[title] 600 - Etymologiae grammar letters common letters Latin letters parts of speech noun proper noun praenomen name cognomen agnomen appellative noun corporeal can be seen or touched sky earth incorporeal lack a body truth justice general denote many things animal human horse bird specific indicate a sub-class man, a type (species) of animal primary are not derived from other words mountain fount derivative derive from another noun mountainous region diminutive diminish the meaning Graeculus (“Greekling”) little scholar diminutive in sound but conceptually primary nouns table fable entirely Greek entirely Latin medial are part Greek and part Latin synonymous share a single meaning earth terra humus tellus homonymous have different meanings tumulus low hill rising ground grave-mound relational teacher master father patronymic epithet agent derive from action leader king runner nurse orator ethnic Greek Roman verbal come from verb reader participial quasi-verbal contemplator gendered masculine feminine neuter common epicene inclusive pronoun verb adverb participle conjunction preposition interjection sounds syllable metrical feet accents signs accent marks punctuation critical signs asterisk means omission obolus means superfluous or false obolus with dot above means doubt lemniscus for different translations antigraphus for different meanings asterisk with obolus means wrong location paragraphus separates topics positura separates ends from beginnings cryphia means unanswerable antisimma means transposed verses antisimma with point means doubt between verses diple refers to Sacred Scriptures diple with a point distinguishes Mount Olympus from heavenly Olympus diple with two points means incorrect editing by Zenodotus of Ephesus reverse diple with obolus means a reference diple with obolus above it means changed conditions of place, time, and people diple pointing right and reversed with an obolus above means completion and repetition ceraunium means rejected verses chrisimon means individual distinction phi and rho draws attention upward anchor means exceedingly great subject matter downward anchor means denouncing of the base and improper corona means the end alogus means errors common shorthand signs signs used in law military signs epistolary codes finger signals orthography analogy from quality from comparative degree from gender from number from form from case from endings with similar syllables from similarity of tenses etymology from rationale from origin from derivation from sounds from Greek with Latin declension from names of places from foreign languages [annotation] “Not all words were established by the ancients from nature; some were established by whim, just as we sometimes give names to our slaves and possessions according to what tickles our fancy. Hence it is the case that etymologies are not to be found for all words, because some things received names not according to their innate qualities, but by the caprice of human will.” glosses differentiation [annotation] “Two things, of the kind that are confused with each other because of a certain quality that they have in common, are distinguished by an inferred difference, through which it is understood what each of the two is. For instance, one asks what is the difference between a ‘king’ and a ‘tyrant’: we define what each is by applying a differentiation, so that a king is restrained and temperate, but a tyrant is cruel. Thus when the differentiation between these two has been given, then one knows what each of them is.” faults barbarism solecism acyrology cacenphaton metaplasm schema trope metaphor from animate to animate from inanimate to inanimate from inanimate to animate from animate to inanimate in one direction antistropha (reciprocal) catachresis metalepsis metonymy antonomasia epithet synecdoche onomatopoeia periphrasis hyperbaton hysteron proteron parenthesis tmesis synthesis hyperbole allegory irony antiphrasis riddle charientismos paroemia sarcasm astysmos homoeosis icon (image) parabola (comparison) paradigm (model) comparison from an equal from a greater from a lesser prose meters fable Aesopian when dumb or inanimate things converse with each other Libystican when humans converse with dumb or inanimate things history rhetoric argument dispute oration case syllogism law permission punishment maxim confirmation and refutation prosopopoeia [annotation] “Thus we bring in speaking mountains and rivers or trees, imposing personhood on a thing that does not have the capacity for speech.” ethopoeia question style register [annotation] “One ought to speak of humble things softly, of dramatic matters emphatically, of varied matters moderately.” clause, phrase, and sentence faults dialectic philosophy speculative [annotation] “Having passed beyond visible things, we contemplate in some measure concerning divine and heavenly things, and we investigate those things by the mind alone because they pass beyond the corporeal gaze.” natural [annotation] “Nothing is generated in life, but rather each thing is classified by those properties according to which the Creator defined it, unless perhaps by the will of God some miracle is shown to occur.” doctrinal [annotation] “The science that studies abstract quantity, for that quantity is called abstract which we treat with pure reason, separating it by the intellect from matter or from other accidental qualities.” divine practical moral economic civil [annotation] “In every discourse about substance we ought to include species and differentiae until, when all things that could be the same thing are excluded, we may attain the object, so that its individual nature may now be held fixed.” category instrument equivocal univocal denominative species essential substance accidental within the essence quantity quality situation apart from the essence place time habit both within and apart from the essence relation activity passivity interpretation logical syllogism first formulation universal affirmation directly from universal affirmation [annotation] “Every just thing is decent; every decent thing is good; therefore every just thing is good.” universal negation directly from universal affirmation and negation [annotation] “Every just thing is decent; no decent thing is wicked; therefore no just thing is wicked.” particular affirmation directly from particular and universal affirmation [annotation] “A particular just thing is decent; all decent things are useful; therefore that particular just thing is useful.” particular negation directly from particular affirmation and universal negation [annotation] “A particular just thing is decent; no decent thing is wicked; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked.” particular affirmation indirectly from universal affirmation [annotation] “Every just thing is decent; every decent thing is good; therefore a particular good thing is just.” universal negation indirectly from universal affirmation and negation [annotation] “Every just thing is decent; no decent thing is wicked; therefore no wicked thing is just.” particular affirmation indirectly from particular and universal affirmation [annotation] “A particular just thing is decent; every decent thing is useful; therefore that particular just thing is useful.” particular negation indirectly from universal affirmation and negation [annotation] “No wicked thing is decent; every decent thing is just; therefore a particular wicked thing is not just.” particular negation indirectly from universal negation and particular affirmation [annotation] “No wicked thing is decent; a particular decent thing is just; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked.” second formulation universal negation directly from universal affirmation and negation [annotation] “Every just thing is decent; no wicked thing is decent; therefore no wicked thing is just.” universal negation directly from universal negation and affirmation [annotation] “No wicked thing is decent; every just thing is decent; therefore no wicked thing is just.” particular negation directly from particular affirmation and universal negation [annotation] “A particular just thing is decent; no wicked thing is decent; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked.” particular negation directly from particular negation and universal affirmation [annotation] “A particular just thing is not wicked; every bad thing is wicked; therefore that particular just thing is not bad.” third formulation particular affirmation directly and indirectly from universal affirmation [annotation] “Every just thing is decent; every decent thing is just; every just thing is good; therefore a particular decent thing is good, a particular good thing is decent.” particular affirmation directly from particular and universal affirmation [annotation] “A particular just thing is decent; every just thing is good; therefore a particular decent thing is good.” particular affirmation directly from universal and particular affirmation [annotation] “Every just thing is decent; a particular just thing is good; therefore a particular decent thing is good.” particular negation directly from universal affirmation and particular negation [annotation] “Every just thing is decent; no just thing is bad; therefore a particular decent thing is not bad.” particular negation directly from particular affirmation and universal negation [annotation] “A particular just thing is decent; no just thing is bad; therefore a particular decent thing is not bad.” particular negation directly from universal affirmation and particular negation [annotation] “Every just thing is decent; a particular just thing is not bad; therefore a particular decent thing is not bad.” definition substance notion quality description gloss differentiation metaphor contrary outline analogy exclusion praise relationship by definition by cause topics inherent in the thing itself effects of other matters taken from outside opposites diverse with a middle without a middle with an unnamed middle relative possession or deprivation in the thing in the place at the appropriate time affirmation and negation mathematics arithmetic number divisibility even odd equality equal unequal major minor continuity discrete continuous linear planar triangular quadrangular pentagonal circular solid pyramid cube sphere music vocal blown trumpet flute reed fistula sambuca pandorius rhythmic cithara psaltery lyre drum cymbal rattle metal vessel geometry [img] etymologiae-geometry.jpg planes numeric size rational size solid figures astronomy world heavens earth seas stars medicine humors blood bile black bile phlegm illnesses remedies pharmaceutics hiera arteriace tyriaca, made from snakes cathartics catapotia diamoron, made from mulberry juice diacodion, made from poppies diaspermaton, made from seeds electuarium lozenge surgery regimen books aphorism prognostic dinamidia (on the power of herbs) botanical treatise instruments enchiridion lancet cupping glass mortar pestle scents and ointments incense myrrh balsam ointment simple composite laws and times natural law union of man and woman children’s inheritance education common possession of everything single freedom for all right to acquire whatever is taken from the sky, the earth, and the sea return of something entrusted return of deposited money repulsion of violence by force civil law law of nations military law public law Roman law legal inheritance cretio guardianship usucapio, acquisition of ownership by use Rhodian law nautical commerce private statute property inheritance intestate caducei, property without an heir familia herciscunda, division among heirs legal title goods [annotation] "Goods are the possessions of honorable or noble people, and they are called ‘goods’ (bona) for that reason, because they have no base use, but people make use of them for good (bonus) purposes." peculium [annotation] “A peculium relates to younger persons or slaves, for a peculium is something that a father allows his son, or a master his slave, to handle as his own.” locatio, property borrowed at a fixed price conductio, property borrowed at an established price res credita, mortgaged property usura, increment of interest commodatum, fixed-term limited ownership precarium, property borrowed on entreaty mutuum deposit pignus, given in place of something borrowed arra, given as first partial payment fiducia, transference of property on trust hypotheca, loaned without a pignus momentum, short-term loan instrument, used to make knife reed-pen axe instructum, that which is made by an instrument staff codex table usus, use of a thing usufructus [annotation] “Only its yield (fructus) is held for use, and all the other rights remain with someone else.” usucapio [annotation] “The acquisition of ownership through the maintenance of legal possession, either for two years or for some other time.” mancipatio [annotation] “Whoever takes formal possession grasps the property itself that is given into his possession.” cessio, concession of property payment, given first commerce, things for sale criminal law time moments and hours days night week months solstices and equinoxes seasons years periods and ages books the Old and New Testament libraries literary works extracts homilies tomes forms wax tablets [annotation] “Greeks and Etruscans first wrote on wax tablets with an iron stylus. Afterwards the Romans commanded that no one should own an iron stylus (graphium ferreum)…Afterwards it was established that they would write on wax tablets with bones.” papyrus Royal Augustan Libyan Hieratic, for sacred books Taeneotic Saitic Cornelian commercial, for wrapping merchandise parchment white yellowish purple bookmaking intestinal membranes of elephants interwoven leaves of mallows or palms terminology codex scroll leaf page writing tools reed-pen quill [annotation] “The tip of a quill is split into two, while its unity is preserved in the integrity of its body, I believe for the sake of a mystery, in order that by the two tips may be signified the Old and New Testament, from which is pressed out the sacrament of the Word poured forth in the blood of the Passion.” ecclesiastical offices mass choir works lesson canticle psalm, what is sung to the psaltery oblation offertory by high priests gift, given to God present, given to a human sacrifice immolation hostia victima holocaust consecration dedication libation supplication, from the goods of people who had suffered punishments [annotation] “Thus holy things took their being from the belongings of the accursed.” ceremony sacrament prayer fasting penitence confession litany God, angels, and saints God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit angels presaged names patriarchs prophets apostles martyrs clerics monks church and sects languages, nations, reigns, military, citizens, family relationships certain terms in alphabetical order. human being animals livestock beasts small animals snakes vermin fish birds tiny flying animals the cosmos the earth buildings and fields stones and metals dust and dirt clods earthy materials from water stone common stones more important stones marble gem green red purple white black varicoloured crystalline fiery golden glass metal gold silver bronze iron lead tin electrum weight measure symbol rural matters agriculture fruits of the earth legumes vines trees aromatic tres plants common plants aromatic plants garden vegetables war and games war triumphs military standards war-trumpets arms sword spear arrow quiver sling battering ram protection shield cuirass helmet forum spectacles gymnastics jump race throw feat of strength wrestling palestra competition circus games circus apparatus turning-post obelisk starting-gate chariot charioteer team of four horses colors worn by horses seven laps racers riders horse-vaulter foot racer theater stage building orchestra tragedian writer of comedy stage musician actor mime dancer amphitheatre equestrian game net-fighter pursuer ensnarer skirmisher combat to the death gaming board dice-tumbler gaming counter dice ball games craft ship types raft trireme Carpasia Liburna, merchant ship beaked ship long ship musculus, short ship calo, a little boat that carries wood to soldiers ancyromachus, carries anchors and other instruments phaselus skiff mioparo, built of wicker covered with rough hide barge, carries the freight of a ship to shore paro, suited for pirates celox bireme trireme quadrireme penteris hexeris actuary, driven by sail and oars hippagogus, transporting horses plutonium, rowed river vessel lembus, used in the Po river and marshes portemia trabaria, river-boat hollowed out from single tree trunk parts stern prow hull keel forus deck oarlock gangway pons thwart oar blade yardarm cornua mast mast-step mast-head pulley parastata tiller porticulus grapple anchor sails acation, largest, in the middle epidromus, next largest, in the stern dolo, smallest, in the prow artemo, for direction siparum, for weak wind mendicum rope cord holds rafts together rudens, ship’s rope spirae, for storms propes, for foot of sail tormentum, from prow to stern scaphon, for prow opisphora, for ends of yardarms prosnesium, to attach ship to shore mitra, binding ship in the middle anquina, binding yardarm to mast tow-rope strap, to attach oar to thole-pin sounding-lead, to test the depth of the sea net synplagium drag-net for bottom fishing tragum basket net hunting-net mosquito-net metalworking smithy bellows forge tools anvil hammer marcus martellus marculus tongs file chisel building siting construction decoration ceiling panel wall panel mosaic moulding picture colouring tools carpenter’s square plumb-line ruler string trowel hammer scaffolding ladder woodworking cloth-making types of clothing priestly vestments covering garment outer garments men women national costumes ornaments women’s head ornaments bedspreads fabrics wool beaver wool fleece flax byssum hemp stuppa cobweb silk fabric dye tools rings belts footwear provisions and implements dining table [annotation] “Daedalus was the first to make a table and a chair…The word table (mensa) was made from eating (esus) and consuming (comesus), for a table has no other use.” meals breakfast lunch merenda annona dinner foodstuffs bread meat lard offal broth cheese milk colostrum honey drink water wine merum, pure mustum, with sediment crucius, sour wine for slaves vinegar sicera beer lees garum liquamen juice dishes materials ceramics [annotation] “A ceramic (fictilis) dish is not called fashioned (fictus) because it is mendacious, but because it is shaped, so that it may have a certain form.” metal chased dish, modelled with an engraver’s burin chrysendetus vessel, inlaid with gold forms dish tableware parapsis, four-sided dish with compartments of equal size paten, with a spreading open rim platter, hollowed out salver, little shield apophoreta, flat tray salt-cellar vinegar cruet spoons drinking vessel phiala, made of glass patera, with wide rim mixing-bowl, two-handled vessel ladle goblet cymbium, drinking-bowl amystis, drunk in one baccea chalice wine-cup scala ampulla carrying vessel oenophorum, for carrying wine flascae flagon sicula seriola wineskin hydria, for carrying water bucket amphora orca scyphus, for washing hands milking-pail basin, for bathing infants albeum, for ablutions laver, for washing feet siphon, blown water oil vessels hemicadium ascortia, made of leather alabastrium, for ointments pyx, a boxwood container lenticula, made of bronze or silver cookware pot pan kettle bronze cauldron frying pan tripod hand-mill sieve fire-shovel storage arca, strongbox gazophylacium, temple strongbox for alms for the poor loculus, underground storage place coffer scrinium, for book scrolls bag pouch, for money knapsack wrapper fiscus, public purse basket wicker-basket chest pannier hamper lighting fireplace firebrand oil-lamp candlestick lacunarium, hanging lamp wax torch chandelier lantern lucubrum pyre lighthouse sitting or reclining lectica frame backboard coverlet straw mat cot camp-bed spinga, with images of sphinxes Punic bed, small and low from Carthage bridal bed cradle for infants bier for the dead coffin couch semicircular couch large dining couch cushioned couch stool footstool tripod scansilium, a step where a distinguished person takes his seat seat throne for kings bench for others chair for scholars curule for magistrates driving wagon chariot carpentum pompaticum, processional carriage cart, two-wheeled caracutium, with very high wheels capsus, enclosed on all sides pilentum, formerly used by matrons basterna, fitted with soft rugs other tools walking stick stake lever, for loosening doors and stones forfex tailors’ scissors barbers’ tweezers blacksmiths’ tongs razor combs curling iron key catenatum, latch or chain clock, a sundial rural tools plowing plow plowshare plow-beam share-beam pruning pruning knife pruning hook bush-hook aserrula hoeing hoe drag-hoe mattock spade dibble for planting threshing roller threshing-sledge winnowing-shovel pitchfork measuring tallies milling and pressing trapetum for olives prelum vat verennis qualus strainer sieve garden tools waterwheel pulley swing-beam tribal water-bucket wolf, an iron grapple equestrian tools medallion, an ornamental boss bit forces horse to neigh wolf-toothed bit, a harsh type rein halter saddle chest-strap belt packsaddle lasso spur goad currycomb branding iron cauterising iron