. The presence or absence of certain species can have cascading ecological effects, and thus cause differences in trophic regimes above and below waterfalls. Certain aquatic insects also specialize in the environment of the waterfall itself. A 2012 study of the Agbokim Waterfalls, has suggested that they hold biodiversity to a much higher extent than previously thought.Waterfalls also affect terrestrial species. They create a small microclimate in their immediate vicinity characterized by cooler temperatures and higher humidity than the surrounding region, which may support diverse communities of mosses and liverworts. Species of these plants may have disjunct populations at waterfall zones far from their core range.Waterfalls provide nesting cover for several species of bird, such as the black swift and white-throated dipper. These species preferentially nest in the space behind the falling water, which is thought to be a strategy to avoid predation.\n\n\n== Types ==\n\nSome waterfalls are also distinct in that they do not flow continuously. Ephemeral waterfalls only flow after a rain or a significant snowmelt. Waterfalls can also be found underground and in oceans.\n\n\n== Humans and waterfalls ==\n\n\n=== Research ===\nThe geographer Andrew Goudie wrote in 2020 that waterfalls have received \"surprisingly limited research.\" Alexander von Humboldt wrote about them in the 1820s. There is no name for the specific field of researching waterfalls, and in the published literature been described as \"scattered\", though it is popular to describe studying waterfalls as \"waterfallology\". An early paper written on waterfalls was published in 1884 by William Morris Davis, a geologist known as the \"father of American geography\". In the 1930s Edward Rashleigh published a pioneering work on waterfalls. In 1942 Oscar von Engeln wrote of the lack of research on waterfalls:\nWaterfall sites more than any other geomorphic feature attract and hold the interest of the general public. Because they have such a popular approval\nwaterfalls are not given serious attention by some students of systematic geomorphology. This attitude is not to be commended. Waterfalls are significant items for geomorphic investigation.\nAs late as 1985 a scholar felt that \"waterfalls remain a very much neglected aspect of river studies\". Studies of waterfalls increased dramatically in the second half of the 20th century. Numerous waterfall guidebooks exist, and the World Waterfall Database is a website cataloging thousands of waterfalls.\n\n\n=== Exploration and naming ===\n\nMany explorers have visited waterfalls. European explorers recorded waterfalls they came across. In 1493, Christopher Columbus noted Carbet Falls in Guadeloupe, which was likely the first waterfall Europeans recorded seeing in the Americas. In the late 1600s, Louis Hennepin visited North America, providing early descriptions of Niagara Falls and the Saint Anthony Falls. The geographer Brian J. Hudson argues that it was uncommon to specifically name waterfalls until the 1700s. The trend of Europeans specifically naming falls was in tandem with increased scientific focus on nature, the rise of Romanticism, and increased importance of hydropower with the Industrial Revolution. European explorers often ignored the names native peoples had given the falls in favor of a \"European\" name; for instance, David Livingstone named Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria, though it was already known as Mosi-oa-Tunya. Many waterfalls have descriptive names which can come from the river they are on, places they are near, their features, or events that happened near them.Some countries that were colonized by European nations have taken steps to return names to waterfalls previously renamed by European explorers. Exploration of waterfalls continues; the Gocta Cataracts were first announced to the world in 2006.Waterfalls can pose major barriers to travel. Canals are sometimes built as a method to go around them, other times things must be physically carried around or a railway built. In 1885, the geographer George Chisholm wrote that, \"The most signal example of the effect of waterfalls and rapids in retarding the development of civilisation is undoubtedly presented by the continent of Africa, the 'darkness' of which is almost entirely due to this cause.\"\n\n\n=== Development and tourism ===\nWaterfalls are often visited by people simply to see them. Hudson theorizes that they make good tourism sites because they are generally considered beautiful and are relatively uncommon. Activities at waterfalls can include bathing, swimming, photography, rafting, canyoning, abseiling, rock climbing, and ice climbing. Waterfalls can also be sites for generating hydroelectric power and can hold good fishing opportunities. Wealthy people were known to visit areas with features such as waterfalls at least as early as in Ancient Rome and China. However, many waterfalls were essentially inaccessible due to the treacherous terrain surrounding them until improvements began to be made such as paths to the falls, becoming common across the United Kingdom and America in the 1800s and continuing through the 1900s and into the 21st century. Remote waterfalls are now often visited by air travel.Human development has also threatened many waterfalls. For instance, the Gua\u00edra Falls, once one of the most powerful waterfalls in the world, were submerged in 1982 by a human-made dam, as were the Ripon Falls in 1952. Conversely, other waterfalls have seen significantly lower water levels as a result of diversion for hydroelectricity, such as the Tyssestrengene in Norway. Development of the areas around falls as tourist attractions has also destroyed the natural scene around many of them.Waterfalls are included on thirty-eight World Heritage Sites and many others are protected by governments.\n\n\n=== In culture ===\n\nWaterfalls play a role in many cultures, as religious sites and subjects of art and music.Many artists have painted waterfalls and they are referenced in many songs, such as those of the Kaluli people in Papua New Guinea. Michael Harner titled his study of the Jivaroan peoples of Ecuador The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls. Artists such as those of the Hudson River School and J. M. W. Turner and John Sell Cotman painted particularly notable pictures of waterfalls in the 19th century.One of the versions of the Shinto purification ceremony of misogi involves standing underneath a waterfall in ritual clothing. In Japan the Nachi Falls are a site of pilgrimage, as are falls near Tirupati, India, and the Saut-d'Eau, Haiti. The Otavalos use Piguchi waterfall as part of the Churru ritual which serves as a coming of age ceremony. Many waterfalls in Africa were places of worship for the native peoples and got their names from gods in the local religion.\n\n\n== List ==\n\nThere are thousands of waterfalls in the world, though no exact number has been calculated. The World Waterfall Database lists 7,827 as of 2013, but this is likely incomplete; as noted by Hudson, over 90% of their listings are in North America. Many guidebooks to local waterfalls have been published. There is also no agreement how to measure the height of a waterfall, or even what constitutes one. Angel Falls in Venezuela is the tallest waterfall in the world, the Khone Phapheng Falls in Laos are the widest, and the Inga Falls on the Congo River are the biggest by flow rate, while the Dry Falls in Washington are the largest confirmed waterfalls ever. The highest known subterranean waterfall is in Vrtoglavica Cave in Slovenia. The largest known oceanic waterfall is the Denmark Strait cataract.Artificial waterfalls are water features or fountains that imitate a natural waterfall. The Cascata delle Marmore is the tallest artificially built waterfall at 541 feet (165 m).\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nGoudie, Andrew S. (31 March 2020). \"Waterfalls: Forms, Distribution, Processes and Rates of Recession\". Quaestiones Geographicae. 39 (1): 59\u201377. doi:10.2478/quageo-2020-0005. S2CID 214798339.\nHudson, Brian J. (2013b). \"Waterfalls, science and aesthetics\". Journal of Cultural Geography. 30 (3): 356\u2013379. doi:10.1080/08873631.2013.828482. ISSN 0887-3631. S2CID 109727400.\n\n\n== External links ==",
"_revision_id": 1146871538,
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"_summary": "A waterfall is a point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge \nof a tabular iceberg or ice shelf.\nWaterfalls can be formed in several ways, but the most common method of formation is that a river courses over a top layer of resistant bedrock before falling on to softer rock, which erodes faster, leading to an increasingly high fall. Waterfalls have been studied for their impact on species living in and around them.\nHumans have had a distinct relationship with waterfalls for years, travelling to see them, exploring and naming them. They can present formidable barriers to navigation along rivers. Waterfalls are religious sites in many cultures. Since the 18th century they have received increased attention as tourist destinations, sources of hydropower, and\u2014particularly since the mid-20th century\u2014as subjects of research.\n\n",
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"Tirupati",
"Triathlon",
"Tributary",
"Tyssestrengene",
"Universal Soil Loss Equation",
"Urban flooding",
"Urban runoff",
"Valley",
"Venezuela",
"Victoria Falls",
"Volcano",
"Volumetric flow rate",
"Vrtoglavica Cave",
"WAFLEX",
"Wadi",
"Wash load",
"Washington (state)",
"Water feature",
"Water gap",
"Water pollution",
"Waterfall (disambiguation)",
"Weir",
"Wetted perimeter",
"Whirlpool",
"White-throated dipper",
"Whitewater",
"Whitewater canoeing",
"Whitewater kayaking",
"Whitewater slalom",
"Wild river",
"William Morris Davis",
"Winterbourne (stream)",
"World Heritage Site",
"Yosemite Valley"
],
"_sections": [],
"_html": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1033289096\">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">This article is about natural river formations. For decorative waterfalls, see <a href=\"/wiki/Artificial_waterfall\" title=\"Artificial waterfall\">Artificial waterfall</a>. For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Waterfall_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Waterfall (disambiguation)\">Waterfall (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Natural river formation</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Jiuzhaigou Pearl Waterfall 2005-08-21.jpeg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg/220px-Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg/330px-Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg/440px-Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"960\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div></div></div></div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG/220px-Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"293\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG/330px-Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG/440px-Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"2736\" data-file-height=\"3648\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Angel_Falls\" title=\"Angel Falls\">Angel Falls</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Venezuela\" title=\"Venezuela\">Venezuela</a> is the world's tallest waterfall at 979 m (3,212 ft).</div></div></div>\n<p>A <b>waterfall</b> is a point in a <a href=\"/wiki/River\" title=\"River\">river</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Stream\" title=\"Stream\">stream</a> where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops. Waterfalls also occur where <a href=\"/wiki/Meltwater\" title=\"Meltwater\">meltwater</a> drops over the edge \nof a tabular <a href=\"/wiki/Iceberg\" title=\"Iceberg\">iceberg</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_shelf\" title=\"Ice shelf\">ice shelf</a>.\n</p><p>Waterfalls can be formed in several ways, but the most common method of formation is that a river courses over a top layer of resistant <a href=\"/wiki/Bedrock\" title=\"Bedrock\">bedrock</a> before falling on to softer rock, which <a href=\"/wiki/Erosion\" title=\"Erosion\">erodes</a> faster, leading to an increasingly high fall. Waterfalls have been studied for their impact on species living in and around them.\n</p><p>Humans have had a distinct relationship with waterfalls for years, travelling to see them, exploring and naming them. They can present formidable barriers to navigation along rivers. Waterfalls are religious sites in many cultures. Since the 18th century they have received increased attention as tourist destinations, sources of <a href=\"/wiki/Hydropower\" title=\"Hydropower\">hydropower</a>, and\u2014particularly since the mid-20th century\u2014as subjects of research.\n</p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input type=\"checkbox\" role=\"button\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display:none\" /><div class=\"toctitle\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contents</h2><span class=\"toctogglespan\"><label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\"></label></span></div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Definition_and_terminology\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Definition and terminology</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Formation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Formation</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Caprock_model\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Caprock model</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Ecology\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Ecology</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Types\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Types</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Humans_and_waterfalls\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Humans and waterfalls</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Research\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Research</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Exploration_and_naming\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Exploration and naming</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Development_and_tourism\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Development and tourism</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#In_culture\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">In culture</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#List\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">List</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7</span> <span class=\"toctext\">References</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Bibliography\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Bibliography</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#External_links\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9</span> <span class=\"toctext\">External links</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Definition_and_terminology\">Definition and terminology</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=1\" title=\"Edit section: Definition and terminology\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<p>A waterfall is generally defined as a point in a river where water flows over a steep drop that is close to or directly vertical. In 2000 Mabin specified that \"The horizontal distance between the positions of the lip and <a href=\"/wiki/Plunge_pool\" title=\"Plunge pool\">plunge pool</a> should be no more than c 25% of the waterfall height.\" There are various types and methods to classify waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061-1\">[1]</a></sup> Some scholars have included <a href=\"/wiki/Rapids\" title=\"Rapids\">rapids</a> as a subsection.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]</a></sup> What actually constitutes a waterfall continues to be debated.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372-3\">[3]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Waterfalls are sometimes interchangeably referred to as \"cascades\" and \"cataracts\", though some sources specify a cataract as being a larger and more powerful waterfall<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061-1\">[1]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]</a></sup> and a cascade as being smaller.<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">[6]</a></sup> A plunge pool is a type of <a href=\"/wiki/Stream_pool\" title=\"Stream pool\">stream pool</a> formed at the bottom of a waterfall.<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]</a></sup> A waterfall may also be referred to as a \"foss\" or \"force\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-foss_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-foss-8\">[8]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-force_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-force-9\">[9]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Formation\">Formation</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Formation\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:332px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg/330px-WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"330\" height=\"182\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg/495px-WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg/660px-WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"649\" data-file-height=\"357\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Formation of a waterfall</div></div></div>\n<p>Waterfalls are commonly formed in the upper course of a river where lakes flow into valleys in steep mountains.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup>\n</p><p>A river sometimes flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a <a href=\"/wiki/Fault_(geology)\" title=\"Fault (geology)\">fault line</a>. Waterfalls can occur along the edge of a <a href=\"/wiki/Glacial_trough\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Glacial trough\">glacial trough</a>, where a stream or river flowing into a <a href=\"/wiki/Glacier\" title=\"Glacier\">glacier</a> continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in <a href=\"/wiki/Yosemite_Valley\" title=\"Yosemite Valley\">Yosemite Valley</a> are examples of this phenomenon, which is referred to as a <a href=\"/wiki/Valley#Hanging_valleys\" title=\"Valley\">hanging valley</a>. Another reason hanging valleys may form is where two rivers join and one is flowing faster than the other.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup>\n</p><p>When warm and cold water meet by a gorge in the ocean, large underwater waterfalls can form as the cold water rushes to the bottom.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-11\">[11]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Caprock_model\">Caprock model</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=3\" title=\"Edit section: Caprock model\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>The caprock model of waterfall formation<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202063_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202063-12\">[12]</a></sup> states that the river courses over resistant <a href=\"/wiki/Bedrock\" title=\"Bedrock\">bedrock</a>, erosion happens slowly and is dominated by impacts of water-borne sediment on the rock, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup> As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it may pluck material from the riverbed, if the bed is fractured or otherwise more erodible. Hydraulic jets and hydraulic jumps at the toe of a falls can generate large forces to erode the bed,<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]</a></sup> especially when forces are amplified by water-borne sediment. Horseshoe-shaped falls focus the erosion to a central point, also enhancing riverbed change below a waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[15]</a></sup>\n</p><p>A process known as \"potholing\" involves local erosion of a potentially deep hole in bedrock due to turbulent <a href=\"/wiki/Whirlpool\" title=\"Whirlpool\">whirlpools</a> spinning stones around on the bed, drilling it out. Sand and stones carried by the watercourse therefore increase erosion capacity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup> This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream. Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-visual_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-visual-16\">[16]</a></sup> The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one-and-a-half metres per year.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Often, the rock <a href=\"/wiki/Stratum\" title=\"Stratum\">stratum</a> just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that undercutting due to splashback will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a <a href=\"/wiki/Rock_shelter\" title=\"Rock shelter\">rock shelter</a> under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the <a href=\"/wiki/Outcrop\" title=\"Outcrop\">outcropping</a>, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by <a href=\"/wiki/Attrition_(erosion)\" title=\"Attrition (erosion)\">attrition</a> as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by <a href=\"/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)\" title=\"Abrasion (geology)\">abrasion</a>, creating a deep <a href=\"/wiki/Plunge_pool\" title=\"Plunge pool\">plunge pool</a> in the gorge downstream.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Streams can become wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep area just below the waterfall because of the <a href=\"/wiki/Kinetic_energy\" title=\"Kinetic energy\">kinetic energy</a> of the water hitting the bottom. However, a study of waterfalls systematics reported that waterfalls can be wider or narrower above or below a falls, so almost anything is possible given the right geological and hydrological setting.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-18\">[18]</a></sup> Waterfalls normally form in a rocky area due to erosion. After a long period of being fully formed, the water falling off the ledge will retreat, causing a horizontal pit parallel to the waterfall wall. Eventually, as the pit grows deeper, the waterfall collapses to be replaced by a steeply sloping stretch of river bed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup> In addition to gradual processes such as erosion, earth movement caused by <a href=\"/wiki/Earthquake\" title=\"Earthquake\">earthquakes</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Landslide\" title=\"Landslide\">landslides</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Volcano\" title=\"Volcano\">volcanoes</a> can lead to the formation of waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Ecology\">Ecology</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=4\" title=\"Edit section: Ecology\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg/170px-Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"170\" height=\"235\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg/255px-Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg/340px-Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1506\" data-file-height=\"2078\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>The <a href=\"/wiki/Dettifoss\" title=\"Dettifoss\">Dettifoss</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Iceland\" title=\"Iceland\">Iceland</a> on 31 July 1972</div></div></div>\n<p>Waterfalls are an important factor in determining the distribution of <a href=\"/wiki/Lotic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lotic\">lotic</a> organisms such as fish and aquatic invertebrates, as they may restrict dispersal along streams. The presence or absence of certain species can have cascading ecological effects, and thus cause differences in trophic regimes above and below waterfalls. Certain aquatic insects also specialize in the environment of the waterfall itself.<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]</a></sup> A 2012 study of the <a href=\"/wiki/Agbokim_Waterfalls\" title=\"Agbokim Waterfalls\">Agbokim Waterfalls</a>, has suggested that they hold biodiversity to a much higher extent than previously thought.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-21\">[21]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Waterfalls also affect terrestrial species. They create a small microclimate in their immediate vicinity characterized by cooler temperatures and higher humidity than the surrounding region, which may support diverse communities of <a href=\"/wiki/Moss\" title=\"Moss\">mosses</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Liverworts\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Liverworts\">liverworts</a>. Species of these plants may have disjunct populations at waterfall zones far from their core range.<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Waterfalls provide nesting cover for several species of bird, such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Black_Swift\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Black Swift\">black swift</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/White-throated_dipper\" title=\"White-throated dipper\">white-throated dipper</a>. These species preferentially nest in the space behind the falling water, which is thought to be a strategy to avoid predation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[23]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Types\">Types</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=5\" title=\"Edit section: Types\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_by_type\" title=\"List of waterfalls by type\">List of waterfalls by type</a></div>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<caption>\n</caption>\n<tbody><tr>\n<th>Type\n</th>\n<th>Image\n</th>\n<th>Notes\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ledge waterfall\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"American Falls Niagara Falls USA from Skylon Tower on 2002-05-28.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png/100px-American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"56\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png/150px-American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png/200px-American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"5120\" data-file-height=\"2880\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Water descends vertically over a vertical cliff, maintaining partial contact with the bedrock.<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldwat_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldwat-24\">[24]</a></sup> May be several types:\n<ul><li><b>Block/Sheet</b>: Water descends from a relatively wide stream or river.<sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup></li>\n<li><b>Classical</b>: Ledge waterfalls where fall height is nearly equal to stream width, forming a vertical square shape.<sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup></li>\n<li><b>Curtain</b>: Ledge waterfalls which descend over a height larger than the width of falling water stream.<sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup></li></ul>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Plunge\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"BrandywineFalls 1200W.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg/100px-BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg/150px-BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg/200px-BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1200\" data-file-height=\"797\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Fast-moving water descends vertically, losing complete contact with the bedrock surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Punchbowl\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Punch Bowl Falls.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg/100px-Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg/150px-Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg/200px-Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2288\" data-file-height=\"1712\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Water descends in a constricted form and then spreads out in a wider pool.<sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Horsetail\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Jog Falls 05092016.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg/100px-Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"103\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg/151px-Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg/201px-Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3899\" data-file-height=\"4000\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Descending water maintains contact with bedrock most of the time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup> Several types:\n<ul><li><b>Chute</b>: A large quantity of water forced through a narrow, vertical passage.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[25]</a></sup></li>\n<li><b>Fan</b>: Water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with bedrock.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup></li></ul>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cascade\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Numa Falls Upstream.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg/100px-Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg/150px-Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg/199px-Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1197\" data-file-height=\"1789\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Water descends a series of rock steps.<sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tiered/Multi-step/Staircase\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Upper ebor falls small.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg/100px-Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"143\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg/150px-Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg/200px-Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"600\" data-file-height=\"857\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>A series of waterfalls one after another of roughly the same size each with its own sunken plunge pool.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cataract\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg/100px-VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"133\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg/150px-VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg/199px-VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3024\" data-file-height=\"4032\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>A large, powerful waterfall.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Segmented\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Magod Falls Karnataka.JPG\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG/100px-Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG/150px-Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG/200px-Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"2816\" data-file-height=\"2112\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Distinct flows of water form as it descends.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Moulin_(geomorphology)\" title=\"Moulin (geomorphology)\">Moulin</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier,_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains,_Alaska.JPG\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Moulin on Snowbird Glacier, below the Snowbird Glacier Hut. Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska.JPG\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG/100px-Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"67\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG/150px-Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG/200px-Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"5222\" data-file-height=\"3481\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>A waterfall in a glacier.<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[26]</a></sup>\n</td></tr></tbody></table>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg/220px-An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"139\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg/330px-An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg/440px-An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1800\" data-file-height=\"1138\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>An example of an ephemeral waterfall. This one, when flowing, feeds into the <a href=\"/wiki/Chagrin_River\" title=\"Chagrin River\">Chagrin River</a>.</div></div></div>\n<p>Some waterfalls are also distinct in that they do not flow continuously. <b>Ephemeral</b> waterfalls only flow after a rain or a significant snowmelt.<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[27]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[28]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]</a></sup> Waterfalls can also be found <a href=\"/wiki/Subterranean_waterfall\" title=\"Subterranean waterfall\">underground</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[30]</a></sup> and in oceans.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-11\">[11]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Humans_and_waterfalls\">Humans and waterfalls</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=6\" title=\"Edit section: Humans and waterfalls\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Research\">Research</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=7\" title=\"Edit section: Research\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>The geographer <a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)\" title=\"Andrew Goudie (geographer)\">Andrew Goudie</a> wrote in 2020 that waterfalls have received \"surprisingly limited research.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059-31\">[31]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt\" title=\"Alexander von Humboldt\">Alexander von Humboldt</a> wrote about them in the 1820s.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b365_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b365-32\">[32]</a></sup> There is no name for the specific field of researching waterfalls, and in the published literature been described as \"scattered\",<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b357_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b357-33\">[33]</a></sup> though it is popular to describe studying waterfalls as \"waterfallology\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b373_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b373-34\">[34]</a></sup> An early paper written on waterfalls was published in 1884 by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Morris_Davis\" title=\"William Morris Davis\">William Morris Davis</a>, a geologist known as the \"father of American geography\". In the 1930s <a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Edward_Rashleigh&action=edit&redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Edward Rashleigh (page does not exist)\">Edward Rashleigh</a> published a pioneering work on waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]</a></sup> In 1942 <a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Oscar_von_Engeln&action=edit&redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Oscar von Engeln (page does not exist)\">Oscar von Engeln</a> wrote of the lack of research on waterfalls:<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358-35\">[35]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r996844942\">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class=\"templatequote\"><p>Waterfall sites more than any other geomorphic feature attract and hold the interest of the general public. Because they have such a popular approval\nwaterfalls are not given serious attention by some students of systematic geomorphology. This attitude is not to be commended. Waterfalls are significant items for geomorphic investigation.</p></blockquote>\n<p>As late as 1985 a scholar felt that \"waterfalls remain a very much neglected aspect of river studies\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b362_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b362-36\">[36]</a></sup> Studies of waterfalls increased dramatically in the second half of the 20th century. Numerous waterfall guidebooks exist, and the World Waterfall Database is a website cataloging thousands of waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Exploration_and_naming\">Exploration and naming</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=8\" title=\"Edit section: Exploration and naming\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls,_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"250\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3524\" data-file-height=\"4001\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls,_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><i><a href=\"/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_from_the_American_Side\" title=\"Niagara Falls, from the American Side\">Niagara Falls, from the American Side</a></i> (Frederic Edwin Church, 1867)</div></div></div>\n<p>Many explorers have visited waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059-31\">[31]</a></sup> European explorers recorded waterfalls they came across. In 1493, <a href=\"/wiki/Christopher_Columbus\" title=\"Christopher Columbus\">Christopher Columbus</a> noted <a href=\"/wiki/Carbet_Falls\" title=\"Carbet Falls\">Carbet Falls</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Guadeloupe\" title=\"Guadeloupe\">Guadeloupe</a>, which was likely the first waterfall Europeans recorded seeing in the Americas. In the late 1600s, <a href=\"/wiki/Louis_Hennepin\" title=\"Louis Hennepin\">Louis Hennepin</a> visited North America, providing early descriptions of <a href=\"/wiki/Niagara_Falls\" title=\"Niagara Falls\">Niagara Falls</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls\" title=\"Saint Anthony Falls\">Saint Anthony Falls</a>. The geographer Brian J. Hudson argues that it was uncommon to specifically name waterfalls until the 1700s. The trend of Europeans specifically naming falls was in tandem with increased scientific focus on nature, the rise of <a href=\"/wiki/Romanticism\" title=\"Romanticism\">Romanticism</a>, and increased importance of hydropower with the <a href=\"/wiki/Industrial_Revolution\" title=\"Industrial Revolution\">Industrial Revolution</a>. European explorers often ignored the names native peoples had given the falls in favor of a \"European\" name; for instance, David Livingstone named <a href=\"/wiki/Victoria_Falls\" title=\"Victoria Falls\">Victoria Falls</a> after <a href=\"/wiki/Queen_Victoria\" title=\"Queen Victoria\">Queen Victoria</a>, though it was already known as Mosi-oa-Tunya. Many waterfalls have descriptive names which can come from the river they are on, places they are near, their features, or events that happened near them.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Some countries that were colonized by European nations have taken steps to return names to waterfalls previously renamed by European explorers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]</a></sup> Exploration of waterfalls continues; the <a href=\"/wiki/Gocta_Cataracts\" title=\"Gocta Cataracts\">Gocta Cataracts</a> were first announced to the world in 2006.<sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[37]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Waterfalls can pose major barriers to travel. Canals are sometimes built as a method to go around them, other times <a href=\"/wiki/Portage\" title=\"Portage\">things must be physically carried around</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Portage_railway\" title=\"Portage railway\">a railway built</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">[38]</a></sup> In 1885, the geographer <a href=\"/wiki/George_Chisholm_(geographer)\" title=\"George Chisholm (geographer)\">George Chisholm</a> wrote that, \"The most signal example of the effect of waterfalls and rapids in retarding the development of civilisation is undoubtedly presented by the continent of Africa, the 'darkness' of which is almost entirely due to this cause.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b359_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b359-39\">[39]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Development_and_tourism\">Development and tourism</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=9\" title=\"Edit section: Development and tourism\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Waterfalls are often visited by people simply to see them. Hudson theorizes that they make good tourism sites because they are generally considered beautiful and are relatively uncommon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-40\">[40]</a></sup> Activities at waterfalls can include bathing, swimming, photography, <a href=\"/wiki/Rafting\" title=\"Rafting\">rafting</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Canyoning\" title=\"Canyoning\">canyoning</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Abseiling\" title=\"Abseiling\">abseiling</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Rock_climbing\" title=\"Rock climbing\">rock climbing</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_climbing\" title=\"Ice climbing\">ice climbing</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358_35-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358-35\">[35]</a></sup> Waterfalls can also be sites for generating hydroelectric power and can hold good fishing opportunities.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b360_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b360-41\">[41]</a></sup> Wealthy people were known to visit areas with features such as waterfalls at least as early as in <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Rome\" title=\"Ancient Rome\">Ancient Rome</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_China\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ancient China\">China</a>. However, many waterfalls were essentially inaccessible due to the treacherous terrain surrounding them until improvements began to be made such as paths to the falls, becoming common across the United Kingdom and America in the 1800s and continuing through the 1900s and into the 21st century. Remote waterfalls are now often visited by air travel.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_40-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-40\">[40]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Human development has also threatened many waterfalls. For instance, the <a href=\"/wiki/Gua%C3%ADra_Falls\" title=\"Gua\u00edra Falls\">Gua\u00edra Falls</a>, once one of the most powerful waterfalls in the world, were submerged in 1982 by a human-made dam, as were the <a href=\"/wiki/Ripon_Falls\" title=\"Ripon Falls\">Ripon Falls</a> in 1952. Conversely, other waterfalls have seen significantly lower water levels as a result of diversion for <a href=\"/wiki/Hydroelectricity\" title=\"Hydroelectricity\">hydroelectricity</a>, such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Tyssestrengene\" title=\"Tyssestrengene\">Tyssestrengene</a> in Norway.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202060_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202060-42\">[42]</a></sup> Development of the areas around falls as tourist attractions has also destroyed the natural scene around many of them.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_40-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-40\">[40]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Waterfalls are included on thirty-eight <a href=\"/wiki/World_Heritage_Site\" title=\"World Heritage Site\">World Heritage Sites</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059-31\">[31]</a></sup> and many others are protected by governments.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361-43\">[43]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"In_culture\">In culture</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=10\" title=\"Edit section: In culture\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg/220px-Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg/330px-Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg/440px-Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"960\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>A man practicing <i><a href=\"/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81\" title=\"S\u0101dhan\u0101\">s\u0101dhan\u0101</a></i> in Japan</div></div></div>\n<p>Waterfalls play a role in many cultures, as religious sites and subjects of art and music.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059-31\">[31]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361-43\">[43]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Many artists have painted waterfalls and they are referenced in many songs, such as those of the <a href=\"/wiki/Kaluli_people\" title=\"Kaluli people\">Kaluli people</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea\" title=\"Papua New Guinea\">Papua New Guinea</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Harner\" title=\"Michael Harner\">Michael Harner</a> titled his study of the <a href=\"/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples\" title=\"Jivaroan peoples\">Jivaroan peoples</a> of Ecuador <i>The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361-43\">[43]</a></sup></i> Artists such as those of the <a href=\"/wiki/Hudson_River_School\" title=\"Hudson River School\">Hudson River School</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/J._M._W._Turner\" title=\"J. M. W. Turner\">J. M. W. Turner</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/John_Sell_Cotman\" title=\"John Sell Cotman\">John Sell Cotman</a> painted particularly notable pictures of waterfalls in the 19th century.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b363_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b363-44\">[44]</a></sup>\n</p><p>One of the versions of the <a href=\"/wiki/Shinto\" title=\"Shinto\">Shinto</a> purification ceremony of <a href=\"/wiki/Misogi\" title=\"Misogi\">misogi</a> involves standing underneath a waterfall in ritual clothing.<sup id=\"cite_ref-picken_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-picken-45\">[45]</a></sup> In Japan the <a href=\"/wiki/Nachi_Falls\" title=\"Nachi Falls\">Nachi Falls</a> are a site of pilgrimage, as are falls near <a href=\"/wiki/Tirupati\" title=\"Tirupati\">Tirupati</a>, India, and the <a href=\"/wiki/Saut-d%27Eau\" title=\"Saut-d'Eau\">Saut-d'Eau</a>, Haiti.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361-43\">[43]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Otavalos\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Otavalos\">Otavalos</a> use Piguchi waterfall as part of the Churru ritual which serves as a coming of age ceremony.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sarmiento_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sarmiento-46\">[46]</a></sup> Many waterfalls in Africa were places of worship for the native peoples and got their names from gods in the local religion.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-21\">[21]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"List\">List</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=11\" title=\"Edit section: List\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096\"/><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_waterfalls\" title=\"List of waterfalls\">List of waterfalls</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_by_type\" title=\"List of waterfalls by type\">List of waterfalls by type</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:262px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg/260px-Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"173\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg/390px-Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg/520px-Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3477\" data-file-height=\"2318\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Shaki_Waterfall\" title=\"Shaki Waterfall\">Shaki Waterfall</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Armenia\" title=\"Armenia\">Armenia</a></div></div></div>\n<p>There are thousands of waterfalls in the world, though no exact number has been calculated. The World Waterfall Database lists 7,827 as of 2013, but this is likely incomplete; as noted by Hudson, over 90% of their listings are in North America. Many guidebooks to local waterfalls have been published.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372-3\">[3]</a></sup> There is also no agreement how to measure the height of a waterfall,<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061-1\">[1]</a></sup> or even what constitutes one.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372-3\">[3]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Angel_Falls\" title=\"Angel Falls\">Angel Falls</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Venezuela\" title=\"Venezuela\">Venezuela</a> is the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_by_height\" title=\"List of waterfalls by height\">tallest waterfall in the world</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Khone_Phapheng_Falls\" title=\"Khone Phapheng Falls\">Khone Phapheng Falls</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Laos\" title=\"Laos\">Laos</a> are the widest,<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Inga_Falls\" title=\"Inga Falls\">Inga Falls</a> on the <a href=\"/wiki/Congo_River\" title=\"Congo River\">Congo River</a> are the biggest <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_by_flow_rate\" title=\"List of waterfalls by flow rate\">by flow rate</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-47\">[47]</a></sup> while the <a href=\"/wiki/Dry_Falls\" title=\"Dry Falls\">Dry Falls</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_(state)\" title=\"Washington (state)\">Washington</a> are the largest confirmed waterfalls ever.<sup id=\"cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\">[48]</a></sup> The highest known subterranean waterfall is in <a href=\"/wiki/Vrtoglavica_Cave\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vrtoglavica Cave\">Vrtoglavica Cave</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Slovenia\" title=\"Slovenia\">Slovenia</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\">[49]</a></sup> The largest known oceanic waterfall is the <a href=\"/wiki/Denmark_Strait_cataract\" title=\"Denmark Strait cataract\">Denmark Strait cataract</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_11-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-11\">[11]</a></sup>\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Artificial_waterfall\" title=\"Artificial waterfall\">Artificial waterfalls</a> are <a href=\"/wiki/Water_feature\" title=\"Water feature\">water features</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Fountain\" title=\"Fountain\">fountains</a> that imitate a natural waterfall.<sup id=\"cite_ref-AndersonTabb_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AndersonTabb-50\">[50]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Cascata_delle_Marmore\" title=\"Cascata delle Marmore\">Cascata delle Marmore</a> is the tallest artificially built waterfall at 541 feet (165 m).<sup id=\"cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[51]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=12\" title=\"Edit section: References\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1011085734\">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class=\"reflist\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFGoudie2020\">Goudie 2020</a>, p. 61.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1133582631\">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:\"\\\"\"\"\\\"\"\"'\"\"'\"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg\")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg\")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg\")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id=\"CITEREFHudson2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hudson, Brian J. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2012.00780.x\">\"The Naming of Waterfalls\"</a>. <i>Geographical Research</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 85\u201393. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-5871.2012.00780.x\">10.1111/j.1745-5871.2012.00780.x</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1745-5871\">1745-5871</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Naming+of+Waterfalls&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-93&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-5871.2012.00780.x&rft.issn=1745-5871&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-5871.2012.00780.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 372.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php/Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall\">\"Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall \u2013 History of Early American Landscape Design\"</a>. <i>heald.nga.gov</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heald.nga.gov&rft.atitle=Cascade%2FCataract%2FWaterfall+%E2%80%93+History+of+Early+American+Landscape+Design&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheald.nga.gov%2Fmediawiki%2Findex.php%2FCascade%2FCataract%2FWaterfall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cataract\">\"Definition of Cataract\"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Cataract&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcataract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><span class=\"cs1-maint citation-comment\"><code class=\"cs1-code\">{{<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Cite_web\" title=\"Template:Cite web\">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: url-status\">link</a>)</span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cascade\">\"Definition of Cascade\"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Cascade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcascade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><span class=\"cs1-maint citation-comment\"><code class=\"cs1-code\">{{<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Cite_web\" title=\"Template:Cite web\">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: url-status\">link</a>)</span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Robert L Bates, Julia A Jackson, ed. <i>Dictionary of Geological Terms: Third Edition</i>, p. 391, <a href=\"/wiki/American_Geological_Institute\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"American Geological Institute\">American Geological Institute</a> (1984)</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-foss-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-foss_8-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/foss#English\">\"foss\"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. 20 December 2022<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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(1 September 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/98m7s64p\">\"Modeling energy dissipation and hydraulic jump regime responses to channel nonuniformity at river steps\"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. <b>113</b> (F3): F03003. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRF..113.3003W\">2008JGRF..113.3003W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007jf000873\">10.1029/2007jf000873</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2202\">2156-2202</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Earth+Surface&rft.atitle=Modeling+energy+dissipation+and+hydraulic+jump+regime+responses+to+channel+nonuniformity+at+river+steps&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=F3&rft.pages=F03003&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.issn=2156-2202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007jf000873&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JGRF..113.3003W&rft.aulast=Wyrick&rft.aufirst=Joshua+R.&rft.au=Pasternack%2C+Gregory+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F98m7s64p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFBakerChadwickWahabKahar2017\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Baker, Kate; Chadwick, Michael A.; Wahab, Rodzay A.; Kahar, Rafhiah (1 February 2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10750-016-2975-4\">\"Benthic community structure and ecosystem functions in above- and below-waterfall pools in Borneo\"</a>. <i>Hydrobiologia</i>. <b>787</b> (1): 307\u2013322. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10750-016-2975-4\">10.1007/s10750-016-2975-4</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-5117\">1573-5117</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&rft.atitle=Benthic+community+structure+and+ecosystem+functions+in+above-+and+below-waterfall+pools+in+Borneo&rft.volume=787&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=307-322&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10750-016-2975-4&rft.issn=1573-5117&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Wahab%2C+Rodzay+A.&rft.au=Kahar%2C+Rafhiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10750-016-2975-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFRackemannRobsonMatthews2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Rackemann, Sarah L.; Robson, Belinda J.; Matthews, Ty G. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aqc.2304\">\"Conservation value of waterfalls as habitat for lotic insects of western Victoria, Australia\"</a>. <i>Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 171\u2013178. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faqc.2304\">10.1002/aqc.2304</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1099-0755\">1099-0755</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Conservation%3A+Marine+and+Freshwater+Ecosystems&rft.atitle=Conservation+value+of+waterfalls+as+habitat+for+lotic+insects+of+western+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=171-178&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Faqc.2304&rft.issn=1099-0755&rft.aulast=Rackemann&rft.aufirst=Sarah+L.&rft.au=Robson%2C+Belinda+J.&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Ty+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Faqc.2304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:4-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_21-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_21-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFOffemIkpi2012\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Offem, B.O.; Ikpi, G.U. (2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fkmae%2F2012004\">\"Distribution and dynamics of a tropical waterfalls ecosystem\"</a>. <i>Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems</i> (404): 10. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fkmae%2F2012004\">10.1051/kmae/2012004</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1961-9502\">1961-9502</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowledge+and+Management+of+Aquatic+Ecosystems&rft.atitle=Distribution+and+dynamics+of+a+tropical+waterfalls+ecosystem&rft.issue=404&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fkmae%2F2012004&rft.issn=1961-9502&rft.aulast=Offem&rft.aufirst=B.O.&rft.au=Ikpi%2C+G.U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252Fkmae%252F2012004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/WaterfallsandBiodiversityinBC.html\">\"Waterfalls and Biodiversity in BC\"</a>. <i>ibis.geog.ubc.ca</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibis.geog.ubc.ca&rft.atitle=Waterfalls+and+Biodiversity+in+BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fibis.geog.ubc.ca%2Fbiodiversity%2FWaterfallsandBiodiversityinBC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/black-swift\">\"Black Swift\"</a>. <i>Audubon</i>. 13 November 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Audubon&rft.atitle=Black+Swift&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Ffield-guide%2Fbird%2Fblack-swift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-worldwat-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-worldwat_24-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/featured-articles-waterfalls-101-what-types-of-waterfalls-are-there.html\">\"Worldwaterfalls.com\"</a>. 11 September 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwaterfalls.com&rft.date=2015-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-of-waterfalls.com%2Ffeatured-articles-waterfalls-101-what-types-of-waterfalls-are-there.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFKidsBrake2017\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Kids, Lonely Planet; Brake, Mark (1 November 2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=wrU7DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22chute+waterfall%22&pg=PT240\"><i>The Big Earth Book</i></a>. Lonely Planet. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78701-083-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-78701-083-3\"><bdi>978-1-78701-083-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Earth+Book&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78701-083-3&rft.aulast=Kids&rft.aufirst=Lonely+Planet&rft.au=Brake%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrU7DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522chute%2Bwaterfall%2522%26pg%3DPT240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFFairbridge1997\" class=\"citation cs2\">Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (1997), <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31060-6_155\">\"Glacial moulin, mill or pothole\"</a>, <i>Geomorphology</i>, Encyclopedia of Earth Science, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 456\u2013457, <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-31060-6_155\">10.1007/3-540-31060-6_155</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31060-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31060-0\"><bdi>978-3-540-31060-0</bdi></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">, retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 August</span> 2021</span></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=Glacial+moulin%2C+mill+or+pothole&rft.pages=456-457&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-31060-6_155&rft.isbn=978-3-540-31060-0&rft.aulast=Fairbridge&rft.aufirst=Rhodes+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F3-540-31060-6_155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.terragalleria.com/parks/np-image.maca39887.html\">https://www.terragalleria.com</a> Ephemeral waterfall seen from inside cave. Mammoth Cave National Park.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.kidsdiscover.com/quick-reads/horsetail-falls-one-yosemites-ephemeral-waterfalls/\">https://www.kidsdiscover.com</a> About Horsetail Falls, One of Yosemite's Ephemeral Waterfalls.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.wncwaterfalls.info/waterfall/94/Bird_Rock_Falls\">https://www.wncwaterfalls</a> Bird Rock Falls.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHernAhern2020\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Hern, Sunny; Ahern, Ez (28 October 2020). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.newyorkupstate.com/things-to-do/2020/10/underground-waterfall-how-to-see-this-secret-spectacle-in-upstate-ny.html\">\"Underground waterfall: How to see this secret spectacle in Upstate NY\"</a>. <i>newyorkupstate</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newyorkupstate&rft.atitle=Underground+waterfall%3A+How+to+see+this+secret+spectacle+in+Upstate+NY&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft.aulast=Hern&rft.aufirst=Sunny&rft.au=Ahern%2C+Ez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorkupstate.com%2Fthings-to-do%2F2020%2F10%2Funderground-waterfall-how-to-see-this-secret-spectacle-in-upstate-ny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><span class=\"cs1-maint citation-comment\"><code class=\"cs1-code\">{{<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Cite_web\" title=\"Template:Cite web\">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: url-status\">link</a>)</span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFGoudie2020\">Goudie 2020</a>, p. 59.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b365-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b365_32-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 365.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b357-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b357_33-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 357.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b373-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b373_34-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 373.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358_35-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358_35-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 358.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b362-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b362_36-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 362.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHendrix2006\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Hendrix, Steve (15 October 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/travel/2006/10/15/after-the-falls-span-classbankhead-last-spring-peru-announced-it-had-discovered-the-worlds-third-tallest-waterfall-we-went-to-see-this-remote-wonder-and-discovered-much-more-span/d7be2f0e-ba43-4ea1-b7a3-bcac64b1b215/\">\"After the Falls Last spring, Peru announced it had discovered the world's third-tallest waterfall. We went to see this remote wonder, and discovered much more\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Washington_Post\" title=\"The Washington Post\">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=After+the+Falls+Last+spring%2C+Peru+announced+it+had+discovered+the+world%27s+third-tallest+waterfall.+We+went+to+see+this+remote+wonder%2C+and+discovered+much+more.&rft.date=2006-10-15&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2Ftravel%2F2006%2F10%2F15%2Fafter-the-falls-span-classbankhead-last-spring-peru-announced-it-had-discovered-the-worlds-third-tallest-waterfall-we-went-to-see-this-remote-wonder-and-discovered-much-more-span%2Fd7be2f0e-ba43-4ea1-b7a3-bcac64b1b215%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFDerek_Hayes2006\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Derek Hayes (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=KvtEUChw9uAC&pg=PA210\">\"Historical Atlas of Canada: Canada's History Illustrated with Original Maps\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Douglas_%26_McIntyre\" title=\"Douglas & McIntyre\">Douglas & McIntyre</a>. p. 210. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-077-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-077-5\"><bdi>978-1-55365-077-5</bdi></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>Most of Canada's first railways were portage railways, designed to meet river traffic and ferry it past rapids.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Canada%3A+Canada%27s+History+Illustrated+with+Original+Maps&rft.pages=210&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-077-5&rft.au=Derek+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKvtEUChw9uAC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b359-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b359_39-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 359.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_40-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_40-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_40-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHudson2006\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hudson, Brian J. (1 March 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2006.12094145\">\"Waterfalls, Tourism and Landscape\"</a>. <i>Geography</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 3\u201312. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00167487.2006.12094145\">10.1080/00167487.2006.12094145</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7487\">0016-7487</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geography&rft.atitle=Waterfalls%2C+Tourism+and+Landscape&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=2006-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00167487.2006.12094145&rft.issn=0016-7487&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00167487.2006.12094145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b360-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b360_41-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 360.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202060-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202060_42-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFGoudie2020\">Goudie 2020</a>, p. 60.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 361.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b363-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b363_44-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 363.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-picken-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-picken_45-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFPicken2011\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stuart_D._B._Picken\" title=\"Stuart D. B. Picken\">Picken, Stuart D. B</a> (2011). <i>Historical Dictionary of Shinto Second edition</i>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 195\u2013196. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7172-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7172-4\"><bdi>978-0-8108-7172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Shinto+Second+edition&rft.pages=195-196&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7172-4&rft.aulast=Picken&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Sarmiento-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Sarmiento_46-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFSarmiento2016\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Sarmiento, F.O. (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780444637871000081\">\"Neotropical Mountains Beyond Water Supply\"</a>. <i>Mountain Ice and Water \u2013 Investigations of the Hydrologic Cycle in Alpine Environments</i>. Developments in Earth Surface Processes. Vol. 21. pp. 309\u2013324. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-63787-1.00008-1\">10.1016/B978-0-444-63787-1.00008-1</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-63787-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-444-63787-1\"><bdi>978-0-444-63787-1</bdi></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neotropical+Mountains+Beyond+Water+Supply&rft.btitle=Mountain+Ice+and+Water+%E2%80%93+Investigations+of+the+Hydrologic+Cycle+in+Alpine+Environments&rft.series=Developments+in+Earth+Surface+Processes&rft.pages=309-324&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-63787-1.00008-1&rft.isbn=978-0-444-63787-1&rft.aulast=Sarmiento&rft.aufirst=F.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FB9780444637871000081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-47\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite class=\"citation book cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=fI4eBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Inga+Falls%22+%22flow+rate%22&pg=PA59\"><i>Atlas A-Z: 6th edition: A Pocket Guide to the World Today</i></a>. Penguin. 7 April 2015. p. 59. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-4252-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-4252-9\"><bdi>978-1-4654-4252-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+A-Z%3A+6th+edition%3A+A+Pocket+Guide+to+the+World+Today&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-4252-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfI4eBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Inga%2BFalls%2522%2B%2522flow%2Brate%2522%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFFrank\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Frank, Zack. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170601-the-largest-waterfall-that-ever-existed\">\"The largest waterfall that ever existed\"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+largest+waterfall+that+ever+existed&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Zack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20170601-the-largest-waterfall-that-ever-existed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><span class=\"cs1-maint citation-comment\"><code class=\"cs1-code\">{{<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Cite_web\" title=\"Template:Cite web\">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: url-status\">link</a>)</span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-49\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFPavils2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Pavils, Gatis (7 March 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/E/Slovenia/SlovenianLittoral/Vrtiglavica.htm\">\"Vrtiglavica Cave and Waterfall\"</a>. <i>Wondermondo</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wondermondo&rft.atitle=Vrtiglavica+Cave+and+Waterfall&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Pavils&rft.aufirst=Gatis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wondermondo.com%2FCountries%2FE%2FSlovenia%2FSlovenianLittoral%2FVrtiglavica.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AndersonTabb-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-AndersonTabb_50-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Susan C. Anderson (Editor), Bruce Tabb (Editor), <i>Water, Leisure and Culture: European Historical Perspectives</i>, Berg Publishers, 2002, <link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-540-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-85973-540-1\">1-85973-540-1</a>, page 122</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHudson2013\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Hudson, Brian J. (15 February 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=FKtkU4E-mWYC&q=Cascata+delle+Marmore+tallest+man+made+waterfall\"><i>Waterfall: Nature and Culture</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 222. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-956-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-956-9\"><bdi>978-1-86189-956-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterfall%3A+Nature+and+Culture&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-956-9&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKtkU4E-mWYC%26q%3DCascata%2Bdelle%2BMarmore%2Btallest%2Bman%2Bmade%2Bwaterfall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n</ol></div></div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Bibliography\">Bibliography</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=13\" title=\"Edit section: Bibliography\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<ul><li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFGoudie2020\" class=\"citation journal cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)\" title=\"Andrew Goudie (geographer)\">Goudie, Andrew S.</a> (31 March 2020). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fquageo-2020-0005\">\"Waterfalls: Forms, Distribution, Processes and Rates of Recession\"</a>. <i>Quaestiones Geographicae</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 59\u201377. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fquageo-2020-0005\">10.2478/quageo-2020-0005</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214798339\">214798339</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaestiones+Geographicae&rft.atitle=Waterfalls%3A+Forms%2C+Distribution%2C+Processes+and+Rates+of+Recession&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-77&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fquageo-2020-0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214798339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goudie&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fquageo-2020-0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></li>\n<li><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631\"/><cite id=\"CITEREFHudson2013b\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hudson, Brian J. (2013b). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2013.828482\">\"Waterfalls, science and aesthetics\"</a>. <i>Journal of Cultural Geography</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 356\u2013379. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08873631.2013.828482\">10.1080/08873631.2013.828482</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0887-3631\">0887-3631</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109727400\">109727400</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Geography&rft.atitle=Waterfalls%2C+science+and+aesthetics&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356-379&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109727400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0887-3631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08873631.2013.828482&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F08873631.2013.828482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></li></ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"External_links\">External links</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=14\" title=\"Edit section: External links\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1134653256\">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class=\"side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1126788409\">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol 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this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs\" title=\"Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs&action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"Rivers,_streams_and_springs\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/River\" title=\"River\">Rivers</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stream\" title=\"Stream\">streams</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)\" title=\"Spring (hydrology)\">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/River\" title=\"River\">Rivers</a><br />(<a href=\"/wiki/Lists_of_rivers\" title=\"Lists of rivers\">lists</a>)</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Alluvial_river\" title=\"Alluvial river\">Alluvial river</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Braided_river\" title=\"Braided river\">Braided river</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Blackwater_river\" title=\"Blackwater river\">Blackwater river</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Channel_(geography)\" title=\"Channel (geography)\">Channel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Channel_pattern\" title=\"Channel pattern\">Channel pattern</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Channel_types\" title=\"Channel types\">Channel types</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Confluence\" title=\"Confluence\">Confluence</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Distributary\" title=\"Distributary\">Distributary</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Drainage_basin\" title=\"Drainage basin\">Drainage basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Subterranean_river\" title=\"Subterranean river\">Subterranean river</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_bifurcation\" title=\"River bifurcation\">River bifurcation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_ecosystem\" title=\"River ecosystem\">River ecosystem</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_source\" title=\"River source\">River source</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tributary\" title=\"Tributary\">Tributary</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stream\" title=\"Stream\">Streams</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Arroyo_(creek)\" title=\"Arroyo (creek)\">Arroyo</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bourne_(stream)\" title=\"Bourne (stream)\">Bourne</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Burn_(landform)\" title=\"Burn (landform)\">Burn</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Chalk_stream\" title=\"Chalk stream\">Chalk stream</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Coulee\" title=\"Coulee\">Coulee</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Current_(stream)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Current (stream)\">Current</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream\" title=\"Stream\">Stream</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_bed\" title=\"Stream bed\">Stream bed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_channel\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stream channel\">Stream channel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_gradient\" title=\"Stream gradient\">Stream gradient</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_pool\" title=\"Stream pool\">Stream pool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Perennial_stream\" title=\"Perennial stream\">Perennial stream</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)\" title=\"Winterbourne (stream)\">Winterbourne</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)\" title=\"Spring (hydrology)\">Springs</a><br />(<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_springs\" title=\"List of springs\">list</a>)</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Estavelle\" title=\"Estavelle\">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Geyser\" title=\"Geyser\">Geyser</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Holy_well\" title=\"Holy well\">Holy well</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hot_spring\" title=\"Hot spring\">Hot spring</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_hot_springs\" title=\"List of hot springs\">list</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States\" title=\"List of hot springs in the United States\">list in the US</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Karst_spring\" title=\"Karst spring\">Karst spring</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_karst_springs\" title=\"List of karst springs\">list</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mineral_spring\" title=\"Mineral spring\">Mineral spring</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ponor\" title=\"Ponor\">Ponor</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rhythmic_spring\" title=\"Rhythmic spring\">Rhythmic spring</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Spring_horizon\" title=\"Spring horizon\">Spring horizon</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Sediment\" title=\"Sediment\">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href=\"/wiki/Erosion\" title=\"Erosion\">erosion</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)\" title=\"Abrasion (geology)\">Abrasion</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Anabranch\" title=\"Anabranch\">Anabranch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Aggradation\" title=\"Aggradation\">Aggradation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)\" title=\"Armor (hydrology)\">Armor</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bed_load\" title=\"Bed load\">Bed load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bed_material_load\" title=\"Bed material load\">Bed material load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Granular_flow\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Granular flow\">Granular flow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Debris_flow\" title=\"Debris flow\">Debris flow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Deposition_(geology)\" title=\"Deposition (geology)\">Deposition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dissolved_load\" title=\"Dissolved load\">Dissolved load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Downcutting\" title=\"Downcutting\">Downcutting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Erosion\" title=\"Erosion\">Erosion</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Headward_erosion\" title=\"Headward erosion\">Headward erosion</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Knickpoint\" title=\"Knickpoint\">Knickpoint</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Palaeochannel\" title=\"Palaeochannel\">Palaeochannel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Progradation\" title=\"Progradation\">Progradation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Retrogradation\" title=\"Retrogradation\">Retrogradation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Saltation_(geology)\" title=\"Saltation (geology)\">Saltation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends\" title=\"Secondary flow\">Secondary flow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sediment_transport\" title=\"Sediment transport\">Sediment transport</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Suspended_load\" title=\"Suspended load\">Suspended load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wash_load\" title=\"Wash load\">Wash load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Water_gap\" title=\"Water gap\">Water gap</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fluvial\">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ait\" title=\"Ait\">Ait</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Alluvial_fan\" title=\"Alluvial fan\">Alluvial fan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream\" title=\"Antecedent drainage stream\">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Avulsion_(river)\" title=\"Avulsion (river)\">Avulsion</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bank_(geography)\" title=\"Bank (geography)\">Bank</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)\" title=\"Bar (river morphology)\">Bar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bayou\" title=\"Bayou\">Bayou</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Billabong\" title=\"Billabong\">Billabong</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Canyon\" title=\"Canyon\">Canyon</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Chine\" title=\"Chine\">Chine</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cut_bank\" title=\"Cut bank\">Cut bank</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Estuary\" title=\"Estuary\">Estuary</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fluvial_terrace\" title=\"Fluvial terrace\">Fluvial terrace</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gill_(ravine)\" title=\"Gill (ravine)\">Gill</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gulch\" title=\"Gulch\">Gulch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gully\" title=\"Gully\">Gully</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Glen\" title=\"Glen\">Glen</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Meander_scar\" title=\"Meander scar\">Meander scar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mouth_bar\" title=\"Mouth bar\">Mouth bar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Oxbow_lake\" title=\"Oxbow lake\">Oxbow lake</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence\" title=\"Riffle-pool sequence\">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Point_bar\" title=\"Point bar\">Point bar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ravine\" title=\"Ravine\">Ravine</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rill\" title=\"Rill\">Rill</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_island\" title=\"River island\">River island</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rock-cut_basin\" title=\"Rock-cut basin\">Rock-cut basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sedimentary_basin\" title=\"Sedimentary basin\">Sedimentary basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sedimentary_structures\" title=\"Sedimentary structures\">Sedimentary structures</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Strath\" title=\"Strath\">Strath</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Thalweg\" title=\"Thalweg\">Thalweg</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Valley\" title=\"Valley\">River valley</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wadi\" title=\"Wadi\">Wadi</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fluvial\">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Helicoidal_flow\" title=\"Helicoidal flow\">Helicoidal flow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty\" title=\"International scale of river difficulty\">International scale of river difficulty</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Meander\" title=\"Meander\">Meander</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Plunge_pool\" title=\"Plunge pool\">Plunge pool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rapids\" title=\"Rapids\">Rapids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Riffle\" title=\"Riffle\">Riffle</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Shoal\" title=\"Shoal\">Shoal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_capture\" title=\"Stream capture\">Stream capture</a></li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Waterfall</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Whitewater\" title=\"Whitewater\">Whitewater</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_runoff\" title=\"Surface runoff\">Surface runoff</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Agricultural wastewater\">Agricultural wastewater</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/First_flush\" title=\"First flush\">First flush</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Urban_runoff\" title=\"Urban runoff\">Urban runoff</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Flood\" title=\"Flood\">Floods</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Stormwater\" title=\"Stormwater\">stormwater</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/100-year_flood\" title=\"100-year flood\">100-year flood</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Crevasse_splay\" title=\"Crevasse splay\">Crevasse splay</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flash_flood\" title=\"Flash flood\">Flash flood</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood\" title=\"Flood\">Flood</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Urban_flooding\" title=\"Urban flooding\">Urban flooding</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood_barrier\" title=\"Flood barrier\">Flood barrier</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood_control\" title=\"Flood control\">Flood control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood_forecasting\" title=\"Flood forecasting\">Flood forecasting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood-meadow\" title=\"Flood-meadow\">Flood-meadow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Floodplain\" title=\"Floodplain\">Floodplain</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept\" title=\"Flood pulse concept\">Flood pulse concept</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas\" title=\"Flooded grasslands and savannas\">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile\" title=\"Flooding of the Nile\">Inundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model\" title=\"Storm Water Management Model\">Storm Water Management Model</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Return_period\" title=\"Return period\">Return period</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollution_from_point_sources\" title=\"Water pollution\">Point source pollution</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Effluent\" title=\"Effluent\">Effluent</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Industrial_wastewater\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Industrial wastewater\">Industrial wastewater</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sewage\" title=\"Sewage\">Sewage</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Baer%27s_law\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Baer's law\">Baer's law</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Baseflow\" title=\"Baseflow\">Baseflow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bradshaw_model\" title=\"Bradshaw model\">Bradshaw model</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)\" title=\"Discharge (hydrology)\">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Drainage_density\" title=\"Drainage density\">Drainage density</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Exner_equation\" title=\"Exner equation\">Exner equation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Groundwater_model\" title=\"Groundwater model\">Groundwater model</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hack%27s_law\" title=\"Hack's law\">Hack's law</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve\" title=\"Hjulstr\u00f6m curve\">Hjulstr\u00f6m curve</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrograph\" title=\"Hydrograph\">Hydrograph</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrological_modelling\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hydrological modelling\">Hydrological modelling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model\" title=\"Hydrological transport model\">Hydrological transport model</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)\" title=\"Infiltration (hydrology)\">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Main_stem\" title=\"Main stem\">Main stem</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Playfair%27s_law\" title=\"Playfair's law\">Playfair's law</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Relief_ratio\" title=\"Relief ratio\">Relief ratio</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept\" title=\"River Continuum Concept\">River Continuum Concept</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rouse_number\" title=\"Rouse number\">Rouse number</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Runoff_curve_number\" title=\"Runoff curve number\">Runoff curve number</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)\" title=\"Runoff model (reservoir)\">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_gauge\" title=\"Stream gauge\">Stream gauge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation\" title=\"Universal Soil Loss Equation\">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/WAFLEX\" title=\"WAFLEX\">WAFLEX</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wetted_perimeter\" title=\"Wetted perimeter\">Wetted perimeter</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate\" title=\"Volumetric flow rate\">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/River_engineering\" title=\"River engineering\">River engineering</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)\" title=\"Aqueduct (bridge)\">Aqueduct</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Balancing_lake\" title=\"Balancing lake\">Balancing lake</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Canal\" title=\"Canal\">Canal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Check_dam\" title=\"Check dam\">Check dam</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dam\" title=\"Dam\">Dam</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Drop_structure\" title=\"Drop structure\">Drop structure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)\" title=\"Daylighting (streams)\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Detention_basin\" title=\"Detention basin\">Detention basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Erosion_control\" title=\"Erosion control\">Erosion control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fish_ladder\" title=\"Fish ladder\">Fish ladder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Floodplain_restoration\" title=\"Floodplain restoration\">Floodplain restoration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flume\" title=\"Flume\">Flume</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Infiltration_basin\" title=\"Infiltration basin\">Infiltration basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Leat\" title=\"Leat\">Leat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Levee\" title=\"Levee\">Levee</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Retention_basin\" title=\"Retention basin\">Retention basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Revetment\" title=\"Revetment\">Revetment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration\" title=\"Riparian-zone restoration\">Riparian-zone restoration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_restoration\" title=\"Stream restoration\">Stream restoration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Weir\" title=\"Weir\">Weir</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">River sports</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Canyoning\" title=\"Canyoning\">Canyoning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fly_fishing\" title=\"Fly fishing\">Fly fishing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rafting\" title=\"Rafting\">Rafting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_surfing\" title=\"River surfing\">River surfing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Riverboarding\" title=\"Riverboarding\">Riverboarding</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stone_skipping\" title=\"Stone skipping\">Stone skipping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Triathlon\" title=\"Triathlon\">Triathlon</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing\" title=\"Whitewater canoeing\">Whitewater canoeing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking\" title=\"Whitewater kayaking\">Whitewater kayaking</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Whitewater_slalom\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Whitewater slalom\">Whitewater slalom</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other topics</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Aquifer\" title=\"Aquifer\">Aquifer</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology\" title=\"Aquatic toxicology\">Aquatic toxicology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Body_of_water\" title=\"Body of water\">Body of water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hydraulic_civilization\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hydraulic civilization\">Hydraulic civilization</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Limnology\" title=\"Limnology\">Limnology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Riparian_zone\" title=\"Riparian zone\">Riparian zone</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_valley_civilization\" title=\"River valley civilization\">River valley civilization</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_cruise\" title=\"River cruise\">River cruise</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_water\" title=\"Surface water\">Surface water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wild_river\" title=\"Wild river\">Wild river</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"2\"><div>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of rivers by length\">Rivers by length</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge\" title=\"List of rivers by discharge\">Rivers by discharge rate</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of drainage basins\">Drainage basins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_whitewater_rivers\" title=\"List of whitewater rivers\">Whitewater rivers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_flash_floods\" title=\"List of flash floods\">Flash floods</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_river_name_etymologies\" title=\"List of river name etymologies\">River name etymologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_countries_without_rivers\" title=\"List of countries without rivers\">Countries without rivers</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374\"/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846\"/><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1038841319\">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319\"/><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319\"/></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox authority-control\" aria-labelledby=\"Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34038#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34038#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Authority_control\" title=\"Help:Authority control\">Authority control</a> <a href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34038#identifiers\" title=\"Edit this at Wikidata\"><img alt=\"Edit this at Wikidata\" 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href=\"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122040133\">France</a></span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"Chutes d'eau\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122040133\">BnF data</a></span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136969-5\">Germany</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551265905171\">Israel</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85145720\">United States</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572619\">Japan</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><span 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"request": "Waterfall",
"cleaned_content": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"></style><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">This article is about natural river formations. For decorative waterfalls, see <a href=\"/wiki/Artificial_waterfall\" title=\"Artificial waterfall\">Artificial waterfall</a>. For other uses, see <a href=\"/wiki/Waterfall_(disambiguation)\" class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"Waterfall (disambiguation)\">Waterfall (disambiguation)</a>.</div>\n<div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Natural river formation</div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Jiuzhaigou Pearl Waterfall 2005-08-21.jpeg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg/220px-Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg/330px-Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg/440px-Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"960\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jiuzhaigou_Pearl_Waterfall_2005-08-21.jpeg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div></div></div></div>\n<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n</p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG/220px-Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"293\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG/330px-Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG/440px-Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"2736\" data-file-height=\"3648\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Salto_del_Angel-Canaima-Venezuela08.JPG\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Angel_Falls\" title=\"Angel Falls\">Angel Falls</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Venezuela\" title=\"Venezuela\">Venezuela</a> is the world's tallest waterfall at 979 m (3,212 ft).</div></div></div>\n<p>A <b>waterfall</b> is a point in a <a href=\"/wiki/River\" title=\"River\">river</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Stream\" title=\"Stream\">stream</a> where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops. Waterfalls also occur where <a href=\"/wiki/Meltwater\" title=\"Meltwater\">meltwater</a> drops over the edge \nof a tabular <a href=\"/wiki/Iceberg\" title=\"Iceberg\">iceberg</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_shelf\" title=\"Ice shelf\">ice shelf</a>.\n</p><p>Waterfalls can be formed in several ways, but the most common method of formation is that a river courses over a top layer of resistant <a href=\"/wiki/Bedrock\" title=\"Bedrock\">bedrock</a> before falling on to softer rock, which <a href=\"/wiki/Erosion\" title=\"Erosion\">erodes</a> faster, leading to an increasingly high fall. Waterfalls have been studied for their impact on species living in and around them.\n</p><p>Humans have had a distinct relationship with waterfalls for years, travelling to see them, exploring and naming them. They can present formidable barriers to navigation along rivers. Waterfalls are religious sites in many cultures. Since the 18th century they have received increased attention as tourist destinations, sources of <a href=\"/wiki/Hydropower\" title=\"Hydropower\">hydropower</a>, and\u2014particularly since the mid-20th century\u2014as subjects of research.\n</p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\"><input type=\"checkbox\" role=\"button\" id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" style=\"display:none\" /><div class=\"toctitle\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">Contents</h2><span class=\"toctogglespan\"><label class=\"toctogglelabel\" for=\"toctogglecheckbox\"></label></span></div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"#Definition_and_terminology\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Definition and terminology</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"#Formation\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Formation</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"#Caprock_model\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Caprock model</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"#Ecology\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Ecology</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"#Types\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Types</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"#Humans_and_waterfalls\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Humans and waterfalls</span></a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"#Research\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Research</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"#Exploration_and_naming\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Exploration and naming</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"#Development_and_tourism\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Development and tourism</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><a href=\"#In_culture\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4</span> <span class=\"toctext\">In culture</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-11\"><a href=\"#List\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6</span> <span class=\"toctext\">List</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-12\"><a href=\"#References\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7</span> <span class=\"toctext\">References</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><a href=\"#Bibliography\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8</span> <span class=\"toctext\">Bibliography</span></a></li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><a href=\"#External_links\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9</span> <span class=\"toctext\">External links</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Definition_and_terminology\">Definition and terminology</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=1\" title=\"Edit section: Definition and terminology\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<p>A waterfall is generally defined as a point in a river where water flows over a steep drop that is close to or directly vertical. In 2000 Mabin specified that \"The horizontal distance between the positions of the lip and <a href=\"/wiki/Plunge_pool\" title=\"Plunge pool\">plunge pool</a> should be no more than c 25% of the waterfall height.\" There are various types and methods to classify waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061-1\">[1]</a></sup> Some scholars have included <a href=\"/wiki/Rapids\" title=\"Rapids\">rapids</a> as a subsection.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]</a></sup> What actually constitutes a waterfall continues to be debated.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372-3\">[3]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Waterfalls are sometimes interchangeably referred to as \"cascades\" and \"cataracts\", though some sources specify a cataract as being a larger and more powerful waterfall<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061-1\">[1]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\">[4]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\">[5]</a></sup> and a cascade as being smaller.<sup id=\"cite_ref-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-6\">[6]</a></sup> A plunge pool is a type of <a href=\"/wiki/Stream_pool\" title=\"Stream pool\">stream pool</a> formed at the bottom of a waterfall.<sup id=\"cite_ref-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-7\">[7]</a></sup> A waterfall may also be referred to as a \"foss\" or \"force\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-foss_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-foss-8\">[8]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-force_9-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-force-9\">[9]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Formation\">Formation</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Formation\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:332px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg/330px-WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"330\" height=\"182\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg/495px-WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg/660px-WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"649\" data-file-height=\"357\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>Formation of a waterfall</div></div></div>\n<p>Waterfalls are commonly formed in the upper course of a river where lakes flow into valleys in steep mountains.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup>\n</p><p>A river sometimes flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a <a href=\"/wiki/Fault_(geology)\" title=\"Fault (geology)\">fault line</a>. Waterfalls can occur along the edge of a <a href=\"/wiki/Glacial_trough\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Glacial trough\">glacial trough</a>, where a stream or river flowing into a <a href=\"/wiki/Glacier\" title=\"Glacier\">glacier</a> continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in <a href=\"/wiki/Yosemite_Valley\" title=\"Yosemite Valley\">Yosemite Valley</a> are examples of this phenomenon, which is referred to as a <a href=\"/wiki/Valley#Hanging_valleys\" title=\"Valley\">hanging valley</a>. Another reason hanging valleys may form is where two rivers join and one is flowing faster than the other.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup>\n</p><p>When warm and cold water meet by a gorge in the ocean, large underwater waterfalls can form as the cold water rushes to the bottom.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_11-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-11\">[11]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Caprock_model\">Caprock model</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=3\" title=\"Edit section: Caprock model\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>The caprock model of waterfall formation<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202063_12-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202063-12\">[12]</a></sup> states that the river courses over resistant <a href=\"/wiki/Bedrock\" title=\"Bedrock\">bedrock</a>, erosion happens slowly and is dominated by impacts of water-borne sediment on the rock, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup> As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it may pluck material from the riverbed, if the bed is fractured or otherwise more erodible. Hydraulic jets and hydraulic jumps at the toe of a falls can generate large forces to erode the bed,<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-14\">[14]</a></sup> especially when forces are amplified by water-borne sediment. Horseshoe-shaped falls focus the erosion to a central point, also enhancing riverbed change below a waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\">[15]</a></sup>\n</p><p>A process known as \"potholing\" involves local erosion of a potentially deep hole in bedrock due to turbulent <a href=\"/wiki/Whirlpool\" title=\"Whirlpool\">whirlpools</a> spinning stones around on the bed, drilling it out. Sand and stones carried by the watercourse therefore increase erosion capacity.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup> This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream. Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it.<sup id=\"cite_ref-visual_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-visual-16\">[16]</a></sup> The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one-and-a-half metres per year.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Often, the rock <a href=\"/wiki/Stratum\" title=\"Stratum\">stratum</a> just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that undercutting due to splashback will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a <a href=\"/wiki/Rock_shelter\" title=\"Rock shelter\">rock shelter</a> under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the <a href=\"/wiki/Outcrop\" title=\"Outcrop\">outcropping</a>, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by <a href=\"/wiki/Attrition_(erosion)\" title=\"Attrition (erosion)\">attrition</a> as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by <a href=\"/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)\" title=\"Abrasion (geology)\">abrasion</a>, creating a deep <a href=\"/wiki/Plunge_pool\" title=\"Plunge pool\">plunge pool</a> in the gorge downstream.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Streams can become wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep area just below the waterfall because of the <a href=\"/wiki/Kinetic_energy\" title=\"Kinetic energy\">kinetic energy</a> of the water hitting the bottom. However, a study of waterfalls systematics reported that waterfalls can be wider or narrower above or below a falls, so almost anything is possible given the right geological and hydrological setting.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_18-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-18\">[18]</a></sup> Waterfalls normally form in a rocky area due to erosion. After a long period of being fully formed, the water falling off the ledge will retreat, causing a horizontal pit parallel to the waterfall wall. Eventually, as the pit grows deeper, the waterfall collapses to be replaced by a steeply sloping stretch of river bed.<sup id=\"cite_ref-fenh_10-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-fenh-10\">[10]</a></sup> In addition to gradual processes such as erosion, earth movement caused by <a href=\"/wiki/Earthquake\" title=\"Earthquake\">earthquakes</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Landslide\" title=\"Landslide\">landslides</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Volcano\" title=\"Volcano\">volcanoes</a> can lead to the formation of waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Ecology\">Ecology</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=4\" title=\"Edit section: Ecology\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:172px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg/170px-Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"170\" height=\"235\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg/255px-Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg/340px-Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1506\" data-file-height=\"2078\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Iceland_Dettifoss_1972-4.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>The <a href=\"/wiki/Dettifoss\" title=\"Dettifoss\">Dettifoss</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Iceland\" title=\"Iceland\">Iceland</a> on 31 July 1972</div></div></div>\n<p>Waterfalls are an important factor in determining the distribution of <a href=\"/wiki/Lotic\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Lotic\">lotic</a> organisms such as fish and aquatic invertebrates, as they may restrict dispersal along streams. The presence or absence of certain species can have cascading ecological effects, and thus cause differences in trophic regimes above and below waterfalls. Certain aquatic insects also specialize in the environment of the waterfall itself.<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\">[19]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\">[20]</a></sup> A 2012 study of the <a href=\"/wiki/Agbokim_Waterfalls\" title=\"Agbokim Waterfalls\">Agbokim Waterfalls</a>, has suggested that they hold biodiversity to a much higher extent than previously thought.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_21-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-21\">[21]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Waterfalls also affect terrestrial species. They create a small microclimate in their immediate vicinity characterized by cooler temperatures and higher humidity than the surrounding region, which may support diverse communities of <a href=\"/wiki/Moss\" title=\"Moss\">mosses</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Liverworts\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Liverworts\">liverworts</a>. Species of these plants may have disjunct populations at waterfall zones far from their core range.<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\">[22]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Waterfalls provide nesting cover for several species of bird, such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Black_Swift\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Black Swift\">black swift</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/White-throated_dipper\" title=\"White-throated dipper\">white-throated dipper</a>. These species preferentially nest in the space behind the falling water, which is thought to be a strategy to avoid predation.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\">[23]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Types\">Types</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=5\" title=\"Edit section: Types\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">See also: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_by_type\" title=\"List of waterfalls by type\">List of waterfalls by type</a></div>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<caption>\n</caption>\n<tbody><tr>\n<th>Type\n</th>\n<th>Image\n</th>\n<th>Notes\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ledge waterfall\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"American Falls Niagara Falls USA from Skylon Tower on 2002-05-28.png\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png/100px-American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"56\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png/150px-American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png/200px-American_Falls_Niagara_Falls_USA_from_Skylon_Tower_on_2002-05-28.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"5120\" data-file-height=\"2880\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Water descends vertically over a vertical cliff, maintaining partial contact with the bedrock.<sup id=\"cite_ref-worldwat_24-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-worldwat-24\">[24]</a></sup> May be several types:\n<ul><li><b>Block/Sheet</b>: Water descends from a relatively wide stream or river.<sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup></li>\n<li><b>Classical</b>: Ledge waterfalls where fall height is nearly equal to stream width, forming a vertical square shape.<sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup></li>\n<li><b>Curtain</b>: Ledge waterfalls which descend over a height larger than the width of falling water stream.<sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup></li></ul>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Plunge\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"BrandywineFalls 1200W.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg/100px-BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg/150px-BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg/200px-BrandywineFalls_1200W.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1200\" data-file-height=\"797\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Fast-moving water descends vertically, losing complete contact with the bedrock surface.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Punchbowl\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Punch Bowl Falls.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg/100px-Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg/150px-Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg/200px-Punch_Bowl_Falls.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"2288\" data-file-height=\"1712\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Water descends in a constricted form and then spreads out in a wider pool.<sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Horsetail\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Jog Falls 05092016.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg/100px-Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"103\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg/151px-Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg/201px-Jog_Falls_05092016.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3899\" data-file-height=\"4000\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Descending water maintains contact with bedrock most of the time.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup> Several types:\n<ul><li><b>Chute</b>: A large quantity of water forced through a narrow, vertical passage.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\">[25]</a></sup></li>\n<li><b>Fan</b>: Water spreads horizontally as it descends while remaining in contact with bedrock.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup></li></ul>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cascade\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Numa Falls Upstream.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg/100px-Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg/150px-Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg/199px-Numa_Falls_Upstream.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1197\" data-file-height=\"1789\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Water descends a series of rock steps.<sup id=\"cite_ref-howstuff_13-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-howstuff-13\">[13]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tiered/Multi-step/Staircase\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Upper ebor falls small.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg/100px-Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"143\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg/150px-Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg/200px-Upper_ebor_falls_small.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"600\" data-file-height=\"857\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>A series of waterfalls one after another of roughly the same size each with its own sunken plunge pool.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cataract\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg/100px-VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"133\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg/150px-VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg/199px-VictoriaFalls2018d.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3024\" data-file-height=\"4032\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>A large, powerful waterfall.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Segmented\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Magod Falls Karnataka.JPG\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG/100px-Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG/150px-Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG/200px-Magod_Falls_Karnataka.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"2816\" data-file-height=\"2112\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>Distinct flows of water form as it descends.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Moulin_(geomorphology)\" title=\"Moulin (geomorphology)\">Moulin</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/File:Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier,_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains,_Alaska.JPG\" class=\"image\"><img alt=\"Moulin on Snowbird Glacier, below the Snowbird Glacier Hut. Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska.JPG\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG/100px-Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"67\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG/150px-Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG/200px-Moulin_on_Snowbird_Glacier%2C_below_the_Snowbird_Glacier_Hut._Talkeetna_Mountains%2C_Alaska.JPG 2x\" data-file-width=\"5222\" data-file-height=\"3481\" /></a>\n</td>\n<td>A waterfall in a glacier.<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\">[26]</a></sup>\n</td></tr></tbody></table>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg/220px-An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"139\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg/330px-An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg/440px-An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1800\" data-file-height=\"1138\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:An_ephemeral_waterfall.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>An example of an ephemeral waterfall. This one, when flowing, feeds into the <a href=\"/wiki/Chagrin_River\" title=\"Chagrin River\">Chagrin River</a>.</div></div></div>\n<p>Some waterfalls are also distinct in that they do not flow continuously. <b>Ephemeral</b> waterfalls only flow after a rain or a significant snowmelt.<sup id=\"cite_ref-27\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-27\">[27]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-28\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-28\">[28]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-29\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-29\">[29]</a></sup> Waterfalls can also be found <a href=\"/wiki/Subterranean_waterfall\" title=\"Subterranean waterfall\">underground</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\">[30]</a></sup> and in oceans.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_11-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-11\">[11]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Humans_and_waterfalls\">Humans and waterfalls</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=6\" title=\"Edit section: Humans and waterfalls\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Research\">Research</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=7\" title=\"Edit section: Research\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>The geographer <a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)\" title=\"Andrew Goudie (geographer)\">Andrew Goudie</a> wrote in 2020 that waterfalls have received \"surprisingly limited research.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059-31\">[31]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt\" title=\"Alexander von Humboldt\">Alexander von Humboldt</a> wrote about them in the 1820s.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b365_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b365-32\">[32]</a></sup> There is no name for the specific field of researching waterfalls, and in the published literature been described as \"scattered\",<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b357_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b357-33\">[33]</a></sup> though it is popular to describe studying waterfalls as \"waterfallology\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b373_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b373-34\">[34]</a></sup> An early paper written on waterfalls was published in 1884 by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Morris_Davis\" title=\"William Morris Davis\">William Morris Davis</a>, a geologist known as the \"father of American geography\". In the 1930s <a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Edward_Rashleigh&action=edit&redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Edward Rashleigh (page does not exist)\">Edward Rashleigh</a> published a pioneering work on waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]</a></sup> In 1942 <a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Oscar_von_Engeln&action=edit&redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Oscar von Engeln (page does not exist)\">Oscar von Engeln</a> wrote of the lack of research on waterfalls:<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358_35-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358-35\">[35]</a></sup>\n</p>\n</style><blockquote class=\"templatequote\"><p>Waterfall sites more than any other geomorphic feature attract and hold the interest of the general public. Because they have such a popular approval\nwaterfalls are not given serious attention by some students of systematic geomorphology. This attitude is not to be commended. Waterfalls are significant items for geomorphic investigation.</p></blockquote>\n<p>As late as 1985 a scholar felt that \"waterfalls remain a very much neglected aspect of river studies\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b362_36-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b362-36\">[36]</a></sup> Studies of waterfalls increased dramatically in the second half of the 20th century. Numerous waterfall guidebooks exist, and the World Waterfall Database is a website cataloging thousands of waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Exploration_and_naming\">Exploration and naming</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=8\" title=\"Edit section: Exploration and naming\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls,_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"250\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls%2C_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3524\" data-file-height=\"4001\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Niagara_Falls,_from_the_American_Side_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><i><a href=\"/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_from_the_American_Side\" title=\"Niagara Falls, from the American Side\">Niagara Falls, from the American Side</a></i> (Frederic Edwin Church, 1867)</div></div></div>\n<p>Many explorers have visited waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059-31\">[31]</a></sup> European explorers recorded waterfalls they came across. In 1493, <a href=\"/wiki/Christopher_Columbus\" title=\"Christopher Columbus\">Christopher Columbus</a> noted <a href=\"/wiki/Carbet_Falls\" title=\"Carbet Falls\">Carbet Falls</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Guadeloupe\" title=\"Guadeloupe\">Guadeloupe</a>, which was likely the first waterfall Europeans recorded seeing in the Americas. In the late 1600s, <a href=\"/wiki/Louis_Hennepin\" title=\"Louis Hennepin\">Louis Hennepin</a> visited North America, providing early descriptions of <a href=\"/wiki/Niagara_Falls\" title=\"Niagara Falls\">Niagara Falls</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Saint_Anthony_Falls\" title=\"Saint Anthony Falls\">Saint Anthony Falls</a>. The geographer Brian J. Hudson argues that it was uncommon to specifically name waterfalls until the 1700s. The trend of Europeans specifically naming falls was in tandem with increased scientific focus on nature, the rise of <a href=\"/wiki/Romanticism\" title=\"Romanticism\">Romanticism</a>, and increased importance of hydropower with the <a href=\"/wiki/Industrial_Revolution\" title=\"Industrial Revolution\">Industrial Revolution</a>. European explorers often ignored the names native peoples had given the falls in favor of a \"European\" name; for instance, David Livingstone named <a href=\"/wiki/Victoria_Falls\" title=\"Victoria Falls\">Victoria Falls</a> after <a href=\"/wiki/Queen_Victoria\" title=\"Queen Victoria\">Queen Victoria</a>, though it was already known as Mosi-oa-Tunya. Many waterfalls have descriptive names which can come from the river they are on, places they are near, their features, or events that happened near them.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Some countries that were colonized by European nations have taken steps to return names to waterfalls previously renamed by European explorers.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:1_2-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:1-2\">[2]</a></sup> Exploration of waterfalls continues; the <a href=\"/wiki/Gocta_Cataracts\" title=\"Gocta Cataracts\">Gocta Cataracts</a> were first announced to the world in 2006.<sup id=\"cite_ref-37\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-37\">[37]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Waterfalls can pose major barriers to travel. Canals are sometimes built as a method to go around them, other times <a href=\"/wiki/Portage\" title=\"Portage\">things must be physically carried around</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Portage_railway\" title=\"Portage railway\">a railway built</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-38\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-38\">[38]</a></sup> In 1885, the geographer <a href=\"/wiki/George_Chisholm_(geographer)\" title=\"George Chisholm (geographer)\">George Chisholm</a> wrote that, \"The most signal example of the effect of waterfalls and rapids in retarding the development of civilisation is undoubtedly presented by the continent of Africa, the 'darkness' of which is almost entirely due to this cause.\"<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b359_39-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b359-39\">[39]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Development_and_tourism\">Development and tourism</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=9\" title=\"Edit section: Development and tourism\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<p>Waterfalls are often visited by people simply to see them. Hudson theorizes that they make good tourism sites because they are generally considered beautiful and are relatively uncommon.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_40-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-40\">[40]</a></sup> Activities at waterfalls can include bathing, swimming, photography, <a href=\"/wiki/Rafting\" title=\"Rafting\">rafting</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Canyoning\" title=\"Canyoning\">canyoning</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Abseiling\" title=\"Abseiling\">abseiling</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Rock_climbing\" title=\"Rock climbing\">rock climbing</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_climbing\" title=\"Ice climbing\">ice climbing</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358_35-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358-35\">[35]</a></sup> Waterfalls can also be sites for generating hydroelectric power and can hold good fishing opportunities.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b360_41-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b360-41\">[41]</a></sup> Wealthy people were known to visit areas with features such as waterfalls at least as early as in <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Rome\" title=\"Ancient Rome\">Ancient Rome</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_China\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ancient China\">China</a>. However, many waterfalls were essentially inaccessible due to the treacherous terrain surrounding them until improvements began to be made such as paths to the falls, becoming common across the United Kingdom and America in the 1800s and continuing through the 1900s and into the 21st century. Remote waterfalls are now often visited by air travel.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_40-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-40\">[40]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Human development has also threatened many waterfalls. For instance, the <a href=\"/wiki/Gua%C3%ADra_Falls\" title=\"Gua\u00edra Falls\">Gua\u00edra Falls</a>, once one of the most powerful waterfalls in the world, were submerged in 1982 by a human-made dam, as were the <a href=\"/wiki/Ripon_Falls\" title=\"Ripon Falls\">Ripon Falls</a> in 1952. Conversely, other waterfalls have seen significantly lower water levels as a result of diversion for <a href=\"/wiki/Hydroelectricity\" title=\"Hydroelectricity\">hydroelectricity</a>, such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Tyssestrengene\" title=\"Tyssestrengene\">Tyssestrengene</a> in Norway.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202060_42-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202060-42\">[42]</a></sup> Development of the areas around falls as tourist attractions has also destroyed the natural scene around many of them.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_40-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-40\">[40]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Waterfalls are included on thirty-eight <a href=\"/wiki/World_Heritage_Site\" title=\"World Heritage Site\">World Heritage Sites</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059-31\">[31]</a></sup> and many others are protected by governments.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361-43\">[43]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"In_culture\">In culture</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=10\" title=\"Edit section: In culture\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h3>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:222px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg/220px-Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg/330px-Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg/440px-Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1280\" data-file-height=\"960\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Taki-gyo_8118084.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div>A man practicing <i><a href=\"/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81\" title=\"S\u0101dhan\u0101\">s\u0101dhan\u0101</a></i> in Japan</div></div></div>\n<p>Waterfalls play a role in many cultures, as religious sites and subjects of art and music.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059-31\">[31]</a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361-43\">[43]</a></sup>\n</p><p>Many artists have painted waterfalls and they are referenced in many songs, such as those of the <a href=\"/wiki/Kaluli_people\" title=\"Kaluli people\">Kaluli people</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea\" title=\"Papua New Guinea\">Papua New Guinea</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Harner\" title=\"Michael Harner\">Michael Harner</a> titled his study of the <a href=\"/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples\" title=\"Jivaroan peoples\">Jivaroan peoples</a> of Ecuador <i>The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361-43\">[43]</a></sup></i> Artists such as those of the <a href=\"/wiki/Hudson_River_School\" title=\"Hudson River School\">Hudson River School</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/J._M._W._Turner\" title=\"J. M. W. Turner\">J. M. W. Turner</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/John_Sell_Cotman\" title=\"John Sell Cotman\">John Sell Cotman</a> painted particularly notable pictures of waterfalls in the 19th century.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b363_44-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b363-44\">[44]</a></sup>\n</p><p>One of the versions of the <a href=\"/wiki/Shinto\" title=\"Shinto\">Shinto</a> purification ceremony of <a href=\"/wiki/Misogi\" title=\"Misogi\">misogi</a> involves standing underneath a waterfall in ritual clothing.<sup id=\"cite_ref-picken_45-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-picken-45\">[45]</a></sup> In Japan the <a href=\"/wiki/Nachi_Falls\" title=\"Nachi Falls\">Nachi Falls</a> are a site of pilgrimage, as are falls near <a href=\"/wiki/Tirupati\" title=\"Tirupati\">Tirupati</a>, India, and the <a href=\"/wiki/Saut-d%27Eau\" title=\"Saut-d'Eau\">Saut-d'Eau</a>, Haiti.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361-43\">[43]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Otavalos\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Otavalos\">Otavalos</a> use Piguchi waterfall as part of the Churru ritual which serves as a coming of age ceremony.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Sarmiento_46-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Sarmiento-46\">[46]</a></sup> Many waterfalls in Africa were places of worship for the native peoples and got their names from gods in the local religion.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_21-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-21\">[21]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"List\">List</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=11\" title=\"Edit section: List\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Main articles: <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_waterfalls\" title=\"List of waterfalls\">List of waterfalls</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_by_type\" title=\"List of waterfalls by type\">List of waterfalls by type</a></div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\"><div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"width:262px;\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg\" class=\"image\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg/260px-Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"173\" class=\"thumbimage\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg/390px-Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg/520px-Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"3477\" data-file-height=\"2318\" /></a> <div class=\"thumbcaption\"><div class=\"magnify\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Shaki_Waterfall2.jpg\" class=\"internal\" title=\"Enlarge\"></a></div><a href=\"/wiki/Shaki_Waterfall\" title=\"Shaki Waterfall\">Shaki Waterfall</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Armenia\" title=\"Armenia\">Armenia</a></div></div></div>\n<p>There are thousands of waterfalls in the world, though no exact number has been calculated. The World Waterfall Database lists 7,827 as of 2013, but this is likely incomplete; as noted by Hudson, over 90% of their listings are in North America. Many guidebooks to local waterfalls have been published.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372-3\">[3]</a></sup> There is also no agreement how to measure the height of a waterfall,<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061-1\">[1]</a></sup> or even what constitutes one.<sup id=\"cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372-3\">[3]</a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Angel_Falls\" title=\"Angel Falls\">Angel Falls</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Venezuela\" title=\"Venezuela\">Venezuela</a> is the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_by_height\" title=\"List of waterfalls by height\">tallest waterfall in the world</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Khone_Phapheng_Falls\" title=\"Khone Phapheng Falls\">Khone Phapheng Falls</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Laos\" title=\"Laos\">Laos</a> are the widest,<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_17-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-17\">[17]</a></sup> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Inga_Falls\" title=\"Inga Falls\">Inga Falls</a> on the <a href=\"/wiki/Congo_River\" title=\"Congo River\">Congo River</a> are the biggest <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_by_flow_rate\" title=\"List of waterfalls by flow rate\">by flow rate</a>,<sup id=\"cite_ref-47\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-47\">[47]</a></sup> while the <a href=\"/wiki/Dry_Falls\" title=\"Dry Falls\">Dry Falls</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_(state)\" title=\"Washington (state)\">Washington</a> are the largest confirmed waterfalls ever.<sup id=\"cite_ref-48\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-48\">[48]</a></sup> The highest known subterranean waterfall is in <a href=\"/wiki/Vrtoglavica_Cave\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Vrtoglavica Cave\">Vrtoglavica Cave</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Slovenia\" title=\"Slovenia\">Slovenia</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-49\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-49\">[49]</a></sup> The largest known oceanic waterfall is the <a href=\"/wiki/Denmark_Strait_cataract\" title=\"Denmark Strait cataract\">Denmark Strait cataract</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:5_11-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:5-11\">[11]</a></sup>\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Artificial_waterfall\" title=\"Artificial waterfall\">Artificial waterfalls</a> are <a href=\"/wiki/Water_feature\" title=\"Water feature\">water features</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Fountain\" title=\"Fountain\">fountains</a> that imitate a natural waterfall.<sup id=\"cite_ref-AndersonTabb_50-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-AndersonTabb-50\">[50]</a></sup> The <a href=\"/wiki/Cascata_delle_Marmore\" title=\"Cascata delle Marmore\">Cascata delle Marmore</a> is the tallest artificially built waterfall at 541 feet (165 m).<sup id=\"cite_ref-51\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-51\">[51]</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"References\">References</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=12\" title=\"Edit section: References\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n</style><div class=\"reflist\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202061_1-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFGoudie2020\">Goudie 2020</a>, p. 61.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:1-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:1_2-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"></style><cite id=\"CITEREFHudson2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hudson, Brian J. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2012.00780.x\">\"The Naming of Waterfalls\"</a>. <i>Geographical Research</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 85\u201393. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-5871.2012.00780.x\">10.1111/j.1745-5871.2012.00780.x</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1745-5871\">1745-5871</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Naming+of+Waterfalls&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-93&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-5871.2012.00780.x&rft.issn=1745-5871&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-5871.2012.00780.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b372_3-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 372.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php/Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall\">\"Cascade/Cataract/Waterfall \u2013 History of Early American Landscape Design\"</a>. <i>heald.nga.gov</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heald.nga.gov&rft.atitle=Cascade%2FCataract%2FWaterfall+%E2%80%93+History+of+Early+American+Landscape+Design&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheald.nga.gov%2Fmediawiki%2Findex.php%2FCascade%2FCataract%2FWaterfall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cataract\">\"Definition of Cataract\"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Cataract&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcataract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><span class=\"cs1-maint citation-comment\"><code class=\"cs1-code\">{{<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Cite_web\" title=\"Template:Cite web\">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: url-status\">link</a>)</span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-6\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cascade\">\"Definition of Cascade\"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Cascade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcascade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><span class=\"cs1-maint citation-comment\"><code class=\"cs1-code\">{{<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Cite_web\" title=\"Template:Cite web\">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: url-status\">link</a>)</span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-7\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Robert L Bates, Julia A Jackson, ed. <i>Dictionary of Geological Terms: Third Edition</i>, p. 391, <a href=\"/wiki/American_Geological_Institute\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"American Geological Institute\">American Geological Institute</a> (1984)</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-foss-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-foss_8-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/foss#English\">\"foss\"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. 20 December 2022<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=foss&rft.date=2022-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Ffoss%23English&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-force-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-force_9-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/force#English\">\"force\"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. 10 December 2022<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=force&rft.date=2022-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fforce%23English&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-fenh-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-fenh_10-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fenh_10-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fenh_10-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fenh_10-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fenh_10-4\"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-fenh_10-5\"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFCarreck1982\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Carreck, Rosalind, ed. (1982). <i>The Family Encyclopedia of Natural History</i>. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 246\u2013248. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-0225-2\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-0225-2\"><bdi>978-0-7112-0225-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Family+Encyclopedia+of+Natural+History&rft.pages=246-248&rft.pub=The+Hamlyn+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-0225-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:5-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_11-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_11-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:5_11-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce\" class=\"citation web cs1\">US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/largest-waterfall.html\">\"Where is Earth's Largest Waterfall?\"</a>. <i>oceanservice.noaa.gov</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. 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(1 July 2007). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8460z7p8\">\"Jet and hydraulic jump near-bed stresses below a horseshoe waterfall\"</a>. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. <b>43</b> (7): W07449. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007WRR....43.7449P\">2007WRR....43.7449P</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006wr005774\">10.1029/2006wr005774</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-7973\">1944-7973</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:64365663\">64365663</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Resources+Research&rft.atitle=Jet+and+hydraulic+jump+near-bed+stresses+below+a+horseshoe+waterfall&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=W07449&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006wr005774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A64365663%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1944-7973&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007WRR....43.7449P&rft.aulast=Pasternack&rft.aufirst=Gregory+B.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Christopher+R.&rft.au=Marr%2C+Jeffrey+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F8460z7p8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://pasternack.ucdavis.edu/research/projects/waterfalls/horseshoe-falls/\">\"Dr. Gregory B. 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(1 September 2008). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/98m7s64p\">\"Modeling energy dissipation and hydraulic jump regime responses to channel nonuniformity at river steps\"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. <b>113</b> (F3): F03003. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRF..113.3003W\">2008JGRF..113.3003W</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007jf000873\">10.1029/2007jf000873</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2202\">2156-2202</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Earth+Surface&rft.atitle=Modeling+energy+dissipation+and+hydraulic+jump+regime+responses+to+channel+nonuniformity+at+river+steps&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=F3&rft.pages=F03003&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.issn=2156-2202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007jf000873&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JGRF..113.3003W&rft.aulast=Wyrick&rft.aufirst=Joshua+R.&rft.au=Pasternack%2C+Gregory+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F98m7s64p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFBakerChadwickWahabKahar2017\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Baker, Kate; Chadwick, Michael A.; Wahab, Rodzay A.; Kahar, Rafhiah (1 February 2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10750-016-2975-4\">\"Benthic community structure and ecosystem functions in above- and below-waterfall pools in Borneo\"</a>. <i>Hydrobiologia</i>. <b>787</b> (1): 307\u2013322. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10750-016-2975-4\">10.1007/s10750-016-2975-4</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-5117\">1573-5117</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&rft.atitle=Benthic+community+structure+and+ecosystem+functions+in+above-+and+below-waterfall+pools+in+Borneo&rft.volume=787&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=307-322&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10750-016-2975-4&rft.issn=1573-5117&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Wahab%2C+Rodzay+A.&rft.au=Kahar%2C+Rafhiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10750-016-2975-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFRackemannRobsonMatthews2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Rackemann, Sarah L.; Robson, Belinda J.; Matthews, Ty G. 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Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Audubon&rft.atitle=Black+Swift&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Ffield-guide%2Fbird%2Fblack-swift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-worldwat-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-worldwat_24-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/featured-articles-waterfalls-101-what-types-of-waterfalls-are-there.html\">\"Worldwaterfalls.com\"</a>. 11 September 2015<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwaterfalls.com&rft.date=2015-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-of-waterfalls.com%2Ffeatured-articles-waterfalls-101-what-types-of-waterfalls-are-there.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFKidsBrake2017\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Kids, Lonely Planet; Brake, Mark (1 November 2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=wrU7DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22chute+waterfall%22&pg=PT240\"><i>The Big Earth Book</i></a>. Lonely Planet. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78701-083-3\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-78701-083-3\"><bdi>978-1-78701-083-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Earth+Book&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78701-083-3&rft.aulast=Kids&rft.aufirst=Lonely+Planet&rft.au=Brake%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrU7DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522chute%2Bwaterfall%2522%26pg%3DPT240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFFairbridge1997\" class=\"citation cs2\">Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (1997), <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31060-6_155\">\"Glacial moulin, mill or pothole\"</a>, <i>Geomorphology</i>, Encyclopedia of Earth Science, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 456\u2013457, <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-31060-6_155\">10.1007/3-540-31060-6_155</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31060-0\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31060-0\"><bdi>978-3-540-31060-0</bdi></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">, retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 August</span> 2021</span></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=Glacial+moulin%2C+mill+or+pothole&rft.pages=456-457&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-31060-6_155&rft.isbn=978-3-540-31060-0&rft.aulast=Fairbridge&rft.aufirst=Rhodes+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F3-540-31060-6_155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-27\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.terragalleria.com/parks/np-image.maca39887.html\">https://www.terragalleria.com</a> Ephemeral waterfall seen from inside cave. Mammoth Cave National Park.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-28\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.kidsdiscover.com/quick-reads/horsetail-falls-one-yosemites-ephemeral-waterfalls/\">https://www.kidsdiscover.com</a> About Horsetail Falls, One of Yosemite's Ephemeral Waterfalls.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-29\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.wncwaterfalls.info/waterfall/94/Bird_Rock_Falls\">https://www.wncwaterfalls</a> Bird Rock Falls.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHernAhern2020\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Hern, Sunny; Ahern, Ez (28 October 2020). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.newyorkupstate.com/things-to-do/2020/10/underground-waterfall-how-to-see-this-secret-spectacle-in-upstate-ny.html\">\"Underground waterfall: How to see this secret spectacle in Upstate NY\"</a>. <i>newyorkupstate</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newyorkupstate&rft.atitle=Underground+waterfall%3A+How+to+see+this+secret+spectacle+in+Upstate+NY&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft.aulast=Hern&rft.aufirst=Sunny&rft.au=Ahern%2C+Ez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorkupstate.com%2Fthings-to-do%2F2020%2F10%2Funderground-waterfall-how-to-see-this-secret-spectacle-in-upstate-ny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><span class=\"cs1-maint citation-comment\"><code class=\"cs1-code\">{{<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Cite_web\" title=\"Template:Cite web\">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: url-status\">link</a>)</span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202059_31-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFGoudie2020\">Goudie 2020</a>, p. 59.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b365-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b365_32-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 365.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b357-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b357_33-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 357.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b373-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b373_34-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 373.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358_35-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b358_35-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 358.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b362-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b362_36-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 362.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-37\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-37\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHendrix2006\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Hendrix, Steve (15 October 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/travel/2006/10/15/after-the-falls-span-classbankhead-last-spring-peru-announced-it-had-discovered-the-worlds-third-tallest-waterfall-we-went-to-see-this-remote-wonder-and-discovered-much-more-span/d7be2f0e-ba43-4ea1-b7a3-bcac64b1b215/\">\"After the Falls Last spring, Peru announced it had discovered the world's third-tallest waterfall. We went to see this remote wonder, and discovered much more\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Washington_Post\" title=\"The Washington Post\">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=After+the+Falls+Last+spring%2C+Peru+announced+it+had+discovered+the+world%27s+third-tallest+waterfall.+We+went+to+see+this+remote+wonder%2C+and+discovered+much+more.&rft.date=2006-10-15&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2Ftravel%2F2006%2F10%2F15%2Fafter-the-falls-span-classbankhead-last-spring-peru-announced-it-had-discovered-the-worlds-third-tallest-waterfall-we-went-to-see-this-remote-wonder-and-discovered-much-more-span%2Fd7be2f0e-ba43-4ea1-b7a3-bcac64b1b215%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-38\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-38\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFDerek_Hayes2006\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Derek Hayes (2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=KvtEUChw9uAC&pg=PA210\">\"Historical Atlas of Canada: Canada's History Illustrated with Original Maps\"</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Douglas_%26_McIntyre\" title=\"Douglas & McIntyre\">Douglas & McIntyre</a>. p. 210. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-077-5\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-077-5\"><bdi>978-1-55365-077-5</bdi></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">23 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>Most of Canada's first railways were portage railways, designed to meet river traffic and ferry it past rapids.</q></cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Canada%3A+Canada%27s+History+Illustrated+with+Original+Maps&rft.pages=210&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-077-5&rft.au=Derek+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKvtEUChw9uAC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b359-39\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b359_39-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 359.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-:2-40\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_40-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_40-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_40-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHudson2006\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hudson, Brian J. (1 March 2006). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/00167487.2006.12094145\">\"Waterfalls, Tourism and Landscape\"</a>. <i>Geography</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 3\u201312. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00167487.2006.12094145\">10.1080/00167487.2006.12094145</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7487\">0016-7487</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geography&rft.atitle=Waterfalls%2C+Tourism+and+Landscape&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=2006-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00167487.2006.12094145&rft.issn=0016-7487&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F00167487.2006.12094145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b360-41\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b360_41-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 360.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoudie202060-42\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoudie202060_42-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFGoudie2020\">Goudie 2020</a>, p. 60.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361-43\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b361_43-3\"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 361.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b363-44\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson2013b363_44-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><a href=\"#CITEREFHudson2013b\">Hudson 2013b</a>, p. 363.</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-picken-45\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-picken_45-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPicken2011\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stuart_D._B._Picken\" title=\"Stuart D. B. Picken\">Picken, Stuart D. B</a> (2011). <i>Historical Dictionary of Shinto Second edition</i>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 195\u2013196. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7172-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7172-4\"><bdi>978-0-8108-7172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Shinto+Second+edition&rft.pages=195-196&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7172-4&rft.aulast=Picken&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-Sarmiento-46\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-Sarmiento_46-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFSarmiento2016\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Sarmiento, F.O. (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780444637871000081\">\"Neotropical Mountains Beyond Water Supply\"</a>. <i>Mountain Ice and Water \u2013 Investigations of the Hydrologic Cycle in Alpine Environments</i>. Developments in Earth Surface Processes. Vol. 21. pp. 309\u2013324. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-63787-1.00008-1\">10.1016/B978-0-444-63787-1.00008-1</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-63787-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-444-63787-1\"><bdi>978-0-444-63787-1</bdi></a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neotropical+Mountains+Beyond+Water+Supply&rft.btitle=Mountain+Ice+and+Water+%E2%80%93+Investigations+of+the+Hydrologic+Cycle+in+Alpine+Environments&rft.series=Developments+in+Earth+Surface+Processes&rft.pages=309-324&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-63787-1.00008-1&rft.isbn=978-0-444-63787-1&rft.aulast=Sarmiento&rft.aufirst=F.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FB9780444637871000081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-47\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-47\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite class=\"citation book cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=fI4eBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Inga+Falls%22+%22flow+rate%22&pg=PA59\"><i>Atlas A-Z: 6th edition: A Pocket Guide to the World Today</i></a>. Penguin. 7 April 2015. p. 59. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-4252-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-4252-9\"><bdi>978-1-4654-4252-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+A-Z%3A+6th+edition%3A+A+Pocket+Guide+to+the+World+Today&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-4252-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfI4eBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Inga%2BFalls%2522%2B%2522flow%2Brate%2522%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-48\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-48\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFFrank\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Frank, Zack. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170601-the-largest-waterfall-that-ever-existed\">\"The largest waterfall that ever existed\"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">27 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+largest+waterfall+that+ever+existed&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Zack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20170601-the-largest-waterfall-that-ever-existed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span><span class=\"cs1-maint citation-comment\"><code class=\"cs1-code\">{{<a href=\"/wiki/Template:Cite_web\" title=\"Template:Cite web\">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status\" title=\"Category:CS1 maint: url-status\">link</a>)</span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-49\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-49\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFPavils2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Pavils, Gatis (7 March 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/E/Slovenia/SlovenianLittoral/Vrtiglavica.htm\">\"Vrtiglavica Cave and Waterfall\"</a>. <i>Wondermondo</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wondermondo&rft.atitle=Vrtiglavica+Cave+and+Waterfall&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Pavils&rft.aufirst=Gatis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wondermondo.com%2FCountries%2FE%2FSlovenia%2FSlovenianLittoral%2FVrtiglavica.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-AndersonTabb-50\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-AndersonTabb_50-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\">Susan C. Anderson (Editor), Bruce Tabb (Editor), <i>Water, Leisure and Culture: European Historical Perspectives</i>, Berg Publishers, 2002, <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-540-1\" title=\"Special:BookSources/1-85973-540-1\">1-85973-540-1</a>, page 122</span>\n</li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-51\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-51\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><cite id=\"CITEREFHudson2013\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Hudson, Brian J. (15 February 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=FKtkU4E-mWYC&q=Cascata+delle+Marmore+tallest+man+made+waterfall\"><i>Waterfall: Nature and Culture</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 222. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-956-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-956-9\"><bdi>978-1-86189-956-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterfall%3A+Nature+and+Culture&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-956-9&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKtkU4E-mWYC%26q%3DCascata%2Bdelle%2BMarmore%2Btallest%2Bman%2Bmade%2Bwaterfall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>\n</li>\n</ol></div></div>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Bibliography\">Bibliography</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=13\" title=\"Edit section: Bibliography\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n<ul><li><cite id=\"CITEREFGoudie2020\" class=\"citation journal cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Goudie_(geographer)\" title=\"Andrew Goudie (geographer)\">Goudie, Andrew S.</a> (31 March 2020). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fquageo-2020-0005\">\"Waterfalls: Forms, Distribution, Processes and Rates of Recession\"</a>. <i>Quaestiones Geographicae</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 59\u201377. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"cs1-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fquageo-2020-0005\">10.2478/quageo-2020-0005</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214798339\">214798339</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaestiones+Geographicae&rft.atitle=Waterfalls%3A+Forms%2C+Distribution%2C+Processes+and+Rates+of+Recession&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-77&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fquageo-2020-0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214798339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goudie&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fquageo-2020-0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></li>\n<li><cite id=\"CITEREFHudson2013b\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hudson, Brian J. (2013b). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2013.828482\">\"Waterfalls, science and aesthetics\"</a>. <i>Journal of Cultural Geography</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 356\u2013379. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08873631.2013.828482\">10.1080/08873631.2013.828482</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0887-3631\">0887-3631</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109727400\">109727400</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cultural+Geography&rft.atitle=Waterfalls%2C+science+and+aesthetics&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356-379&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109727400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0887-3631&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08873631.2013.828482&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F08873631.2013.828482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaterfall\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></li></ul>\n<h2><span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"External_links\">External links</span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Waterfall&action=edit&section=14\" title=\"Edit section: External links\">edit</a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></h2>\n</style><div class=\"side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox\"></style>\n<div class=\"side-box-flex\">\n<div class=\"side-box-image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"30\" height=\"40\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1024\" data-file-height=\"1376\" /></div>\n<div class=\"side-box-text plainlist\">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Waterfall\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"commons:Waterfall\"><span style=\"font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;\">Waterfall</span></a>.</div></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox\"><div class=\"side-box-flex\">\n<div class=\"side-box-image\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" class=\"noviewer\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"193\" data-file-height=\"193\" /></div>\n<div class=\"side-box-text plainlist\">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href=\"https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Waterfalls#Q34038\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"wikivoyage:Waterfalls\">Waterfalls</a></b></i>.</div></div>\n</div>\n</style><div class=\"spoken-wikipedia sisterproject noprint haudio\"><div class=\"spoken-wikipedia-header\"><span class=\"spoken-wikipedia-listen-to\">Listen to this article</span> (<span class=\"duration\"><span class=\"min\">12</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class=\"spoken-wikipedia-files\"><div class=\"center\"><div class=\"floatnone\"><audio id=\"mwe_player_0\" controls=\"\" preload=\"none\" width=\"200\" style=\"width:200px;\" data-durationhint=\"735\" data-mwtitle=\"Waterfall.ogg\" data-mwprovider=\"wikimediacommons\"><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Waterfall.ogg\" type=\"audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"\" data-title=\"Original Ogg file (98 kbps)\" data-shorttitle=\"Ogg source\" data-width=\"0\" data-height=\"0\" data-bandwidth=\"97697\" /><source src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Waterfall.ogg/Waterfall.ogg.mp3\" type=\"audio/mpeg\" data-title=\"MP3\" data-shorttitle=\"MP3\" data-transcodekey=\"mp3\" data-width=\"0\" data-height=\"0\" data-bandwidth=\"173232\" /></audio></div></div>\n</div><div class=\"spoken-wikipedia-icon\"><img alt=\"Spoken Wikipedia icon\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"Spoken Wikipedia\" width=\"45\" height=\"34\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"128\" data-file-height=\"96\" /></div><div class=\"spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Waterfall.ogg\" title=\"File:Waterfall.ogg\">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 25 September 2019<span style=\"display:none\"> (<span class=\"bday dtstart published updated\">2019-09-25</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class=\"spoken-wikipedia-footer\">(<a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Wikipedia:Media help\">Audio help</a> \u00b7 <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles\" title=\"Wikipedia:Spoken articles\">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"></style></style></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Rivers,_streams_and_springs\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"></style><div class=\"navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs\" title=\"Template:Rivers, streams and springs\"><abbr title=\"View this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs\" title=\"Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs&action=edit\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\" style=\";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"Rivers,_streams_and_springs\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/River\" title=\"River\">Rivers</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stream\" title=\"Stream\">streams</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)\" title=\"Spring (hydrology)\">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/River\" title=\"River\">Rivers</a><br />(<a href=\"/wiki/Lists_of_rivers\" title=\"Lists of rivers\">lists</a>)</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Alluvial_river\" title=\"Alluvial river\">Alluvial river</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Braided_river\" title=\"Braided river\">Braided river</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Blackwater_river\" title=\"Blackwater river\">Blackwater river</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Channel_(geography)\" title=\"Channel (geography)\">Channel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Channel_pattern\" title=\"Channel pattern\">Channel pattern</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Channel_types\" title=\"Channel types\">Channel types</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Confluence\" title=\"Confluence\">Confluence</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Distributary\" title=\"Distributary\">Distributary</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Drainage_basin\" title=\"Drainage basin\">Drainage basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Subterranean_river\" title=\"Subterranean river\">Subterranean river</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_bifurcation\" title=\"River bifurcation\">River bifurcation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_ecosystem\" title=\"River ecosystem\">River ecosystem</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_source\" title=\"River source\">River source</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Tributary\" title=\"Tributary\">Tributary</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Stream\" title=\"Stream\">Streams</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Arroyo_(creek)\" title=\"Arroyo (creek)\">Arroyo</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bourne_(stream)\" title=\"Bourne (stream)\">Bourne</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Burn_(landform)\" title=\"Burn (landform)\">Burn</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Chalk_stream\" title=\"Chalk stream\">Chalk stream</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Coulee\" title=\"Coulee\">Coulee</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Current_(stream)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Current (stream)\">Current</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream\" title=\"Stream\">Stream</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_bed\" title=\"Stream bed\">Stream bed</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_channel\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Stream channel\">Stream channel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_gradient\" title=\"Stream gradient\">Stream gradient</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_pool\" title=\"Stream pool\">Stream pool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Perennial_stream\" title=\"Perennial stream\">Perennial stream</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)\" title=\"Winterbourne (stream)\">Winterbourne</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)\" title=\"Spring (hydrology)\">Springs</a><br />(<a href=\"/wiki/List_of_springs\" title=\"List of springs\">list</a>)</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Estavelle\" title=\"Estavelle\">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Geyser\" title=\"Geyser\">Geyser</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Holy_well\" title=\"Holy well\">Holy well</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hot_spring\" title=\"Hot spring\">Hot spring</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_hot_springs\" title=\"List of hot springs\">list</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States\" title=\"List of hot springs in the United States\">list in the US</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Karst_spring\" title=\"Karst spring\">Karst spring</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_karst_springs\" title=\"List of karst springs\">list</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mineral_spring\" title=\"Mineral spring\">Mineral spring</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ponor\" title=\"Ponor\">Ponor</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rhythmic_spring\" title=\"Rhythmic spring\">Rhythmic spring</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Spring_horizon\" title=\"Spring horizon\">Spring horizon</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Sediment\" title=\"Sediment\">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href=\"/wiki/Erosion\" title=\"Erosion\">erosion</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)\" title=\"Abrasion (geology)\">Abrasion</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Anabranch\" title=\"Anabranch\">Anabranch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Aggradation\" title=\"Aggradation\">Aggradation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)\" title=\"Armor (hydrology)\">Armor</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bed_load\" title=\"Bed load\">Bed load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bed_material_load\" title=\"Bed material load\">Bed material load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Granular_flow\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Granular flow\">Granular flow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Debris_flow\" title=\"Debris flow\">Debris flow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Deposition_(geology)\" title=\"Deposition (geology)\">Deposition</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dissolved_load\" title=\"Dissolved load\">Dissolved load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Downcutting\" title=\"Downcutting\">Downcutting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Erosion\" title=\"Erosion\">Erosion</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Headward_erosion\" title=\"Headward erosion\">Headward erosion</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Knickpoint\" title=\"Knickpoint\">Knickpoint</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Palaeochannel\" title=\"Palaeochannel\">Palaeochannel</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Progradation\" title=\"Progradation\">Progradation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Retrogradation\" title=\"Retrogradation\">Retrogradation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Saltation_(geology)\" title=\"Saltation (geology)\">Saltation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends\" title=\"Secondary flow\">Secondary flow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sediment_transport\" title=\"Sediment transport\">Sediment transport</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Suspended_load\" title=\"Suspended load\">Suspended load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wash_load\" title=\"Wash load\">Wash load</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Water_gap\" title=\"Water gap\">Water gap</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fluvial\">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ait\" title=\"Ait\">Ait</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Alluvial_fan\" title=\"Alluvial fan\">Alluvial fan</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream\" title=\"Antecedent drainage stream\">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Avulsion_(river)\" title=\"Avulsion (river)\">Avulsion</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bank_(geography)\" title=\"Bank (geography)\">Bank</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)\" title=\"Bar (river morphology)\">Bar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bayou\" title=\"Bayou\">Bayou</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Billabong\" title=\"Billabong\">Billabong</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Canyon\" title=\"Canyon\">Canyon</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Chine\" title=\"Chine\">Chine</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Cut_bank\" title=\"Cut bank\">Cut bank</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Estuary\" title=\"Estuary\">Estuary</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fluvial_terrace\" title=\"Fluvial terrace\">Fluvial terrace</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gill_(ravine)\" title=\"Gill (ravine)\">Gill</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gulch\" title=\"Gulch\">Gulch</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Gully\" title=\"Gully\">Gully</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Glen\" title=\"Glen\">Glen</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Meander_scar\" title=\"Meander scar\">Meander scar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Mouth_bar\" title=\"Mouth bar\">Mouth bar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Oxbow_lake\" title=\"Oxbow lake\">Oxbow lake</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence\" title=\"Riffle-pool sequence\">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Point_bar\" title=\"Point bar\">Point bar</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Ravine\" title=\"Ravine\">Ravine</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rill\" title=\"Rill\">Rill</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_island\" title=\"River island\">River island</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rock-cut_basin\" title=\"Rock-cut basin\">Rock-cut basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sedimentary_basin\" title=\"Sedimentary basin\">Sedimentary basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sedimentary_structures\" title=\"Sedimentary structures\">Sedimentary structures</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Strath\" title=\"Strath\">Strath</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Thalweg\" title=\"Thalweg\">Thalweg</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Valley\" title=\"Valley\">River valley</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wadi\" title=\"Wadi\">Wadi</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Fluvial\">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Helicoidal_flow\" title=\"Helicoidal flow\">Helicoidal flow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty\" title=\"International scale of river difficulty\">International scale of river difficulty</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Meander\" title=\"Meander\">Meander</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Plunge_pool\" title=\"Plunge pool\">Plunge pool</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rapids\" title=\"Rapids\">Rapids</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Riffle\" title=\"Riffle\">Riffle</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Shoal\" title=\"Shoal\">Shoal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_capture\" title=\"Stream capture\">Stream capture</a></li>\n<li><a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">Waterfall</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Whitewater\" title=\"Whitewater\">Whitewater</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_runoff\" title=\"Surface runoff\">Surface runoff</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Agricultural wastewater\">Agricultural wastewater</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/First_flush\" title=\"First flush\">First flush</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Urban_runoff\" title=\"Urban runoff\">Urban runoff</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Flood\" title=\"Flood\">Floods</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Stormwater\" title=\"Stormwater\">stormwater</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/100-year_flood\" title=\"100-year flood\">100-year flood</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Crevasse_splay\" title=\"Crevasse splay\">Crevasse splay</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flash_flood\" title=\"Flash flood\">Flash flood</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood\" title=\"Flood\">Flood</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Urban_flooding\" title=\"Urban flooding\">Urban flooding</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood_barrier\" title=\"Flood barrier\">Flood barrier</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood_control\" title=\"Flood control\">Flood control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood_forecasting\" title=\"Flood forecasting\">Flood forecasting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood-meadow\" title=\"Flood-meadow\">Flood-meadow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Floodplain\" title=\"Floodplain\">Floodplain</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept\" title=\"Flood pulse concept\">Flood pulse concept</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas\" title=\"Flooded grasslands and savannas\">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile\" title=\"Flooding of the Nile\">Inundation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model\" title=\"Storm Water Management Model\">Storm Water Management Model</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Return_period\" title=\"Return period\">Return period</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollution_from_point_sources\" title=\"Water pollution\">Point source pollution</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Effluent\" title=\"Effluent\">Effluent</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Industrial_wastewater\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Industrial wastewater\">Industrial wastewater</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Sewage\" title=\"Sewage\">Sewage</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Baer%27s_law\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Baer's law\">Baer's law</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Baseflow\" title=\"Baseflow\">Baseflow</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Bradshaw_model\" title=\"Bradshaw model\">Bradshaw model</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)\" title=\"Discharge (hydrology)\">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Drainage_density\" title=\"Drainage density\">Drainage density</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Exner_equation\" title=\"Exner equation\">Exner equation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Groundwater_model\" title=\"Groundwater model\">Groundwater model</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hack%27s_law\" title=\"Hack's law\">Hack's law</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve\" title=\"Hjulstr\u00f6m curve\">Hjulstr\u00f6m curve</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrograph\" title=\"Hydrograph\">Hydrograph</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrological_modelling\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hydrological modelling\">Hydrological modelling</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model\" title=\"Hydrological transport model\">Hydrological transport model</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)\" title=\"Infiltration (hydrology)\">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Main_stem\" title=\"Main stem\">Main stem</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Playfair%27s_law\" title=\"Playfair's law\">Playfair's law</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Relief_ratio\" title=\"Relief ratio\">Relief ratio</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept\" title=\"River Continuum Concept\">River Continuum Concept</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rouse_number\" title=\"Rouse number\">Rouse number</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Runoff_curve_number\" title=\"Runoff curve number\">Runoff curve number</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)\" title=\"Runoff model (reservoir)\">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_gauge\" title=\"Stream gauge\">Stream gauge</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation\" title=\"Universal Soil Loss Equation\">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/WAFLEX\" title=\"WAFLEX\">WAFLEX</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wetted_perimeter\" title=\"Wetted perimeter\">Wetted perimeter</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate\" title=\"Volumetric flow rate\">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\"><a href=\"/wiki/River_engineering\" title=\"River engineering\">River engineering</a></th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)\" title=\"Aqueduct (bridge)\">Aqueduct</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Balancing_lake\" title=\"Balancing lake\">Balancing lake</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Canal\" title=\"Canal\">Canal</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Check_dam\" title=\"Check dam\">Check dam</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Dam\" title=\"Dam\">Dam</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Drop_structure\" title=\"Drop structure\">Drop structure</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)\" title=\"Daylighting (streams)\">Daylighting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Detention_basin\" title=\"Detention basin\">Detention basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Erosion_control\" title=\"Erosion control\">Erosion control</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fish_ladder\" title=\"Fish ladder\">Fish ladder</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Floodplain_restoration\" title=\"Floodplain restoration\">Floodplain restoration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Flume\" title=\"Flume\">Flume</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Infiltration_basin\" title=\"Infiltration basin\">Infiltration basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Leat\" title=\"Leat\">Leat</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Levee\" title=\"Levee\">Levee</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Retention_basin\" title=\"Retention basin\">Retention basin</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Revetment\" title=\"Revetment\">Revetment</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration\" title=\"Riparian-zone restoration\">Riparian-zone restoration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stream_restoration\" title=\"Stream restoration\">Stream restoration</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Weir\" title=\"Weir\">Weir</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">River sports</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Canyoning\" title=\"Canyoning\">Canyoning</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Fly_fishing\" title=\"Fly fishing\">Fly fishing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Rafting\" title=\"Rafting\">Rafting</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_surfing\" title=\"River surfing\">River surfing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Riverboarding\" title=\"Riverboarding\">Riverboarding</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Stone_skipping\" title=\"Stone skipping\">Stone skipping</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Triathlon\" title=\"Triathlon\">Triathlon</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing\" title=\"Whitewater canoeing\">Whitewater canoeing</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking\" title=\"Whitewater kayaking\">Whitewater kayaking</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Whitewater_slalom\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Whitewater slalom\">Whitewater slalom</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other topics</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Aquifer\" title=\"Aquifer\">Aquifer</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology\" title=\"Aquatic toxicology\">Aquatic toxicology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Body_of_water\" title=\"Body of water\">Body of water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Hydraulic_civilization\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Hydraulic civilization\">Hydraulic civilization</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Limnology\" title=\"Limnology\">Limnology</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Riparian_zone\" title=\"Riparian zone\">Riparian zone</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_valley_civilization\" title=\"River valley civilization\">River valley civilization</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/River_cruise\" title=\"River cruise\">River cruise</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Surface_water\" title=\"Surface water\">Surface water</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/Wild_river\" title=\"Wild river\">Wild river</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><td class=\"navbox-abovebelow\" colspan=\"2\"><div>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of rivers by length\">Rivers by length</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge\" title=\"List of rivers by discharge\">Rivers by discharge rate</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"List of drainage basins\">Drainage basins</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_whitewater_rivers\" title=\"List of whitewater rivers\">Whitewater rivers</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_flash_floods\" title=\"List of flash floods\">Flash floods</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_river_name_etymologies\" title=\"List of river name etymologies\">River name etymologies</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_countries_without_rivers\" title=\"List of countries without rivers\">Countries without rivers</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class=\"navbox-styles\"></style></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox authority-control\" aria-labelledby=\"Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34038#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><div id=\"Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34038#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Authority_control\" title=\"Help:Authority control\">Authority control</a> <a href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34038#identifiers\" title=\"Edit this at Wikidata\"><img alt=\"Edit this at Wikidata\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"10\" height=\"10\" style=\"vertical-align: text-top\" class=\"noprint\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"20\" data-file-height=\"20\" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">National</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"Chutes d'eau\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122040133\">France</a></span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"Chutes d'eau\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122040133\">BnF data</a></span></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136969-5\">Germany</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551265905171\">Israel</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85145720\">United States</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572619\">Japan</a></span></li>\n<li><span class=\"uid\"><span class=\"rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted\" title=\"vodop\u00e1dy\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127171&CON_LNG=ENG\">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope=\"row\" class=\"navbox-group\" style=\"width:1%\">Other</th><td class=\"navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">\n<ul><li><span class=\"uid\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=27345\">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>"
}