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1968-baudrillard_system-of-objects_full-text.txt
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Baudrillard contends, objects and discourses that have no firm origin,

the concept can no longer pretend to control or grasp its object. 3 In

society, rendering impotent theories that still rely on materialist

often difficult material.

that consumer objects constitute a classification system that codes

behavior and groups. As such, consumer objects must be analysed

sociological theories of needs. Consumer objects have their effect in

products, thereby fitting the object into a series. The object has its

concrete examples of consumer objects as a code. He also undertook

objects constitute a system of signs that differentiate the population.

to each object, but only through the play of difference between the

indicates how consumer objects are like hysterical symptoms; they

determinations, a world where anything can be anything else, where

everything is both equivalent to and indifferent to everything else, a

deny the surface "appearance" of things in favor of a hidden structure

does the code take priority over or even precede the consumer object.

The distinctions between object and representation, thing and idea

against materialists, phenomenologists, realists and historicists as the

when no one is dominating, nothing is being dominated and no

the social world from the point of view of the object, a seeming

point on reality. The privileged position has shifted to the object,

specifically to the hyperreal object, the simulated object. In place of

a logic of the subject, Baudrillard proposes a logic of the object, and

unveiled by Baudrillard, the world from within the object, looks

objects as defined by the code. In this sense, only the "fatal strategy"

of the point of view of the object provides any understanding of the

media, in consumer objects, in the layout of city streets. 12 De

as if nothing else in society mattered, extrapolating a bleak view of

immediately. Yet, nothing is less certain, and the trick of advertisers

freedom is the random selection of objects that will distinguish any

like nothing else!" ("The meat of the elite, the cigarette of the happy

Consumer society (objects, products, advertising), for the first

superego, guilt) to crystallize on objects, concrete determinants where

function of social organization is materialized. The freedom of

are lifted at the cost of a regression in the security of objects, thus14

A second issue: does the object/advertising system form a language?

to objects. According to Pierre Martineau, "Any buying process is

an active syntax? Do objects instruct needs and structure them in a

the mediation of objects and their production? If this is the case, we

can speak of a language. Otherwise, this is nothing more than a

syntax is necessary for there to be "language": the objects of mass

At the stage of artisanal production objects reflect the contingent

is no objective technological (technique) progress. Since the beginning

than the system of objects; the latter imposes its own coherence and

(objects 'made to measure' in accordance with needs) with a limited

object is at the level of speech (parole), industrial technology institutes

accessories, and the "social standing" of the object. Here we have

with difficulty into a matrix of objects. Actually, the world of objects

classified, and demarcated by objects: it can therefore be directed

(and this is the system's real objective on the socioeconomic level).

exchange (the structuration of communication). The object/advertis-

themselves in relation to objects. But this also shows that it is not

specific collection of objects. The hierarchized gamuts of objects

categorization of the social and personal world based on objects,

of objective future (materialized in objects): in short, a grid in which

others that the reign of the object is still the shortest path to freedom.

not be fooled: objects are categories of objects which quiteThe System of Objects

materialize itself effectively under the sign of affluence.

(which at times is substituted for the thing itself: Frigidaire or

capable of summing up both the diversity of objects and a host of

is the only language in which the object speaks to us, the only one

to a brand name is nothing more than the conditioned reflex of a

But is it not a beneficial thing, our philosophers object, to tap

know that they indicate something desirable . . . The average motorist

know vaguely that it is something good. So he orders "high-octane"

illogicality of drives cleansed of guilt (deculpabilisées), is nothing

more than a tremendous endeavor to materialize the superego. It is

a censor, first of all, that is "personalized" in the object. The

Hence, the ambiguity of the object, in which individuals never have

incomplete regression, the object serves as a vehicle for the perpetual

Nothing has changed, or rather it has: restrictions in personal

The object/advertising system constitutes a system of signification

Advertising refers explicitly to the object as a necessary criterion:

etc. Undoubtedly objects have always constituted a system of

neighborhood we live in, and the multitude of objects that surround

material existence through their proliferation as commodities, but,

are described in terms of their objects." Coherence is obtained

socialized and objectified does not necessarily lead to true "democra-

the field of objects: a new morality of class, or caste, can now invest

itself in the most material and most undeniable of things.

social facts. This is not the case with the object/advertising system,

I would like to conclude the analysis of our relation to objects as a

consumption is an active mode of relations (not only to objects, but

We must clearly state that material goods are not the objects of

consumption: they are merely the objects of need and satisfaction.

Consumption is neither a material practice, nor a phenomenology

substance. Consumption is the virtual totality of all objects and

The traditional object-symbol (tools, furniture, even the house),

arbitrary. This object, which is bound, impregnated, and heavy with

is not consumed. In order to become object of consumption, the

object must become sign; that is, in some way it must become

systematic relation to all other object-signs. It is in this way that it

consumed in its materiality, but in its difference.

The conversion of the object to a systematized status of signs

to be "fulfilled," and to be "annulled") 24 in and through objects,

We can see that what is consumed are not objects but the relation

objects which manifests it.

an object-sign where it is consumed.

At all levels, the status of the relation/object is orchestrated by

materialized as productive forces in order to be sold. Today every

materialized) as sign and as object to be purchased and consumed.

For example, a couple's ultimate objective becomes the consumption

of objects that previously symbolized the relation. 25

Clearly nothing here has any symbolic value, despite the dense and

see that here human relations are not inscribed in things: everything

is sign, pure sign. Not a single object has presence or history, and

yet everything is full of reference: Oriental, Scottish, early American,

etc.[27] All these objects merely possess a characteristic singularity: in

an object/sign system: far from symbolizing a relationship, these

objects are external to it in their continual "reference." They describe

in pure complicity with the system of objects which signifies it.

Which is not to say that objects are mechanically substituted for an

is not absorbed in the absolute positivity of objects, it is articulated

on objects, as if through so many material points of contact on a

configuration of objects is impoverished, schematic, and bound,

these objects, "consumed" in them, and consequently annulled as a

which far exceeds our relations to objects and relations among

In the same way, objects of consumption constitute an idealist

lexicon of signs, an elusive materiality to which the project of lived

by between these book-lined walls, among these objects so perfectly

go looking for adventure. Nothing they planned would be impossible. 30

renounces it: there are no longer any projects; there are only objects.

realization as a sign located in the object. The object of consumption

is a total idealist practice which has no longer anything to do (beyond

[deçu] and implicit in the object. The project, made immediate in

indefinite possession of object-signs of consumption. Consequently,

successive objects. Hence, the desire to "moderate" consumption or

(particularly in the United States) all objects of one category become

constraint of owning the same things.26

standing eventually metabolize the object. They impose a metabolism

something of an actual language, structured by a research and interpretive

28 In G. Perec's description of the "interior," the objects are, through

fashion, transcendent, and not objects of a "series." A total cultural

29 The etymology is rather illuminating: "Everything is consumed" =

"everything is accomplished" and of course "everything is destroyed."28

cation of objects, services, and material goods. This now constitutes

beings, as they have been in the past, but by objects. Their daily

"urban estate" with all the material machinery of communication

objects in advertising with the hundreds of daily mass media

messages; from the proliferation of somewhat obsessional objects to

the symbolic psychodrama which fuels the nocturnal objects that

deceptive and obedient objects which continuously repeat the same

becoming functional. We are living the period of the objects: that

whereas in all previous civilizations, it was the object, instrument,

While objects are neither flora nor fauna, they give the impression

spices from the tropics; but all of these worldly things bear odious

canned goods, foods, and clothing, are like the primary landscape

form of accumulation, objects are organized in displays, or in

collections. Almost every clothing store or appliance store presentsConsumer Society

a gamut of differentiated objects, which call upon, respond to, and

complementary objects which are offered for the choosing. But this

category. Few objects today are offered alone, without a context of

objects to speak for them. And the relation of the consumer to the

object has consequently changed: the object is no longer referred to

in relation to a specific utility, but as a collection of objects in their

objects but signifieds, each object can signify the other in a more

complex super-object, and lead the consumer to a series of more

complex choices. We can observe that objects are never offered for

towards networks of objects in order to seduce it and elicit, in

limits of economic potential. Clothing, appliances, and toiletries thus

constitute object paths, which establish inertial constraints on the

consumer who will proceed logically from one object to the next.

The consumer will be caught up in a calculus of objects, which is

with objects, idle wandering, and all the permutations of these. In

approach to consumption. It retains something of the period of the

the commodity (clothing, food, restaurant, etc.) is also culturalized,

the apartment or summer home, clothing, flowers, the latest novel,

Cafe, cinema, book store, auditorium, trinkets, clothing, and many

other things can be found in these shopping centers. The drugstore

the "art" consists in playing on the ambiguity of the object's sign,

trinkets, records, paperbacks, intellectual books, a bit of everything.

offering them "something": a language lab on the second floor;

style, with something more, perhaps a bit of intelligence and human

of attraction), a circular church, tennis courts ("the least of things"),

goods, objects, services, behaviors, and social relations represents the

articulated networks of objects, ascends from pure and simple

Not only can anything be purchased, from shoestrings to an airline

discover the material conditions of happiness which the anarchy of

of everyday life, as a complete homogenization. Everything is

is the sublimation of real life, of objective social life, where not only

style! Everything is finally digested and reduced to the sameConsumer Society

is henceforth transferred into things, everywhere diffused in the

indistinguishability of things and of social relations. Just like the

Prefer objects which provide him with the maximum satisfaction.

"endowed" with needs which "direct" him towards objects that

a bit more complex, less "object oriented" 10 and more "instinct

directed at objects, but at values. And the satisfaction of needs

does not so much refer to the materiality of goods (TV, bathroom,

notion of conformity is nothing more than an immense tautology

the individual's relation to objects, is simply transferred to the

objects, or to a group posited as a distinct entity, is established

market opportunities. And it continuously masks this objective by

staging its opposite. "Man has become the object of science for

social goals for its own gain, and imposes its own objectives as

that the liberty and sovereignty of the consumer are nothing more

fundamental objections that are all related to its idealist anthropologi-

There exists in human nature something like an economic principle

impose limits on his own objectives, on his needs and at the same

objectives as regards income and thus on their efforts." 23 And he

reorganized in accordance to the objective social demand of signs

and demystified tone, this thesis, as he understood it, is nothing

objects. There is only need for this or that object. In effect, the

specular reflections of empirical objects. At this level, however, the

on a keyboard of objects. We know that advertising is not omnipotent

reference to a single "need," objects can be substituted for one

respective objects. Needs are produced as a force of consumption,

its place by reorganizing everything into a system of productive

as a relation between an individual and an object. In the same

demonstrate that people's relation to objects, and their relation to

myth at the same time as the object. Once having stated the universal

if there is such a thing. They do not see that, taken one at a time,

needs are nothing; that there is only the system of needs; or rather,

that needs are nothing but the most advanced form of the rational

The fluidity of objects and needs

psychoeconomicus. It is a theory of needs, of objects (in the fullest

will never produce anything more than a consumed reflection on

field of their objective function objects are not interchangeable, but

outside the field of its denotation, an object becomes substitutable

object takes on the value of a sign. In this way a washing machine

consumption. Here all sorts of objects can be substituted for the

the logic of symbols, objects are no longer tied to a function or to

a defined need. This is precisely because objects respond to something

Relatively speaking, objects and needs are here interchangeable

relation between the object and its function). In the hysterical orConsumer Society

This is just like the interconnection of object/signs, or of object/

object's rational goal), but desire, and some other determination,

taking it literally, as it presents itself, as a need for a specific object,

The world of objects and of needs would thus be a world of

replaces and refers to, in consumption objects become a vast

paradigm designating another language through which something

the specific objectivity of needs, just as it is impossible in hysteria

to define the specific objectivity of an illness, for the simple reason

signifies itself locally in a succession of objects and needs.

for a particular object as much as it is a "need" for difference (the

The acquisition of objects is without an object ("objectless craving," 27

focused and directed at the object and at pleasure, in fact responds

to quite different objectives: the metaphoric or displaced expression

function of individual interest within a corpus of objects, but rather

and not a function of pleasure, and therefore, like material production,

of pleasure. Pleasure no longer appears as an objective, as a rational

objectives lie elsewhere. Pleasure would define consumption for itself,

(object/signs) and differences, and not on need and pleasure.

essential function of the regulated circulation of objects and

Nevertheless, at the level of distribution, commodities and objects,

commodities and object/signs — all of these presently constitute our

The best evidence that pleasure is not the basis or the objective

relations, by the intensive use of signs and objects, and by the

Everything must be tried: since man as consumer is haunted by the

fear of "missing" something, any kind of pleasure. One never knows

but a new objective state, governed by the same fundamental

is no objective "progress" (nor a fortiori "revolution"): it is simply

the same thing and something else. What in fact results from the

they are simultaneously endured as an objective process of adaptation

world? Nothing. What could he be? Everything, or almost everything.

acquisition of objects and commodities is individualizing, atomizing,

gratifications and deceptions, in this minimal exchange. The object

because it is collapsed on objects which themselves lack negativity.

strategy of desire invests the materiality of our existence with its

monotony and distractions. Or, as we saw, the object of consumption

objective practice and recovered by the "cultural" system of

form into the object form (cf. below, Beyond use value).

value and exchange value into sign value (or again: of the object

defines itself precisely as something distinct from, and beyond value

and code. All forms of value (object, commodity or sign) must be

value, sign value). For example: the objects involved in reciprocal60

material is abstracted into utility value, commercial value, statutory

of material production and countersigns it in the process of ideological

value (where the process of material production (commodity form)

thing. It is the basis of a revolutionary anthropology. Certain

of use-value fetishism is necessary - an analysis of the object form

escapes the historical determination of class. It represents an objective,

code of utility is also a code of abstract equivalence of objects and

the reality principle of the object or product. To be abstractly

nation. Only objects or categories of goods cathected in the

other hand, as a useful value, the object attains an abstract

universality, an "objectivity" (through the reduciton of every

What is involved here, then, is an object form whose general

Every object is translatable into the general abstract code of

equivalence, which is its rationale, its objective law, its meaning

adequation of an object to its (useful) end, subordinates all real

or potential objects to itself, without taking any one into account

need to a useful property of the object, use value is very much

of objects as use values. This results from an objective rationalization,

different type of exchange, objects did not have the status of

"objectivity" that we give them at all. But henceforward secularized,

functionalized and rationalized in purpose, objects become the

themselves through an "objective" activity of transforming nature —

the finality of subjects who face their ambivalent object relations,

and the parallel functionality of objects and needs. 4 The individual

commodity form (exchange value), and the object form (use value).

The individual is nothing but the subject thought in economic terms,

It registers itself as a kind of moral law at the heart of the object —

It is the transcription at the heart of things of the same moral law

correlation of the object with the needs of the subject, under the

finality). It establishes the object in its truth, as an essence called

reduction of all the symbolic virtualities of the subject and the object.

It establishes the object in a functional equivalence to itself in

ence to itself) permits the object to enter the field of political

Thus the functionality of objects, their moral code of utility, is as

equivalence of utilities the object form, we can say that the object

individual to objects conceived as use values to pass for a concrete

and objective - in sum, "natural" - relation between man's needs

and the function proper to the object. This is all seen as the opposite

Against all this seething metaphysic of needs and use values, it must

relations, object relations and even perversions — in short, all the

social labor find their general equivalent in money. Everything

by objects. All instincts are rationalized, finalized and objectified in

can no longer be viewed as an innate function of the object, but as

a social determination (at once of the subject, the object, and their

indifferently extends itself to people and things and makes people

on the world of objects. It is illogical and naive to hope that, through

objects conceived in terms of exchange value, that is, in his needs,

himself qua man. The truth is something else entirely. In an

objects that function and serve, man is not so much himself as the

most beautiful of these functional and servile objects. It is not only

relation to others and to objects, in terms of needs, utility, satisfaction

Precisely the same thing is going on here. In the correlation:

lived, the concrete; they are the guarantee of an objective reality for

distributed thing in the world. 9 People are not equal with respect to

has rediscovered himself. People do not rediscover their objects

that of utility for objects, that of the useful appropriation of

objects by man in need.

levels: between man and nature, man and objects, man and his body,

"liberation of needs" and the "administration of things" as a

the object form. 10 This has been absent from Marxist analysis. With

So far as (a commodity) is a value in use, there is nothing mysterious

noonday that man, by his industry, changes the forms of the materials

relations between Robinson and the objects that form this wealth of

of Robinson Crusoe, then it must be admitted that everything in the

In fact, nothing is clear about this fable. Its evidence of simplicity

in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties." There is nothing

one's needs" or in "rendering onself useful" as well as things. And

immediacy of his relation to things.

(UV), or between the commodity form and the object form: this

infrastructural-superstructural relation between a material pro-

of objectivity, a general political economy (its critique), which is

sum, ideology appears as a sort of cultural surf frothing on the

traverses both the production of signs and material production; or

Marx demonstrated that the objectivity of material production didThe Political Economy of the Sign

not reside in its materiality, but in its form. In fact, this is the point

must be applied to ideology: its objectivity does not reside in its

feeds off a magical conception of its object. It does not unravel

as the link between the utility of an object and the demand of a

Transposed from the analysis of material goods to collective

material into a form. But this reductive abstraction is given

itself in the obviousness of value. It is in the "materiality" of content

1 The subject—object dichotomy, bridged by the magical concept

materiality of contents and the ideality of consciousness, reuniting

system of material production "signified" nothing! As if signs and

production. Ideology seizes all production, material or symbolic, in

the contents of material production or the immaterial contents of

and regulates exchange, makes things communicate, but only under

reference is nothing but the effect and the symptom of the system —

totality. This partitioning of the object domain obscures even the

the fact that nothing produced or exchanged today (objects, services,

a sign, nor solely measured as a commodity; that everything appears

objective substrate to it, the potential objectivity of the product as

something whose transcendence could have been rationalized and

distorted in exchange value). The object of this political economy,

as form. Rather, this object is perhaps quite simply the object, the

object form, on which use value, exchange value and sign value

and of objective purpose exhaled by use value and needs. This is

relation of the sign, so that this equals this, and nothing else. This

sign as abstract structure refers to a fragment of objective reality. It

analyses of others) comes down to the fact that things are just not

The poor speaker evidently knows nothing of the arbitrary character

The crucial thing is to see that the separation of the sign and the

sign "evokes" (the better to distance itself from it) is nothing but

thing, an identity of content that acts as the moving shadow of the

The referent, the "real" object, is the phenomenal object, the

attempts to reunite the subject and the object it posits as separate:

concept of need (like motivation) analyzes nothing at all. It only

appropriate a given object for themselves as use value "because they

2 But: the objectivity of this "denoted" fraction of the real is

by the logic of the sign onto the world of things (onto the

"objectivity" (whether the denotation is that of the linguistic sign,

parasitical significations onto an "objective" denotative process; nor

Sd, this objective "reality," is itself nothing more than a coded form

anything more than the most attractive and subtle of connotations.

seem, appear to be telling us something simple, literal, primitive:

something true, in relation to which all the rest is literature? 25

So it all parallels use value as the "denotative" function of objects.

Indeed, doesn't the object have that air, in its "being serviceable,"

of having said something objective? This manifest discourse is the

objectivity is involved. Utility, like the literality of which Barthes

or use value; objectivity or utility: it is always the complicity of the

the object, resurges continually from the system of exchange value,90

its universality and "objective" innocence. Far from being the

objective term to which connotation is opposed as an ideological

"beyond" of semiology which, in its quite "objective innocence,"

name of the Sd (or the Rft: same thing), which it is then necessary

signification is, at bottom, nothing but a gigantic simulation model

everything in terms of itself, can only speak the language of values

the sign, we can say nothing, really, except that it is ambivalent;

copulation is objectified in the bar of structural inclusion between

Sr and Sd (Sr/Sd). 28 It is then even further objectified and positivized

creates its rationality. And this is nothing other than the radical

mirage of the referent, which is nothing but the phantasm of what

elemental objectification that reverberates through the amplified

"concrete" object or the "concrete" product concerned in the matter

objects, the abolition of their abstract finality. Where it appears to

Consumption destroys objects as substance the better to perpetuate this

use), not the destruction of objects in themselves. Only this act can be

material production, inaugurated by Marx; and critical semiology, or

such, but not the abolition, toward some mystical nothingness, of the

material and operation of meaning. The symbolic operation of meaning

is also exercised upon phonic, visual, gestural (and social) material, but

carried toward things (!) and not considered in its simple relation to

intermingled vestiges of idealism and materialism, deriving from all the

not reality (i.e. an object whose existence I can test, or control): we

tangible object immediately reemerges. Thus, the articulation of the sign

the object of a (given) science is only the effect of its discourse. In

posits its object as a simulation model, purely and simply. It is known,

to an object, but rather by 'reference back' to a symbolic function"

everything hidden behind the concepts of production, mode of

"the production by men of their material life?" "The first historical

production of material life itself. And indeed this is an historical act,

articulation alone could help decipher objectively the process of

retains something of the apparent movement of political economy:

material to which it is applied." 6 Here we rediscover the moment

remains nothing more or less than a qualitative potentiality. It is

specified by its own end, by the material it works on, or simply

Regarded materially, wealth consists only in the manifold variety of

theoretical object), this theoretical production, itself taken in the

abstraction of the representation, apparently only redoubles its object

the theory and the object — and this is valid not only for Marxism

power objectified in the production process as abstract social labor

In concrete labor man gives a useful, objective end to nature; in

changed nothing basic: nothing regarding the idea of man producing

Marx translated this concept into the logic of material production

never been and will never be anything but the single mode of

This logic of material production, this dialectic of modes of

process of the objectification of nature. This position is heavy with

objectification [of man]." 15 And even in Capital:

without which there can be no material exchanges between man and

controls the material reactions between himself and nature. He opposes

and is raised to an absolute value. But is the "materialist" thesis of

alone founds the world as objective and man as historical. In short,

expresses nothing other than a negativity rooted in the very essence

Nothing was more corrupting for the German workers' movement

Marx, even worse, objected that man possesses only his labor power,

Confronted by the absolute idealism of labor, dialectical material-

and the free objectification of man's own powers.

in the very nature of things it lies beyond the sphere of actual material

of man's activity of incessant objectification of nature and control

that labor is not the only source of material wealth, of use-valuesThe Mirror of Production

its special form, viz., the useful character of the labor, is nothing but

If there was one thing Marx did not think about, it was discharge,

about production (not a bad thing), and he thought of it in terms

produced is material; it has nothing to do with symbolic wealth

to any other analytical field. Above all, it cannot become the object

occasion of its objectification as a productive force under the sign

carries all the values of repression, sublimation, objective finality,

Historical materialism, dialectics, modes of production, labor power

expressing an "objective reality." They become signs: signifiers of a

is dialectical; the dialectic is the process of (material) production;

to see if societies "without history" are something other than "pre"-

of production is not yet well developed, but nothing is lost by

falters under his own objection to Feuerbach of making a radical

inversion of the idealist dialectic into a materialist dialectic was only

the duplication of its object — haunts all rational discursiveness.

desire bound up with the construction of its object, this negativity

completed. The materialist dialectic has exhausted its content in

object when we deal with the relations between Marxist theory and the

"objective" reality, by the code of political economy.

of our own social products; for to stamp an object of utility as a value,

taken as a "useful object." Utility (including labor's) is already a

of production (whether material or desiring) on the scene of value,

which has nothing to do with the revolution or the laws of history,

engendered by models. There is no longer such a thing as ideology;

a determinist and objectivist science, a dialectical vision of history

to resurrect the dialectic, "objective" contradictions and the like,

system, which is of a higher order. Everything that gets inserted into

where everything is naturally inverted and collapses. At the peak of

In truth, there is nothing left to ground ourselves on. All that is

as each monetary unit has something against which it can be

with the mechanism of value in material production as Marx

something, the sign is at last free for a structural or combinatory

it has long since been a question of something other than economics.

of value affects signification along with everything else, it takes the

kind of structural determination, at a given moment, by material

useful and the useless at the level of objects; and of nature and

judgement, vanish in our system of images and signs. Everything

the reign of political economy. Before that nothing was produced,

strictly speaking: everything was deduced, from grace (of God), or

Today everything has changed again. Production, the commodity

quantitative, material and measurable configuration which is now

anything but a set of described [signalétique] operations. It enters

designate the reality of social production, of a social objective that

exploitation, the violent sociality of labor, is familiar. Nothing like

form it presently takes, in the light of a "materialist" history that

To analyze production as a code is to transcend the material

and those that are more formal, yet just as "objective," such as

or as blacks are by skin color - these are also signs, and nothing

single parcel remain unproductive, of countersigning everything by

social relation of death upon which capital thrives. Thus nothing

system of socialization, indifferent to every objective, and to labor

is to localize each individual in a social nexus where nothing ever

be left on your own. The important thing is that everyone be a

the only thing still connected to pleasure, whereas the psychic

still tends to reduce everything to factors. The axiom of the code

reduces everything to variables. The former leads to equations and

the crime of mingling signs as a breach of the order of things. If we

but through the extension of a material whose clarity depended on

among each other in an objective world. Here, the sign undergoes

signs and objects. These were signs with no caste tradition, which

very possibility of two or of n identical objects. The relation between

In the series, objects are transformed indefinitely into simulacra of

one another and, with objects, so are the people who produce them.

objects) in indefinite series.

any object can be reproduced, as such, in an exemplary double, is

serial repetition of the same object (which is the same for individuals

generates meaning and makes sense (fait sens). Nothing functions

nation; everything is resolved in inscription and decoding.

in advance, inscribed in the code. In a way, things have not really

"objective" seat - what better throne than the molecule and genetics?

binary Divinity. For the current program has nothing to do with

indeterminate, random machine that it is today - something

include "functional" objects as well as fashion features, televised

evolve a binary system of regulation. This changes nothing in the

fetishism of the lost object: no longer the object of representation,

and subjectivity in order to render a pristine objectivity. In fact, this

objectivity was only that of the pure gaze - an objectivity at last

liberated from the object, which is no more than the blind relay of

but an arraignment of the object, the eager examination of its

immanence beneath the police agency of the look. This objective

depth linked to the perception of the object give way to an optics

functioning on the surface of things, as if the gaze had become the

molecular code of the object...

Hyperrealism is something like their mutual fulfillment and overflow-

There once existed a specific class of objects that were allegorical,

savoir faire. In these objects, pleasure consisted more in discovering

something "natural" in what was artificial and counterfeit. Today,

everything - a tactical simulation - like an undecidable game toSymbolic Exchange and Death

reproduction; everything that redoubles in itself, even ordinary,

signs repress nothing ... even the primary process is abolished. The

3 Theoretical production, like material production, is also losing its

also cracked. And this is in the order of things. What I mean to say is

investing in anything, except perhaps in the mirror of their writing

and by having its objectives put into question, changing its truth

And if it must overcome something, it is not fantasies and

the unconscious and problematics of interpretation. But nothing can

thing for psychoanalysis, after all, is in fact that the unconscious

nects with the other pole, we should say that it remains something

of a lost object of psychoanalysis.

the energy of mourning and of the dead object will be transferred

of objectivity and coherence (if we disregard all of the internal

made). But everything that was repressed in this admirable taking

the slight figuration of certain objects. They figure in the great works

no longer objects, no longer specific objects. They are the anti-

Even this is meaningful: these objects are not objects. They do not

haunted and metaphysical objects contrasts completely with the

Their insignificance is offensive. Only objects without referents,On Seduction

isolated objects, ghostly in their deinscription from all discourse,

either; neither psychology nor historicity. Everything here is artefact.

A vertical backdrop creates, out of pure signs, objects isolated from

clock without hands that leaves us to guess the time: these are things

boundaries of objects and the ambiguity of their use, it always

retains the gravity of real things. It is always underscored by the

figured against a vertical background, everything here is in suspense,

objects as well as time, even light and perspective. While still life

the obsolescence of objects, they are the sign of a (s)light vertigo,

doesn't refract. Perhaps death illuminates things directly, and this is

result of the transparency of objects to a black sun.

We sense that these objects are approaching the black hole from

decentering effect, and the advancement of the reflection of objects

insignificant objects, of the double which creates the effect of

A weak physical desire to grasp things, but a desire which is itself

suspended and therefore metaphysical, the objects of the trompe-

familiarity of objects is the expression of this disappearance of the

merely a simulacrum - disintegrates, something else emerges; this

hyperpresence of things, "as if we could grasp them." But this tactile

fantasy has nothing to do with our sense of touch: it is a

world we call "real," revealing to us that "reality" is nothing but a

staged world, objectified according to rules of depth, that is to say,

eye (the privilege of the panoptic eye), objects here "fool" the eye

is merely the internal point of flight for the convergence of objects.

the eye, with nothing behind it - no horizon, no horizontality. This

is specifically the realm of appearances where there is nothing to

see, where things see you. Things do not flee from you, they stand

Like stucco, its contemporary, it can do anything, mimic anything,

parody anything. In the sixteenth century, it became the prototype

would perhaps be nothing more than a perspective effect. Such a

complicity has nothing to do with some hidden information. Besides,

there is nothing to say ... Everything that can be revealed lies outside

the secret. For it is not a hidden signified, nor the key to something;

it circulates through and traverses everything that can be said, just

of communication and yet shares something with it. Only at the cost

but in fact there isn't one. There is nothing in the place where

words designate, and where others think it to be. And this nothing

fact not seductive. Everything derived from expressive energy,

repression, or the unconscious; everything that wishes to speak and

But perhaps something is taking revenge on all interpretations and

in a subtle way is able to disrupt its process? Something which

active or passive in seduction, no subject or object, or even interior

from an instinct. While indeterminate in relation to its object,

Everything is seduction and nothing but seduction.

They wanted us to believe that everything was production. The

to regulate the flow of things. Seduction is merely an immoral,

usufruct of useless bodies. What if everything, contrary to appearances

to reach its limits. Everything returns to the void, including our

something has had, before fulfilling itself, the time to be missed and

this is, if there is such a thing, the perfection of "desire."

art, body-art 8 - in which the object, the frame and the scene of

object, related to the ancestral form of the cult. Next it takes the

object, but transcendental and individualized. And the aesthetic form

there is little concern for the aesthetic originality of cult objects); it

multiplication of objects without an original. This is the form of

as the political form of the object is inseparable from the techniques

of serial reproduction.) As it was the case for the object, this

The world is naked, the king is naked, things are clear. All of

production, and truth itself, aim to uncover things, and the unbearable

thing), this fable would then have come full circle for us, and now

has nothing but the discrete charm of second-order simulacra. 1

maps or territory. Something has disappeared: the sovereign difference

negative instance. It is nothing more than operational. In fact, since

in systems of signs, which are a more ductile material than meaning,

or she ill or not? The simulator cannot be treated objectively either

how to treat "true" illnesses by their objective causes. Psychosomatics

raised by simulation: namely that truth, reference and objective caues

have ceased to exist. What can medicine do with something which

the idea that the images concealed nothing at all, and that in fact

anything, and that they were purely a game, but that this was

unmask images, since they dissimulate the fact that there is nothing

for meaning and that something could guarantee this exchange -

whole system becomes weightless; it is no longer anything but a

The transition from signs which dissimulate something to signs

which dissimulate that there is nothing, marks the decisive turning

false, the real from its artificial resurrection, since everything is

of reality; of second-hand truth, objectivity and authenticity. There

of the figurative where the object and substance have disappeared.

above and parallel to the panic of material production. This is how

The objective profile of the United States, then, may be traced

To be sure. But this conceals something else, and that "ideological"

whose mystery is precisely that it is nothing more than a network

power stations, as much as film studios, this town, which is nothing

monstrous unprincipled undertaking, nothing more. Rather, it is

of course, "objective" analysis, struggle, etc.) But if the entire cycle

- indeed the objectivity of the fact - does not check this vertigo of

interpretation. We are in a logic of simulation which has nothing to

That there is nothing to fear, since the communists, if they come

to power, will change nothing in its fundamental capitalist

by the dispossession of its object (the Tasaday). Without counting:

Everything is metamorphosed into its inverse in order to be

nothing other than mannequins of power. In olden days the king

things, the right of property, whereas a simulated hold up interferes

its object, that law and order themselves might really be nothing

is a simulated theft? There is no "objective" difference: the same

reduce everything to some reality: that's exactly how the established

operation "for nothing") — but never as simulation, since it is

based. The established order can do nothing against it, for the law

dominate a determined world, but which can do nothing about that

of power (disconnected from its aims and objectives, and dedicated

of every objective; they turn against power this deterrence which is

"material" production is itself hyperreal. It retains all the features,

the whole discourse of traditional production, but it is nothing more

Power, too, for some time now produces nothing but signs of its

And in the end the game of power comes down to nothing more

force, a stake - this is nothing but the object of a social demand,

but work has subtly become something else: a need (as Marx ideally

envisaged it, but not at all in the same sense), the object of a social

objects, like crises in production. Then there are no longer any

strikes or work, but both simultaneously, that is to say something

"objective" process of exploitation — but of the scenario of work.

analysis to restore the objective process; it is always a false problem

essence; it makes something fundamental vacillate. This has hardly

of control and of death, just like the imitative object (primitive statuette,

image of photo) always had as objective an operation of black image.

"scientific" schemes of the second-order - objectiveness, "scientific" ethic

of knowledge, science's principle of truth and transcendence. All things

not supposed to represent anything." TV as perpetual Rorshach test. And

or material spontaneous demand, but with an exigency that has

"demand," and it is obvious that unlike the "classical" objective or

the process of analysis or the principle of transference. It is another thing

principle of Evil. It is expressed in the cunning genius of the object,

in the ecstatic form of the pure object, and in its victorious strategy

We will seek something faster than communication: the challenge,

the medium of the media, the quickest. Everything must occur

dedicated to the ecstatic destiny that wrenches things from their

them from their "objective" causes, leaving them solely to the power

absorbed the energy of its opposite. Imagine something beautiful

and uninterrupted juxtapositions. Ecstatic: such is the object of

and stupefied. Nothing has been more effective in stupefying the

The ecstasy of a prosaic object transfers the pictorial act into its

ecstatic form - which henceforth without an object will spiral in on

Imagine something good that would shine forth from all the power

The real does not concede anything to the benefit of the imaginary:

More generally, visible things do not terminate in obscurity and

An example of this ex-centricity of things, of this drift into

relativity within our system. The reaction to this new state of things

Some-thing redundant always settles in the place where there is no

longer any-thing.

indeterminacy. In a system where things are increasingly left to

a single direction), of the hyperspecialization of objects and people,

of explaining everything, of ascribing everything, of referencing

everything ... All this becomes a fantastic burden - references living

its objective. All of this is a consequence of a forward flight in the

face of the haemorrhaging of objective causes.

real. Without noticing it, all mankind suddenly left reality: everything

beyond which "things have ceased to be real," where history has

has left you: nothing could have changed in any case. The terrifying

(everything becomes documentary): we sense that in our era which

the real, has been warded off, everything again becomes real and

nothing is refracted, nothing is presaged.

the origin of a thing coincide with its end, and re-turns the end onto

source; thus things and events tend not to release their meaning,

The speed of light protects the reality of things by guaranteeing

change in this speed. All things would interfere in total disaster. This

this acceleration something is beginning to slow down absolutely.

years to reach us. If light was infinitely slower, a host of things,

image of a thing still appears, but is no longer there? An analogy

with mental objects, and the ether of the mind.

failure, of dehiscence and of fractal objects, where immense plates,

of the most tightly closed things; the shaking of things that tighten

dogs that have been run over, or of all things that collapse. (A new

hypothesis: if things have a greater tendency to disappear and to

accidents and catastrophes). One thing is certain, even if we are

an event, is incomparable to any material destruction.

materializes all of its consequences in the immediate present. Since

Pompeii. Everything in this city is metaphysical, including its

to monuments, can intervene between these things and ourselves.

They are materialized here, at once, in the very heat where death

are the fatal intimacy of things and the fascination in their

effect of catastrophe: stopping things before they come to an end,

is that it secretly awaits for things, even ruins, to regain their beauty

since it fixates things in an alternate eternity. This fixation-paralysis,

about the object? Objectivity is the opposite of fatality. The object

more clever than the object, while in the latter the object is always

and strategies of the object exceed the subject's understanding. The

object is neither the subject's double nor his or her repression;

An objective irony watches over us, it is the object's fulfillment

object is characterized by what is fulfilled, and for that reason it is

ironic presence of the object, its indifference, and its indifferent

The object disobeys our metaphysics, which has always attempted

to distill the Good and filter Evil. The object is translucent to Evil.

refer to the object, and to its fundamental duplicity, I am referring

order. It is in this way that the object is translucent to the principle

objectivity, sovereign and irreconcilable, immanent and enigmatic.

the subject's misfortune, in his or her mirror, but the object desires

negativity, which means, if all things eventually violate the symbolic

order, that everything will have been diverted at its origin.

it. Negativity, whether historical or subjective, is nothing: the original

can only live and hide in the inhuman, in objects and beasts, in the

realm of silence and objective stupefaction, and not in the human

inhuman, who abandons the bestial metaphor and the objective

- what a grand idea. Nothing could be more opposed to our modern

Good. Here the object is always the fetish, the false, the feticho, the

of a thing and its magical and artificial double, and which no religion

When I speak of the object and of its fatal strategies I am speaking

If we do not understand this, we will understand nothing of this

seek a fatal diversion. Not matter how boring, the important thing

It can be the ecstatic amplification of just about anything. It may

tend to advertise a miraculous freedom are nothing but revolutionary

of events. In the raw event, in objective information, and in the most

secret acts and thoughts, there is something like a drive to revert to

a diverting passion, where things are only meaningful when transfig-

because things here cynically divert from their origin and their end,

and from its disastrous consequences. The fact that things extinguish

If the morality of things is in their sacrosanct use value, then long

the secret rule of the game whereby all things disobey the symbolic

guidelines of life, where things thus no longer occur by chance. It is

life only that which is destined, but not predestined, everything that

is a kind of will and energy, which no one knows anything about,

in the full light of day that certain things come to their designated

Consequently, if the object is ingenious, if the object is fatal, what

Nothing can insure us against fatality, much less provide us with

object whose fate would be a strategy - like the rule of some other

game. In fact, the object mocks the laws we decorate it with. It

emerges whereby the object plays the very game we want it to

constraints we have imposed on it, the object institutes a strategy

gression of his own objectives.

We are accomplice to the object's excess of finality (it may be the

hope of seeing it unfold as a great ruse. From every object we seek

Seduction is fatal. It is the effect of a sovereign object which

become pure object, irony (in Freud's Jokes and their Relation to

the Unconscious) is the objective form of this denouement. As in

Everything must unfold in the fatal and spiritual mode, just as

everything was entangled in the beginning by an original diversion.

objective process, since it is an ironic process? Of course it exists,

but in contrast to everything scientific; it exists as the irony of risk,

on the side of the object, to take the side of the object. One must

look for another rule, another axiomatic: there is nothing mysticalFatal Strategies

to unfold these other strategies, to leave the field open for objective

retreated. What is left then but to pass over to the side of the object,

return things to their enigmatic ground zero? The enigma has been

fatal, of the world's indifference to our endeavors and to objective

laws. The object (the Sphinx) is more subtle and does not answer.

Everything finally boils down to this: let us for one time hypothesize

that there is a fatal and enigmatic bias in the order of things.

In any case there is something stupid about our present situation.

There is something stupid in the raw event, to which destiny, if it

exists, cannot help but be sensitive. There is something stupid in the

current forms of truth and objectivity, from which a superior irony

must give us leave. Everything is expiated in one way or another.

Everything proceeds in one way or another. Truth only complicates

things.

of the object, its mode of diversion, and not of being diverted. This is

In other words, if one defines it as anything other than the

changes nothing in the unilaterality of communication). That is their

vision of things which is no longer optimistic or pessimistic, but

serious if there were an objective truth of needs, an objective truth

more objective one would have to say: a radical uncertainty as to

transparency of computers, which is something worse than alienation.

Overinformed, it develops ingrowing obesity. For everything whichThe Masses

But there is another way of taking things. It does not shed much

Statistics, as an objective computation of probabilities, obviously

their objectivity but in their involuntary humor.

out of gear and prevents it from achieving the objectives which it

taken by an occult duel between the pollsters and the object polled,The Masses

agreed that the object can always be persuaded of its truth; it is

inconceivable that the object of the investigation, the object of the

(for instance, the object does not understand the question; it's not

object; that, all in all, there exists somewhere an original, positive,

possibly victorious strategy of the object opposed to the strategy of

This is what one could call the evil genius of the object, the evil

disappearance. But disappearance is a very complex mode: the object,

probabilistic analysis of their behavior. In fact, behind this "objective"

the parodic enactment by the object itself of its mode of disappearance.

respect the media and even technics and science teach us nothing at

But this idea of alienation has probably never been anything but

It has probably never expressed anything but the alienation of the

substituted something absolutely foreign and other; and, at the same

time, the Enlightenment says that this foreign thing is a being of

the refusal of will, of an in-voluntary challenge to everything which

the duty of taking care of all of these things. A massive de-volition,

nothing is more flattering to consciousness than to know what it

wants, on the contrary nothing is more seductive to the other

objective will. It is much better to rely on some insignificant or

not to want anything and to rely finally on the apparatus of publicity

them (or to rely on the political class to order things) - just as ,

nothing, and it does not want to know. The mass knows that it can

do nothing, and it does not want to achieve anything. It is violently

to conceive the mass, the object-mass, as the repository of a finally

reality. Now the media are nothing else than a marvellous instrument

constitute themselves as submissive objects, inert, obedient, and

child to be object, he or she opposes all the practices of disobedience,

and successfully a resistance as object; that is to say, exactly the

idiocy. Neither of the two strategies has more objective value than

superior impact of all the practices of the object, the renunciation

ourselves as pure objects; but they do not correspond at all to the


********************************************************
2013-TARIC-nomenclature_index.txt
********************************************************

				Cuts of meat from haunches of bovine animals aged at least 18 months, with no visible intramuscular fat (3 to 7 %) and a pH of the fresh meat between 5.4 and 6.0; salted, seasoned, pressed, dried only in fresh dry air and developing noble mould (bloom of microscopic fungi); the weight of the finished product is between 41|% and 53|% of the raw material before salting

						Butter, at least six weeks old, of a fat content by weight of not less than 80% but less than 85%, manufactured directly from milk or cream without the use of stored materials, in a single, self-contained and uninterrupted process

						Butter, at least six weeks old, of a fat content by weight of not less than 80% but less than 85%, manufactured directly from milk or cream without the use of stored materials, in a single, self-contained and uninterrupted process

					Butter, at least six weeks old, of a fat content by weight of not less than 80% but less than 85%, manufactured directly from milk or cream without the use of stored materials, in a single, self-contained and uninterrupted process which may involve the cream passing through a stage where the butterfat is concentrated and/or fractionated (the processes referred to as "Ammix" and "Spreadable")

	Coral and similar materials, unworked or simply prepared but not otherwise worked; shells of molluscs, crustaceans or echinoderms and cuttle-bone, unworked or simply prepared but not cut to shape, powder and waste thereof

		Empty shells for food use and use as raw material for glucosamine

	Vegetable materials of a kind used primarily for plaiting (for example, bamboos, rattans, reeds, rushes, osier, raffia, cleaned, bleached or dyed cereal straw, and lime bark)

			For the production of aminoundecanoic acid for use in the manufacture of synthetic textile fibres or of artificial plastic materials

	Vegetable materials and vegetable waste, vegetable residues and by-products, whether or not in the form of pellets, of a kind used in animal feeding, not elsewhere specified or included

	Pebbles, gravel, broken or crushed stone, of a kind commonly used for concrete aggregates, for road metalling or for railway or other ballast, shingle and flint, whether or not heat-treated; macadam of slag, dross or similar industrial waste, whether or not incorporating the materials cited in the first part of the heading; tarred macadam; granules, chippings and powder, of stones of heading|2515|or 2516, whether or not heat-treated

		Macadam of slag, dross or similar industrial waste, whether or not incorporating the materials cited in subheading|2517|10

				Of textile materials

		Sterile surgical catgut, similar sterile suture materials (including sterile absorbable surgical or dental yarns) and sterile tissue adhesives for surgical wound closure; sterile laminaria and sterile laminaria tents; sterile absorbable surgical or dental haemostatics; sterile surgical or dental adhesion barriers, whether or not absorbable

	Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures (including alcoholic solutions) with a basis of one or more of these substances, of a kind used as raw materials in industry; other preparations based on odoriferous substances, of a kind used for the manufacture of beverages

	Lubricating preparations (including cutting-oil preparations, bolt or nut release preparations, anti-rust or anti-corrosion preparations and mould-release preparations, based on lubricants) and preparations of a kind used for the oil or grease treatment of textile materials, leather, furskins or other materials, but excluding preparations containing, as basic constituents, 70|% or more by weight of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals

			Preparations for the treatment of textile materials, leather, furskins or other materials

			Preparations for the treatment of textile materials, leather, furskins or other materials

	Ferro-cerium and other pyrophoric alloys in all forms; articles of combustible materials as specified in note|2|to this chapter

	Photographic plates and film in the flat, sensitised, unexposed, of any material other than paper, paperboard or textiles; instant print film in the flat, sensitised, unexposed, whether or not in packs

	Photographic film in rolls, sensitised, unexposed, of any material other than paper, paperboard or textiles; instant print film in rolls, sensitised, unexposed

	Pickling preparations for metal surfaces; fluxes and other auxiliary preparations for soldering, brazing or welding; soldering, brazing or welding powders and pastes consisting of metal and other materials; preparations of a kind used as cores or coatings for welding electrodes or rods

		Pickling preparations for metal surfaces; soldering, brazing or welding powders and pastes consisting of metal and other materials

				Stabiliser for plastic material containing:  						 -|2-ethylhexyl 10-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-7-oxo-8-oxa-3,5-dithia-4-stannatetradecanoate (CAS|RN|57583-35-4),  						 -|2-ethylhexyl 10-ethyl-4-[[2-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]-2-oxoethyl]thio]-4-methyl-7-oxo-8-oxa-3,5-dithia-4-stannatetradecanoate (CAS|RN|57583-34-3), and  						 -|2-ethylhexyl mercaptoacetate (CAS RN 7659-86-1)

				Catalyst containing titanium trichloride, in the form of a suspension in hexane or heptane containing by weight, in the hexane- or heptane-free material, 9|% or more but not more than 30|% of titanium

	Diagnostic or laboratory reagents on a backing, prepared diagnostic or laboratory reagents whether or not on a backing, other than those of heading|3002|or 3006; certified reference materials

							Film containing oxides of barium or calcium combined with either oxides of titanium or zirconium, in an acrylic binding material

						Mixed metals oxides, in the form of powder, containing by weight:   -|either 5|% or more of barium, neodymium or magnesium and 15|% or more of titanium,   -|or 30|% or more of lead and 5|% or more of niobium, for use in the manufacture of dielectric films or for use as dielectric materials in the manufacture of multilayer ceramic capacitors

						Film containing oxides of barium or calcium combined with either oxides of titanium or zirconium, in an acrylic binding material

				White expandable polystyrene beads with a thermal conductivity of not more than 0,034|W/mK at a density of 14,0|kg/m$3|(±|1,5|kg/m$3), containing 50|% recycled material

				Crystalline polystyrene with:   -|a melting point of 268|°C or more but not more than 272|°C   -|a setting point of 232|°C or more but not more than 247|°C,   -|whether or not containing additives and filling material

			Poly(vinyl chloride) powder, not mixed with any other substances or containing any vinyl acetate monomers, with:   -|a degree of polymerisation of 1|000|(±|300) monomer units,   -|a coefficient of heat transmission (K-value) of 60|or more, but not more than 70,   -|a volatile material content of less than 2,00|% by weight,   -|a sieve non-passing fraction at a mesh width of 120|µm of not more than 1|% by weight,| for use in the manufacture of battery separators

		Artificial guts (sausage casings) of hardened protein or of cellulosic materials

			Of cellulosic materials

			Other, not reinforced or otherwise combined with other materials, without fittings

			Other, not reinforced or otherwise combined with other materials, with fittings

				Reflecting laminated sheet:   -|consisting of an epoxy acrylate layer embossed on one side in a regular shaped pattern,   -|covered on both sides with one or more layers of plastic material and   -|covered on one side with an adhesive layer and a release sheet

	Other plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of plastics, non-cellular and not reinforced, laminated, supported or similarly combined with other materials

						Co-extruded seven to nine layered film predominately of copolymers of ethylene or functionalized polymers of ethylene, consisting of:   -|a tri-layer barrier with a core layer predominantly of ethylene vinyl alcohol covered on either side with a layer predominantly of cyclic olefin polymers,   -|covered on either side with two or more layers of polymeric material, and having an overall total thickness of not more than 110|µm

						Co-extruded seven to nine layered film predominately of copolymers of propylene, consisting of:   -|a tri-layer barrier with a core layer predominantly of ethylene vinyl alcohol covered on either side with a layer predominantly of cyclic olefin polymers,   -|covered on either side with two or more layers of polymeric material, and having an overall total thickness of not more than 110|µm

					Co-extruded seven to nine layered film predominately of copolymers of propylene, consisting of:   -|a tri-layer barrier with a core layer predominantly of ethylene vinyl alcohol covered on either side with a layer predominantly of cyclic olefin polymers,   -|covered on either side with two or more layers of polymeric material, and having an overall total thickness of not more than 110|µm

					Polypropylene sheet, put up in rolls, with:   -|flame retardant level of UL 94|V-0|for material thicknesses of 0,25|mm or more and level UL 94|VTM-0|for material thicknesses of 0,05|mm or more but not more than 0,25|mm (as determined by Flammability Standard UL-94)   -|dielectric breakdown of 13,1|kV or more but not more than 60,0|kV(as determined by ASTM D149)   -|tensile yield in a machine direction of 30|MPa or more but not more than 33|MPa (as determined by ASTM D882)   -|tensile yield in a transverse direction of 22|MPa or more but not more than 25|MPa (as determined by ASTM D882)   -|density range of 0,988|g/cm$3|or more but not more than 1,035|g/cm$3|(as determined by ASTM D792)   -|moisture absorption of 0,01|% or more but not more than 0,06|% (as determined by ASTM D570) for use in the manufacture of insulators used in the electronics and electrical industries

						Film of poly(ethylene terephthalate) only, of a total thickness of not more than 120|µm, consisting of one or two layers each containing a colouring and/or UV-absorbing material throughout the mass, uncoated with an adhesive or any other material

						Laminated film of poly(ethylene terephthalate) only, of a total thickness of not more than 120|µm, consisting of one layer which is metallised only and one or two layers each containing a colouring and/or UV-absorbing material throughout the mass, uncoated with an adhesive or any other material

						Reflecting polyester sheeting embossed in a pyramidal pattern, for the manufacture of safety stickers and badges, safety clothing and accessories thereof, or of school satchels, bags or similar containers

					Film of poly(ethylene terephthalate), whether or not metallised on one or both sides, or laminated film of poly(ethylene terephthalate) films, metallised on the external sides only, and having the following characteristics:   -|a visible light transmission of 50|% or more,   -|coated on one or both sides with a layer of poly(vinyl butyral) but not coated with an adhesive or any other material except poly(vinyl butyral),   -|a total thickness of not more than 0,2|mm without taking the presence of poly(vinyl butyral) into account and a thickness of poly(vinyl butyral) of more than 0,2|mm

					Ion-exchange membranes of fluorinated plastic material, for use in chlor-alkali electrolytic cells

							Ion-exchange membranes of fluorinated plastic material

					Rolls of open-cell polyurethane foam:   -|with a thickness of 2,29|mm (±|0,25|mm),   -|surface-treated with a foraminous adhesion promoter, and   -|laminated to a polyester film and|a layer of textile material

					Multilayer film consisting of:   -|a poly(ethylene terephthalate) film with a thickness of more than 100|µm but not more than 150|µm,   -|a primer of phenolic material with a thickness of more than 8|µm but not more than 15|µm,   -|an adhesive layer of a synthetic rubber with a thickness of more than 20|µm but not more than 30|µm,   -|and a transparent poly(ethylene terephthalate) liner with a thickness of more than 35|µm but not more than 40|µm

			Photomask or wafer compacts:   -|consisting of antistatic materials or blended thermoplastics proving special electrostatic discharge (ESD) and outgassing properties,   -|having non porous, abrasion resistant or impact resistant surface properties,   -|fitted with a specially designed retainer system that protects the photomask or wafers from surface or cosmetic damage and   -|with or without a gasket seal, of a kind used in the photolithography or other semiconductor production to house photomasks or wafers

	Other articles of plastics and articles of other materials of headings|3901|to 3914

		Articles of apparel and clothing accessories (including gloves, mittens and mitts)

						Reflecting sheeting or tape, consisting of a facing-strip of poly(vinyl chloride) embossed in a regular pyramidal pattern, heat-sealed in parallel lines or in a grid-pattern to a backing-strip of plastic material, or of knitted or woven fabric covered on one side with plastic material

		Not reinforced or otherwise combined with other materials

		Reinforced or otherwise combined only with textile materials

		Reinforced or otherwise combined with other materials

			Reinforced only with textile materials

	Articles of apparel and clothing accessories (including gloves, mittens and mitts), for all purposes, of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber

				Gasket made of vulcanised rubber (ethylene-propylene-diene monomers), with permissible outflow of the material in the place of mold split of not more than 0,25|mm, in the shape of a rectangle:   -|with a length of 72|mm or more but not more than 825|mm;   -|with a width of 18|mm or more but not more than 155|mm

							Crust leather of zebu species or zebu-hybrid species with a unit surface area of more than|2,6|m$2|and containing a hump hole|of 450|cm$2|or more but not more than 2850|cm$2, for use in the manufacture of raw material for seat covers of motor vehicles

	Saddlery and harness for any animal (including traces, leads, knee pads, muzzles, saddle-cloths, saddlebags, dog coats and the like), of any material

	Trunks, suitcases, vanity cases, executive-cases, briefcases, school satchels, spectacle cases, binocular cases, camera cases, musical instrument cases, gun cases, holsters and similar containers; travelling-bags, insulated food or beverages bags, toilet bags, rucksacks, handbags, shopping-bags, wallets, purses, map-cases, cigarette-cases, tobacco-pouches, tool bags, sports bags, bottle-cases, jewellery boxes, powder boxes, cutlery cases and similar containers, of leather or of composition leather, of sheeting of plastics, of textile materials, of vulcanised fibre or of paperboard, or wholly or mainly covered with such materials or with paper

			With outer surface of plastics or of textile materials

				Of moulded plastic material

				Of other materials, including vulcanised fibre

				Of other materials

			With outer surface of plastic sheeting or of textile materials

				Of textile materials

			With outer surface of plastic sheeting or of textile materials

				Of textile materials

			With outer surface of plastic sheeting or of textile materials

				Of textile materials

	Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, of leather or of composition leather

		Other clothing accessories

	Tanned or dressed furskins (including heads, tails, paws and other pieces or cuttings), unassembled, or assembled (without the addition of other materials) other than those of heading|4303

	Articles of apparel, clothing accessories and other articles of furskin

		Articles of apparel and clothing accessories

			Mouldings for frames for paintings, photographs, mirrors or similar objects

				Mouldings for frames for paintings, photographs, mirrors or similar objects

	Particle board, oriented strand board (OSB) and similar board (for example, waferboard) of wood or other ligneous materials, whether or not agglomerated with resins or other organic binding substances

	Fibreboard of wood or other ligneous materials, whether or not bonded with resins or other organic substances

					With at least one outer ply of okoumé not coated by a permanent film of other materials

	Wooden frames for paintings, photographs, mirrors or similar objects

	Plaits and similar products of plaiting materials, whether or not assembled into strips; plaiting materials, plaits and similar products of plaiting materials, bound together in parallel strands or woven, in sheet form, whether or not being finished articles (for example, mats, matting, screens)

		Mats, matting and screens of vegetable materials

				Of plaits or similar products of plaiting materials

				Of plaits or similar products of plaiting materials

				Of plaits or similar products of plaiting materials

				Plaits and similar products of plaiting materials, whether or not assembled into strips

					Of plaits or similar products of plaiting materials

				Plaits and similar products of plaiting materials, whether or not assembled into strips

					Of plaits or similar products of plaiting materials

			Of other vegetable materials

				Plaits and similar products of plaiting materials, whether or not assembled into strips

					Of plaits or similar products of plaiting materials

				Plaits and similar products of plaiting materials, whether or not assembled into strips

					Of plaits or similar products of plaiting materials

	Basketwork, wickerwork and other articles, made directly to shape from plaiting materials or made up from goods of heading|4601; articles of loofah

		Of vegetable materials

				From plaiting materials, hand-made

				From plaiting materials, hand-made

	Pulps of fibres derived from recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard or of other fibrous cellulosic material

			Old and unsold newspapers and magazines, telephone directories, brochures and printed advertising material

	Toilet paper and similar paper, cellulose wadding or webs of cellulose fibres, of a kind used for household or sanitary purposes, in rolls of a width not exceeding 36|cm, or cut to size or shape; handkerchiefs, cleansing tissues, towels, tablecloths, serviettes, bedsheets and similar household, sanitary or hospital articles, articles of apparel and clothing accessories, of paper pulp, paper, cellulose wadding or webs of cellulose fibres

		Articles of apparel and clothing accessories

	Newspapers, journals and periodicals, whether or not illustrated or containing advertising material

		Trade advertising material, commercial catalogues and the like

				Sheets (not being trade advertising material), not folded, merely with illustrations or pictures not bearing a text or caption, for editions of books or periodicals which are published in different countries in one or more languages

			Pongee, habutai, honan, shantung, corah and similar far eastern fabrics, wholly of silk (not mixed with noil or other silk waste or with other textile materials)

			Containing a total of more than 10|% by weight of textile materials of Chapter|50

			Containing a total of more than 10|% by weight of textile materials of Chapter|50

	Synthetic monofilament of 67|decitex or more and of which no cross-sectional dimension exceeds 1|mm; strip and the like (for example, artificial straw), of synthetic textile materials, of an apparent width not exceeding 5|mm

	Artificial monofilament of 67|decitex or more and of which no cross-sectional dimension exceeds 1|mm; strip and the like (for example, artificial straw), of artificial textile materials, of an apparent width not exceeding 5|mm

	Woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarn, including woven fabrics obtained from materials of heading|5404

	Woven fabrics of artificial filament yarn, including woven fabrics obtained from materials of heading|5405

	Wadding of textile materials and articles thereof; textile fibres, not exceeding 5|mm in length (flock), textile dust and mill neps

		Wadding of textile materials and articles thereof

					Of other textile materials

					Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

					Non-woven:  - weighing 30g/m2 or more, but not more than 60g/m2,  - containing fibres of polypropylene or of polypropylene and polyethylene,  - whether or not printed, with:  - on one side, 65% of the total surface area having circular bobbles of 4mm in diameter, consisting of anchored, elevated un-bonded curly fibres, suitable for the engagement of extruded hook materials, and the remaining 35% of the surface area being bonded,  - and on other side a smooth untextured surface,  for use in the manufacture of napkins and napkin liners for babies and similar sanitary articles

					Electrically nonconductive nonwovens, consisting of a central film of poly(ethylene terephthalate) laminated on each side with unidirectionally aligned fibres of poly(ethylene terephthalate), coated on both sides with high grade temperature resistant electrical nonconductive resin, weighing 147|g/m$2|or more but not more than 265|g/m$2, with non-isotropic tensile strength on both directions, to be used as electrical insulation material

					Electrically nonconductive nonwovens, consisting of a central film of poly(ethylene terephthalate) laminated on each side with unidirectionally aligned fibres of poly(ethylene terephthalate), coated on both sides with high grade temperature resistant electrical nonconductive resin, weighing 147|g/m$2|or more but not more than 265|g/m$2, with non-isotropic tensile strength on both directions, to be used as electrical insulation material

				Monofil, strip (artificial straw and the like) and imitation catgut, of synthetic textile materials

	Knotted netting of twine, cordage or rope; made-up fishing nets and other made-up nets, of textile materials

		Of man-made textile materials

		Of other textile materials

			Of silk, of waste silk other than noil, of synthetic fibres, of yarn of heading|5605|or of textile materials containing metal threads

			Of other textile materials

			Of man-made textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of man-made textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of man-made textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of man-made textile materials

			Of other textile materials

		Of other man-made textile materials

		Of other textile materials

		Of man-made textile materials

		Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

		Terry towelling and similar woven terry fabrics, of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

	Labels, badges and similar articles of textile materials, in the piece, in strips or cut to shape or size, not embroidered

			Of other textile materials

	Quilted textile products in the piece, composed of one or more layers of textile materials assembled with padding by stitching or otherwise, other than embroidery of heading|5810

				Knitted or woven fabrics, coated or covered on one side with artificial plastic material in which are embedded microspheres

				Knitted or woven fabrics, coated or covered on one side with artificial plastic material in which are embedded microspheres

					Knitted or woven fabrics, coated or covered on one side with artificial plastic material in which are embedded microspheres

		Consisting of parallel yarns, fixed on a backing of any material

	Textile hosepiping and similar textile tubing, with or without lining, armour or accessories of other materials

		Of other textile materials

	Transmission or conveyor belts or belting, of textile material, whether or not impregnated, coated, covered or laminated with plastics, or reinforced with metal or other material

		Textile fabrics, felt and felt-lined woven fabrics, coated, covered or laminated with rubber, leather or other material, of a kind used for card clothing, and similar fabrics of a kind used for other technical purposes, including narrow fabrics made of velvet impregnated with rubber, for covering weaving spindles (weaving beams)

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

				Parts of equipment for the purification of water by reverse osmosis, consisting essentially of plastic-based membranes, supported internally by woven or non-woven textile materials which are wound round a perforated tube, and enclosed in a cylindrical plastic casing of a wall-thickness of not more than 4|mm, whether or not housed in a cylinder of a wall-thickness of 5|mm or more

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

	Babies' garments and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

	Other made-up clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted; knitted or crocheted parts of garments or of clothing accessories

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

	Babies' garments and clothing accessories

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Industrial and occupational clothing

				Industrial and occupational clothing

			Of other textile materials

				Aprons, overalls, smock-overalls and other industrial and occupational clothing (whether or not also suitable for domestic use)

				Aprons, overalls, smock-overalls and other industrial and occupational clothing (whether or not also suitable for domestic use)

			Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

		Of other textile materials

	Other made-up clothing accessories; parts of garments or of clothing accessories, other than those of heading|6212

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

				Of other textile materials

			Not knitted or crocheted, of other textile materials

		Of man-made textile materials

		Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

			Of other textile materials

	Worn clothing and other worn articles

	Used or new rags, scrap twine, cordage, rope and cables and worn-out articles of twine, cordage, rope or cables, of textile materials

	Footwear with outer soles of rubber, plastics, leather or composition leather and uppers of textile materials

		With uppers of textile materials

			With outer soles of other materials

			With outer soles of other materials

			Of other materials

	Hat-shapes, plaited or made by assembling strips of any material, neither blocked to shape, nor with made brims, nor lined, nor trimmed

	Hats and other headgear, plaited or made by assembling strips of any material, whether or not lined or trimmed

	Hats and other headgear, knitted or crocheted, or made up from lace, felt or other textile fabric, in the piece (but not in strips), whether or not lined or trimmed; hairnets of any material, whether or not lined or trimmed

			Of other materials

			Of other materials

				With a cover of woven textile materials

		Of other materials

	Human hair, dressed, thinned, bleached or otherwise worked; wool or other animal hair or other textile materials, prepared for use in making wigs or the like

	Wigs, false beards, eyebrows and eyelashes, switches and the like, of human or animal hair or of textile materials; articles of human hair not elsewhere specified or included

		Of synthetic textile materials

		Of other materials

	Millstones, grindstones, grinding wheels and the like, without frameworks, for grinding, sharpening, polishing, trueing or cutting, hand sharpening or polishing stones, and parts thereof, of natural stone, of agglomerated natural or artificial abrasives, or of ceramics, with or without parts of other materials

					Of other materials

	Natural or artificial abrasive powder or grain, on a base of textile material, of paper, of paperboard or of other materials, whether or not cut to shape or sewn or otherwise made up

		On a base of other materials

	Slag-wool, rock-wool and similar mineral wools; exfoliated vermiculite, expanded clays, foamed slag and similar expanded mineral materials; mixtures and articles of heat-insulating, sound-insulating or sound-absorbing mineral materials, other than those of heading|6811|or 6812|or of Chapter|69

		Exfoliated vermiculite, expanded clays, foamed slag and similar expanded mineral materials (including intermixtures thereof)

	Articles of asphalt or of similar material (for example, petroleum bitumen or coal tar pitch)

	Fabricated asbestos fibres; mixtures with a basis of asbestos or with a basis of asbestos and magnesium carbonate; articles of such mixtures or of asbestos (for example, thread, woven fabric, clothing, headgear, footwear, gaskets), whether or not reinforced, other than goods of heading|6811|or 6813

			Clothing, clothing accessories, footwear and headgear

	Friction material and articles thereof (for example, sheets, rolls, strips, segments, discs, washers, pads), not mounted, for brakes, for clutches or the like, with a basis of asbestos, of other mineral substances or of cellulose, whether or not combined with textile or other materials

					Friction material, of a thickness of less than 20|mm, not mounted, for use in the manufacture of friction components

	Worked mica and articles of mica, including agglomerated or reconstituted mica, whether or not on a support of paper, paperboard or other materials

				Silicon carbide reactor tubes and holders, of a kind used for insertion into diffusion and oxidation furnaces for production of semiconductor materials

	Glass of heading|7003, 7004|or 7005, bent, edge-worked, engraved, drilled, enamelled or otherwise worked, but not framed or fitted with other materials

					Rovings, measuring 650|tex or more but not more than 2|500|tex, coated with a layer of polyurethane whether or not mixed with other materials

					Rovings, measuring 650|tex or more but not more than 2|500|tex, coated with a layer of polyurethane whether or not mixed with other materials

		Quartz reactor tubes and holders designed for insertion into diffusion and oxidation furnaces for production of semiconductor materials

						Of non-alloy steel, painted, varnished or coated with plastics on at least one side, excluding so-called 'sandwich panels' of a kind used for building applications and consisting of two outer metal sheets with a stabilising core of insulation material sandwiched between them, and excluding those products with a final coating of zinc-dust (a zinc-rich paint, containing by weight 70% or more of zinc) and excluding products with a substrate with a metallic coating of chromium or tin

					Of non-alloy steel, painted, varnished or coated with plastics on at least one side, excluding so-called 'sandwich panels' of a kind used for building applications and consisting of two outer metal sheets with a stabilising core of insulation material sandwiched between them, and excluding those products with a final coating of zinc-dust (a zinc-rich paint, containing by weight 70% or more of zinc)

					Painted, varnished or coated with plastics on at least one side, excluding so-called "sandwich panels" of a kind used for building applications and consisting of two outer metal sheets with a stabilising core of insulation material sandwiched between them, excluding those products with a final coating of zinc-dust (a zinc-rich paint, containing by weight 70% or more of zinc) and excluding products with a substrate with a metallic coating of chromium or tin

						Painted, varnished or coated with plastics on at least one side, excluding so-called "sandwich panels" of a kind used for building applications and consisting of two outer metal sheets with a stabilising core of insulation material sandwiched between them, excluding those products with a final coating of zinc-dust (a zinc-rich paint, containing by weight 70% or more of zinc) and excluding products with a substrate with a metallic coating of chromium or tin

	Railway or tramway track construction material of iron or steel, the following: rails, check-rails and rack rails, switch blades, crossing frogs, point rods and other crossing pieces, sleepers (cross-ties), fish-plates, chairs, chair wedges, sole plates (base plates), rail clips, bedplates, ties and other material specialised for jointing or fixing rails

	Reservoirs, tanks, vats and similar containers for any material (other than compressed or liquefied gas), of iron or steel, of a capacity exceeding 300|l, whether or not lined or heat-insulated, but not fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment

	Tanks, casks, drums, cans, boxes and similar containers, for any material (other than compressed or liquefied gas), of iron or steel, of a capacity not exceeding 300|l, whether or not lined or heat-insulated, but not fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment

									With not more than 18 wires, of non-alloy steel, containing by weight 0,6% or more of carbon, excluding galvanised (but not with any further coating material) seven wire strands in which the diameter of the central wire is identical or less than 3% greater than the diameter of any of the 6 other wires

									With not more than 18 wires, of non-alloy steel, containing by weight 0,6% or more of carbon, excluding galvanised (but not with any further coating material) seven wire strands in which the diameter of the central wire is identical or less than 3% greater than the diameter of any of the 6 other wires

	Nails, tacks, drawing pins, corrugated nails, staples (other than those of heading|8305) and similar articles, of iron or steel, whether or not with heads of other material, but excluding such articles with heads of copper

					For fixing railway track construction material

					Iron and steel weights   -|whether or not with parts of other material   -|whether or not with parts of other metals   -|whether or not surface treated   -|whether or not printed of a kind used for the production of remote controls

	Copper foil (whether or not printed or backed with paper, paperboard, plastics or similar backing materials) of a thickness (excluding any backing) not exceeding 0,15|mm

						Disc (target) with deposition material, consisting of molybdenum silicide:   -|containing 1mg/kg or less of sodium and   -|mounted on a copper or aluminium support

					Bars and rods of aluminium alloys containing by weight :   -|0,25|%|or more but not more than 7|% of zinc, and   -|1|% or more but not more than 3|% of magnesium, and   -|1|% or more but not more than 5|% of copper, and   -|not more than 1|% of manganese consistent with the material specifications AMS QQ-A-225, of a kind used in aerospace industry (inter alia conforming NADCAP and AS9100) and obtained by rolling mill process

				Wire of aluminium alloys containing by weight:   -|0,10|% or more but not more than 5|% of copper, and   -|0,2|% or more but not more than 6|% of magnesium, and   -|0,10|% or more but not more than 7|% of zinc, and   -|not more than 1|% of manganese consistent with the material specifications AMS QQ-A-430, of a kind used in aerospace industry (inter alia conforming|NADCAP|and AS9100) | and obtained by rolling mill process

	Aluminium foil (whether or not printed or backed with paper, paperboard, plastics or similar backing materials) of a thickness (excluding any backing) not exceeding 0,2|mm

	Aluminium reservoirs, tanks, vats and similar containers, for any material (other than compressed or liquefied gas), of a capacity exceeding 300|litres, whether or not lined or heat-insulated, but not fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment

	Aluminium casks, drums, cans, boxes and similar containers (including rigid or collapsible tubular containers), for any material (other than compressed or liquefied gas), of a capacity not exceeding 300|litres, whether or not lined or heat-insulated, but not fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment

						Disc (target) with deposition material, consisting of molybdenum silicide:   -|containing 1mg/kg or less of sodium and   -|mounted on a copper or aluminium support

		Containers with an anti-radiation lead covering, for the transport or storage of radioactive materials

			Bars or wires made of cobalt alloy containing, by weight :   -|35|% (± 2|%) cobalt,   -|25|% (± 1|%)|nickel,   -|19|% (± 1|%) chromium and   -|7|% (± 2|%) iron conforming to the material specifications AMS 5842, of a kind used in the aerospace industry

				For working other materials

			With working part of other materials

			With working part of other materials

						Of other materials

			With working part of other materials

				Of other materials

				Of other materials

			With working part of other materials

					Of other materials

	Clasps, frames with clasps, buckles, buckle-clasps, hooks, eyes, eyelets and the like, of base metal, of a kind used for clothing, footwear, awnings, handbags, travel goods or other made-up articles, tubular or bifurcated rivets, of base metal; beads and spangles of base metal

	Wire, rods, tubes, plates, electrodes and similar products, of base metal or of metal carbides, coated or cored with flux material, of a kind used for soldering, brazing, welding or deposition of metal or of metal carbides; wire and rods, of agglomerated base metal powder, used for metal spraying

						Cross-flow fan, with;  						 -|a height of 575|mm (± 1,0|mm) or more, but not more than 850|mm (±|1,0|mm),  						 -|a diameter of 95mm (± 0,6|mm) or 102|mm (± 0,6|mm),  						 -|an anti-static, anti-bacterial and heat-resistant, 30|% glass fibre reinforced plastic raw material that has a minimum temperature resistance of 70°C (±5°C),for use in the manufacture of indoor units of split-type air conditioning machines

			Cross-flow fan, with;  						 -|a height of 575|mm (± 1,0|mm) or more, but not more than 850|mm (±|1,0|mm),  						 -|a diameter of 95mm (± 0,6|mm) or 102|mm (± 0,6|mm),  						 -|an anti-static, anti-bacterial and heat-resistant, 30|% glass fibre reinforced plastic raw material that has a minimum temperature resistance of 70°C (±5°C),for use in the manufacture of indoor units of split-type air conditioning machines

	Machinery, plant or laboratory equipment, whether or not electrically heated (excluding furnaces, ovens and other equipment of heading|8514), for the treatment of materials by a process involving a change of temperature such as heating, cooking, roasting, distilling, rectifying, sterilising, pasteurising, steaming, drying, evaporating, vaporising, condensing or cooling, other than machinery or plant of a kind used for domestic purposes; instantaneous or storage water heaters, non-electric

					Parts of equipment, for the purification of water by reverse osmosis, consisting of a bundle of hollow fibres of artificial plastic material with permeable walls, embedded in a block of artificial plastic material at one end and passing through a block of artificial plastic material at the other end, whether or not housed in a cylinder

					Parts of equipment for the purification of water by reverse osmosis, consisting essentially of plastic-based membranes, supported internally by woven or non-woven textile materials which are wound round a perforated tube, and enclosed in a cylindrical plastic casing of a wall-thickness of not more than 4|mm, whether or not housed in a cylinder of a wall-thickness of 5|mm or more

		Constant weight scales and scales for discharging a predetermined weight of material into a bag or container, including hopper scales

			For bulk materials

		Other continuous-action elevators and conveyors, for goods or materials

	Machinery for making pulp of fibrous cellulosic material or for making or finishing paper or paperboard

		Machinery for making pulp of fibrous cellulosic material

			Of machinery for making pulp of fibrous cellulosic material

				For printing textile materials

	Machines for extruding, drawing, texturing or cutting man-made textile materials

	Auxiliary machinery for use with machines of heading|8444, 8445, 8446|or 8447|(for example, dobbies, jacquards, automatic stop motions, shuttle changing mechanisms); parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the machines of this heading or of heading|8444, 8445, 8446|or 8447|(for example, spindles and spindle flyers, card clothing, combs, extruding nipples, shuttles, healds and heald-frames, hosiery needles)

			Card clothing

			Of machines for preparing textile fibres, other than card clothing

	Machine tools for working any material by removal of material, by laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic, electrodischarge, electrochemical, electron beam, ionic-beam or plasma arc processes; water-jet cutting machines

	Other machine tools for working metal or cermets, without removing material

	Machine tools for working stone, ceramics, concrete, asbestos-cement or like mineral materials or for cold working glass

	Machine tools (including machines for nailing, stapling, glueing or otherwise assembling) for working wood, cork, bone, hard rubber, hard plastics or similar hard materials

	Machinery for sorting, screening, separating, washing, crushing, grinding, mixing or kneading earth, stone, ores or other mineral substances, in solid (including powder or paste) form; machinery for agglomerating, shaping or moulding solid mineral fuels, ceramic paste, unhardened cements, plastering materials or other mineral products in powder or paste form; machines for forming foundry moulds of sand

	Machinery for working rubber or plastics or for the manufacture of products from these materials, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter

		Presses for the manufacture of particle board or fibre building board of wood or other ligneous materials and other machinery for treating wood or cork

	Moulding boxes for metal foundry; mould bases; moulding patterns; moulds for metal (other than ingot moulds), metal carbides, glass, mineral materials, rubber or plastics

		Moulds for mineral materials

	Gaskets and similar joints of metal sheeting combined with other material or of two or more layers of metal; sets or assortments of gaskets and similar joints, dissimilar in composition, put up in pouches, envelopes or similar packings; mechanical seals

		Gaskets and similar joints of metal sheeting combined with other material or of two or more layers of metal

	Industrial or laboratory electric furnaces and ovens (including those functioning by induction or dielectric loss); other industrial or laboratory equipment for the heat treatment of materials by induction or dielectric loss

		Other equipment for the heat treatment of materials by induction or dielectric loss

	Electric instantaneous or storage water heaters and immersion heaters; electric space-heating apparatus and soil-heating apparatus; electrothermic hairdressing apparatus (for example, hairdryers, hair curlers, curling tong heaters) and hand dryers; electric smoothing irons; other electrothermic appliances of a kind used for domestic purposes; electric heating resistors, other than those of heading|8545

		Electric smoothing irons

					Assembly for television cameras of dimensions of not more than 10|mm|!x!|15|mm|!x!|18|mm, comprising an image sensor, an objective and a color processor, having an image resolution of not more than 1024|!x!|1280|pixels, whether or not fitted with cable and/or housing, for the manufacture of goods of subheading 8517|12|00

					Assembly for cameras used in computer notebooks of dimensions not exceeding 15|x|25|x|25|mm, comprising an image sensor, an objective and a color processor, having an image resolution not exceeding 1600|x|1200|pixel, whether or not fitted with cable and/or housing, whether or not mounted on a base and containing a LED chip

					Cameras using MIPI electrical interface with:   -|an image sensor,   -|an objective (lens),   -|a colour processor,   -|a flexible printed circuit board or a printed circuit board,   -|whether or not capable of receiving audio signals,   -|a module dimension of not more than 15mm x 15mm x 15mm ,   -|a resolution of 2|mega pixel or more (1616*1232|pixels and higher),   -|whether or not wired, and   -|a housing for use in the manufacture of products falling within subheading 8517|12|00|or 8471|30|00

					Of other materials

						OLED modules, consisting of one or more TFT glass or plastic cells, containing organic material, not combined with touch screen facilities|and one or more printed circuit boards with control electronics for pixel addressing, of a kind used in the manufacture of TV sets and monitors

				Printed circuit board in the form of plates consisting of isolating material with electrical connections and solder points, for use in the manufacture of back light units for LCD modules

	Electrical insulators of any material

	Insulating fittings for electrical machines, appliances or equipment, being fittings wholly of insulating material apart from any minor components of metal (for example, threaded sockets) incorporated during moulding solely for purposes of assembly, other than insulators of heading|8546; electrical conduit tubing and joints therefor, of base metal lined with insulating material

				Specially designed for the transport of highly radioactive materials

		Containers with an anti-radiation lead covering, for the transport of radioactive materials

				Specially designed for the transport of highly radioactive materials

				Specially designed for the transport of highly radioactive materials

				Specially designed for the transport of highly radioactive materials

				Specially designed for the transport of highly radioactive materials

				Specially designed for the transport of highly radioactive materials

					Non-asbestos organic brake pads with friction material mounted to the band steel back plate for use in the manufacture of goods of Chapter 87

				Specially designed for the transport of highly radioactive materials

				Specially designed for the transport of highly radioactive materials

				Specially designed for the transport of highly radioactive materials

	Optical fibres and optical fibre bundles; optical fibre cables other than those of heading|8544; sheets and plates of polarising material; lenses (including contact lenses), prisms, mirrors and other optical elements, of any material, unmounted, other than such elements of glass not optically worked

		Sheets and plates of polarising material

			Material consisting of a polarising film, whether or not on rolls, supported on one or both sides by transparent material, whether or not with an adhesive layer, covered on one side or on both sides with a release film

		Spectacle lenses of other materials

			Unmounted optical elements made from moulded infrared transmitting chalcogenide glass, or a combination of infrared transmitting chalcogenide glass and another lens material

			Rod of neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminium garnet (YAG) material, polished at both ends

	Lenses, prisms, mirrors and other optical elements, of any material, mounted, being parts of or fittings for instruments or apparatus, other than such elements of glass not optically worked

			Mounted lenses made from infrared transmitting chalcogenide glass, or a combination of infrared transmitting chalcogenide glass and another lens material

			Of other materials

				Of other materials

				Electronic semiconductor micro-mirror in a housing suitable for the automatic printing of conductor boards, mainly consisting of a combination of:   -|one or more monolithic application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC),   -|one or more microelectromechanical sensor elements (MEMS) manufactured with semiconductor technology, with mechanical components arranged in three-dimensional structures on the semiconductor material of a kind used for incorporation into products of Chapters 84-90|and 95

				Electronic compass, as a geomagnetic sensor, in a housing (e.g. CSWLP, LGA, SOIC) suitable for fully automated printed circuit board (PCB) assembly,|with the following main components:   -|a combination of one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and   -|one or more micro‑electromechanical sensors (MEMS) manufactured with semiconductor technology, with mechanical components arranged in three-dimensional structures on the semiconductor material, of a kind used in the manufacture of products falling in chapters 84-90|and 94

	Other breathing appliances and gas masks, excluding protective masks having neither mechanical parts nor replaceable filters

		Breathing appliances and gas masks (excluding parts thereof), for use in civil aircraft

				Of other materials

	Machines and appliances for testing the hardness, strength, compressibility, elasticity or other mechanical properties of materials (for example, metals, wood, textiles, paper, plastics)

						Electronic barometric semiconductor pressure sensor in a housing, mainly consisting of   -|a combination of one or more monolithic application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and   -|at least one or more microelectromechanical sensor elements (MEMS) manufactured with semiconductor technology, with mechanical components arranged in three-dimensional structures on the semiconductor material

						Electronic semiconductor sensor for measuring at least two of the following quantities:   -|Atmospheric pressure, temperature, (also for temperature compensation), humidity, or volatile organic compounds,   -|in a housing suitable for the automatic printing of conductor boards or Bare Die technology, containing :   -|one or more monolithic application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC),   -|one or more microelectromechanical sensor elements (MEMS) manufactured with semiconductor technology, with mechanical components arranged in three-dimensional structures on the semiconductor material, of a kind used for incorporation into products of Chapters 84-90|and 95

					Apparatus for performing measurements of the physical properties of semiconductor materials or of LCD substrates or associated insulating and conducting layers during the semiconductor wafer production process or the LCD production process

					Electronic semiconductor accelerometer in a housing, mainly consisting of   -|a combination of one or more monolithic application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and   -|one or more microelectromechanical sensor elements (MEMS) manufactured with semiconductor technology, with mechanical components arranged in three-dimensional structures on the semiconductor material of a kind used for incorporation|into products under chapter 84|- 90|and 95

					Electronic semiconductor sensor for measuring acceleration and/or angular rate:   -|whether or not in combination with a magnetic field sensor;   -|in a housing suitable for the automatic printing of conductor boards or Bare Die technology, |containing:   -|one or more monolithic application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC),   -|one or more microelectromechanical sensor elements (MEMS) manufactured with semiconductor technology, with mechanical components arranged in three-dimensional structures on the semiconductor material,   -|whether or not with an integrated microcontroller of a kind used for incorporation into products of Chapters 84-90|and 95

					Combined electronic acceleration- and geomagnetic sensor, in a housing suitable for the automatic printing of conductor boards, mainly consisting of a combination of:   -|one or more monolithic application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and   -|one or more microelectromechanical sensor elements (MEMS) manufactured with semiconductor technology, with mechanical components arranged in three-dimensional structures on the semiconductor material, of a kind used for incorporation into products under chapter 84-90|and 95

			Of textile materials

		Seats of cane, osier, bamboo or similar materials

		Furniture of other materials, including cane, osier, bamboo or similar materials

			Of other materials

	Mattress supports; articles of bedding and similar furnishing (for example, mattresses, quilts, eiderdowns, cushions, pouffes and pillows) fitted with springs or stuffed or internally fitted with any material or of cellular rubber or plastics, whether or not covered

			Of other materials

			Of plastics or of ceramic materials

			Of other materials

			Of plastics or of ceramic materials

			Of other materials

						Electric light assembly of synthetic material containing 3|fluorescent tubes (RBG) of a diameter of 3,0|mm (±0,2|mm), of a length of 420|mm (±1|mm) or more but not more than 600|mm (±1|mm), for the manufacture of goods of heading 8528

				Of other materials

			Of other materials

			Of other materials

			Of other materials

			Of other materials

			Of other materials

	Worked ivory, bone, tortoiseshell, horn, antlers, coral, mother-of-pearl and other animal carving material, and articles of these materials (including articles obtained by moulding)

	Worked vegetable or mineral carving material and articles of these materials; moulded or carved articles of wax, of stearin, of natural gums or natural resins or of modelling pastes, and other moulded or carved articles, not elsewhere specified or included; worked, unhardened gelatin (except gelatin of heading|3503) and articles of unhardened gelatin

		Brooms and brushes, consisting of twigs or other vegetable materials bound together, with or without handles

			Of plastics, not covered with textile material

			Of base metal, not covered with textile material

	Sanitary towels (pads) and tampons, napkins and napkin liners for babies, and similar articles, of any material

		Of wadding of textile materials

		Of other textile materials

		Of other materials

					Of other materials

					Of other materials

					Of other materials

					Of other materials

					Of other materials

	Original sculptures and statuary, in any material

		The following goods, other than those mentioned above: - Trousseaux and household effects belonging to a person transferring his or her normal place of residence on the occasion of his or her marriage; personal property acquired by inheritance; - School outfits, educational materials and related household effects; - Coffins containing bodies, funerary urns containing the ashes of deceased persons and ornamental funerary articles; - Goods for charitable or philanthropic organisations and goods for the benefit of disaster victims.


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1240-bartholomeusbook-16_full-text.txt
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beautie & ornament therof in special. Of things, y t beautifie y e earth, some be

clene without soule & without feeling, as all thing that groweth vnder the

A.B.C. the things that be gendered in the earth, & in the veines thereof.

it breaketh not, but sennye things is washed away & wasted, & grauell & sand

a Smithes stone, which is good for all the foresayde things, as Constantine

stone, by burning & hardning of heate: for an vnctuous thing is meane

betwéene a gleymie, and vapo∣ratiue thing that passeth out of things, in

breathing or smoking. And the thing that is vnctuous hath moisture in it selfe,

of mettall blase the more, if they be shined with other light. Therfore things

mettall, nothing is more sad in substaunce, or more better compact than golde:

and cou∣lour of other mettall. Also among met∣tall is nothing so effectuall in

of thrée things, * of powder, of winde, and of moy∣sture: for if any héreof comebetweene golde and siluer, they may not be ioyned together, the one with the

things, and maye not be dissolued, & that is for great drines of earth, that

melteth not on a plaine thing, & therfore it clea∣ueth not to the thing y t it

toucheth, as doth y e thing y t is watry. The substance therof is white, & that is

Also it hath whitenes of medling of aire with y e foresaid things.

may to nothing be meddeled, but it be first quenched, and it is quenched with

therewith: and quicke siluer passeth out by euaporation is séething & in

as Christall, but it passeth neuer the quantitie of a walnut. Nothing

things are, that ought to be more set by: but farre fet, & déere bought, is

the liuer, and against fighthings and sobbings, and a∣gainst bolkinges, and

hath this propertie, that it serueth ano∣ther thing in whet•ing, and wasteth

worketh none other thing, but what cold thing may do. Huc vsque Isi. li. 16.

things that be put therin, be séene cléerly inough. That chri∣stall materially is

héerof Arist. telleth y e cause in li. Meth. Ther he saith, y e stony things of

water, but for it hath more of drines of earth then things that melt, therefore

y e stone that hateth and is squeimous of the thing that is ouercome with death,

vadeth, changeth times of things. Isidore sayth these wordes libro. 16. Brasse

mens sight in those thinges that they worke, as the foresayde stone doth: and

ma∣keth a man that heareth it not bée séene. In many other things thie stone is

lesse, or mel∣teth awaye? And if a thing entereth into the stone, why is it that

that thing that entereth, putteth not againe that thing y t goeth out, but as

Sunne, firie beames some out there∣of. And if thou doest this stone in seethingwater, the seething thereof ceaseth, & the water cooleth soone, as Isidore sayth,

nothing so soone as of mans bloud, if it be ••ointeb therewith. Yron hath

more néedfull to men in many things then vse of golde: though couetous men

made thinne and sharpe and couenable to cut all thing the more easily. Sinder

thing that leapeth away from y e fire with heating, and hath vertue to make dry

of things be gendred and come of clots, as Gregory saith, su ∣ per illum locum.

name is like therto in colour; and equall ther∣to in manie things, though it be

many things that shall befall, as Isidore say∣eth.

griefes, and from noyous things and ve∣nemous, and cureth and healeth

called Numidicum, & breedeth in Numidia, and maketh a thing that is froted

oyntments. Ouer all things we maye wonder, that Marble stones be not hew∣edneither clouen with yron neither with steele, with hammer nor with sawe, as

whirle winde as Beda sayth. Powder beaten, sheweth the kinde of the thing that

that all gréene things is bitter. In no hearbes nor in precious stone is more

gréene coulour a∣bateth not in the Sunne in any manner wise. Nothing

images and shapes of things that be nigh thereto, and hath of gifte of kinde &

as vermilion is highest. This stone only taketh nothing of the substaunce of the

of veines of brim∣stone. And nothing is so soone set a fire as Brimstone, and

it hath this name Salt of the Sun: for no∣thing is more profitable then the Sunne

hardneth and drieth things, and kéepeth and saueth dead bodies from rotting:

certain things, as Aucien sayth. Salt hath these ver∣tues and many moe, that

And in treasurye of kings, nothing is more cleere nor more precious then this


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1240-bartholomeusbook-10_full-text.txt
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Nowe wée shall treate of the neather and materiall creatures, of the propertyes of

Elementes, and of those things that bée compounded there∣of.

¶Matter and fourme bée princi∣palles of all bodilye things, as it is sayde in libro

but destruction of all thing: and matter contrarye to vnitye and vnlyke thereto, as

beginning of distinc∣tion, and of diuersitie, and of mul∣typlyeng, and of thinges

gendered: as it is said in Septimo Meta ∣ phisice. For thing that gendereth, and

thing y t is gendered be not diuerse but touching matter. And therefore where a

thing is gendered without matter, the thing that gendereth, and the thing that is

things, as Aristotle sayth 4. Me ∣ taphisice: the departing and dealing of speciall in

singular things is by matter, and not by forme, as it is sayde. 10. Me ∣ taphisice:

Also matter of naturall things, is matter that maye bée endlesse béeing, because

formes of things, that be corruptible and genderable, may suf∣ficiently and at full

thing that wor∣keth and commeth into the matter, and corrupteth and destroyeth

as it wer light giuing to al things fayrenesse, being, and signe and token. And

thing is diuerse from another, as hée sayth. And some forme is essentiall and

it perfect: and accordeth therewith to the perfection of some thing. And when

Forma is bad, then the thing hath his béeing. And when Forma is destroied,

no∣thing of the substaunce of the thing is found: Therfore in Philosophie it is

accidentalis is not the perfection of things, nor giueth, them being, as it is said,

nothing: and silence is knowen, if no sound be heard, as Calcidi ∣ us saith super

that we sée things that be made. And so nothing is more common and generall

then matter: and neuerthelesse nothing is more vnknowne then is mat∣ter: for

In thinges that haue matter, is not intellect. Neuerthe∣lesse I affirme not, that

certeine, that the substance of them in comparison to bodi∣ly things, is most

whether it bée Angel or mans soule, pas∣seth without comparison all materiall

sad∣der, & dimmer, than the other twaine, & more materiall, & haue more of

bodely things, and is next the spirituall kinde: and thereby it is shewed, that it

is most vnlike to other things. And fire is in all things, & custometh to giue it

self into al things, & is not remoued out of all thinges. But yet it is priuy & hid,

wor∣king, moueable, giuing it selfe some deale to all thing that commeth him

nigh, and moueth all things that be partners with him, and reneweth all thing,

betwéene séene things and vnséene. In∣asmuch as he nigheth to nether thinges,

called mouable and mightie of all things: for in fire is the head & ver∣tue of

mouing, for he moueth himselfe and other, and is not moued by thinges that be

lower than he. Also he hath kind more cléere than other neather things:

therefore it is sayd, that he brightneth, for he brighteneth all things with his

mouing of his owne vertue, he entreth and thirleth all things without

resistaunce and let: and so fire hath vertue to make himselfe and other things

himselfe, he sheweth other things that be present, and presenteth co∣lours,

openly discréete and distinguished. Also fire hath vertue to drawe nether things

of re∣newing: for all things were aged, and olde, and fayle, if they be not kept

fayleth. And he is called renewer of all things, & war∣den of kinde: For without

vertue of chaunging: For hée ouercommeth all things, that he worketh in, and

for when that thing is which he work∣eth is spent and wasted, he withdraw∣eth,

all meddeled bodies, for in all things, hée is closed and vnséene, though he

cannot bée séene indéede closed in all things: & this is knowen, for of froting

di∣stance of the other, is perceiued nothing at all. Therefore Philosophers define

the thing that is kindered, and commeth by by 〈◊〉 into a sharpe shape, as it

giueth bright beames all about. Flame: lighteneth darke things, and sheweth

things that he hid, and ma∣keth them knowen, & sheweth the way to wayfaring

Therefore be mooueth round about, and kindeleth things that he toucheth, do

one part is soone broken from ano∣ther: For in his substaunce is nothing founde

quēched, or sooner, so that therin is nothing found nor séene of fire, and that is

and berayeth all thing that he toucheth. Also fire of a cole hath most sharpe

nothing of them but ashes. By temperate blast of wind, spar∣kles he kindled,

vpward, by y e force of other things.¶Of ashes called Cinis. Cap. 10.

more barren, and more vile and vnséemely in all things.


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350-gaius-julius_polyhistor_translation-preface.txt
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with many meruailous things and strange antiquities, seruing for the benefitt and recreation of all sorts of

description of Countries, the maners of the people: with many meruailous things

Iulius Solinus florish∣ed. which thing I beleeue to haue happened because the

as the barbarous na¦tions made hauock of all things. I maruel that the cōpiler of

neuerthelesse in wryting these things, hee desireth hys freendePage  [unnumbered]

notwithstanding it is apparant, that Plinie borowed many thinges out of him into

name of Plinie, haue filched so manie thinges out of him. They that haue written

other things of thē, report that in al the nūbers of Volumes which eche of thē

word for word attributed all things to themselues? No mā doubteth but that Aulus

pro¦ceedeth out of most allowable Authors, & hecha∣lengeth nothing for his

that nothing hath continued vntouched to

trueth of thinges, to such Authors as hee hath followed in this worke. Neither is itto be vpbraided to Solinus as a shame, that hee hath euery where followed Plinie,

men consi∣der not, that such are wont to be called Apes, as ey∣ther repeate things

copies, the things that are disalowed, as though they had beene well allowed:

slightlie ouerpassing such things as by further aduise haue beene ad∣ded for the

purposed vppon at the be∣ginning, (that is to say, A collection of things woorthy

remembrance) should be abolished vvith the rest of those thinges that I haue

further of frō thinges knowne, and to make longer tariance in things more strange.

Also I haue interlaced many thinges some what differing (but not disagreeing)

from the matter, to the intent that (if nothing els, yet at leastwyse) the varietie it

natures of men and other lyuing things. And not a few things are added

are diuers thinges worthy to be in∣treated of, which to passe ouer, I thought had

most allowed wryters, which thing inespecially I would your wysedome shoulde

questi∣ons, inasmuch as certayne things were builded there long before the time

béeing not content, as he attempted the conquest of those thinges that were come

preferred in all thinges.

Whyle thinges stoode in this case, and that the manner of adding was sometime

thinges, we may thinke our selues beholding to the raigne of Au ∣ gustus, * who was

thinges of the same sort.

hanging ouer mens heades, were shewed before by tokens nothing doubt∣full. For

burthen in Aegypt: * which thing in that Country is not so great a wonder,

Or inasmuch as we are minded to make a note of thinges woorthy to be

laughed, was surna∣med * Agelastos. Among other great thinges y • were in

Croton is reported to haue doone all thinges aboue the reache of Mans power. Of

bastarde of an Aethiopian, al∣though there were nothing in her resembling her

his Grandfather. But this is the lesse wonder, if wee consider those thinges that

A Fysherman of Sicill was likened to the Pro∣consull Sura (besides other things,)

indéed. Thoranius plea¦santlie auouched, that that thing was chiefely to be

thing of all hys possessi∣ons, that he did sette more store by.

thinges doone in auncient time, which auouch the assurednesse of the trueth,

by his name. The same thing did Lucius Scipio * amōg the people of Rome. But

it hath béene often séene, * that nothing may easiler be perished by feare, by

successinelie one after another. * Surely thys was counted a great thing in thosedayes, when eloquence was had in chiefe estimation both of God and manne. For

was founde to séede him with the milke of her breasts: which thing consecrated

Of Italy and the prayse therof: and of many peculiar thinges that are founde

found that thing which the diligence of former Authors hath not preuented, for the

thinges that haue béene least beaten, and slightly to trauell through those thinges

know¦ledge: who among other great thinges, warned the Lesbians that they

should loose the dominion of y • Sea, many yéeres before the thing came to passe.

There (to the intent we may note thinges heere and there by the way) are the

there is Formy inhabited somtime by the Lestrigones, and many other thinges

Among other thinges woorthy of remembraunce, * this is famous and notably

their auncestors, they vnder∣stand that venemous thinges ought to stande in awe

he no vse of voice to doo it withall. I passe ouer manie thinges willingly

cast theyr eye vpon anie thing by chaunce, they forget what they are in dooing,

congeale into the hardnesse of a precious stone. Which thing that the Linxes

it draweth vnto it thinges that bee néere at hande, it qualifieth the gréefe of the

are such as we sée on Trées, for the most part halfe a foote long, but seldome tobee found of a foote long. Of them are carued many prety things to were about

and there∣fore whatsoeuer is made thereof, is counted among those thinges that

but there. And that thing alone might séeme woorthy to bée recorded, though

there were not other thinges beside not méete to bee omitted. They are in fashion

But how farre should I steppe aside, if delaying the chiefe thinges, I should of a

of Corsica in wryting, haue moste exquisitlie comprised it to the full, and nothing

Country of Corsi ∣ ca, (which is a peculiar thing to that land) doth onely bring

fastening it selfe vnto se∣uerall substances, that it cleaueth to the thinges that it is

beareth the name of the Sardine Sea. Sicill therefore. * (which thing is firste and

fishing, is numbred among the notable thinges. * The third is prooued to bee holie

the d•uice of Man, it is next those thinges that are iudged to be the best: sa∣uing

Ryuer Herbesus séething vp suddainlye in the mids of the streame, becommeth

any man whom it toucheth. but sheweth it selfe to be none other thing then the

many thinges. For which con∣sideration the Ring of King Pyrrhus * that made war

thinges worthy to be re∣counted in them: and of the Nature of Partriches.

and as the thing was doone indéede. Moreouer, y • very time expressed there,

victor at the gaming in Sicill) a•oucheth the selfe same thing to haue béene doone.

it. In this part of the world we finde this thing not vnwor∣thy to be mentioned

Harpe, (for it cannot séeme likely that anie such thing should be doone) but for

nothing differing in wonderful∣nesse. If shéepe drinke of the one, theyr fléeces

Athens. * This is peculiar to the Partriches of Bae ∣ otia. For such things as are

mar¦uell howe it should be kept in huggermugger. For the thinges that are to bee

able to reache therunt•. Neither is there any thing in anie Land vnder Heauen, that

water neuer attained when y • flood ouerwhel∣med all thinges els with woozie

shelles of Fishes are left behinde, and many o∣ther things which are cast vppe by

out of Asia, the hundreth and one and thirty Olympiad, who abolishing the things

because the wals thereof haue béene so often taken. For among other thinges: that

Of Creta, and of many other thinges pertay∣ning thereunto.

I canne, in buttelling it out, to the intent that nothing may hang in vncertain¦tie. It

Besides these, there be many moe of y e Circle Iles, but y • things that are chiefly

tooke hys name of the mis-fortune of the man. In Samos * nothing is more notable

Macedonie, * which thing (not without cause) men haue noted for a won∣der,

straunge things to be won¦dred at. First and formost, the Seas bréede not anie

thing swifter or nimbler then them: insomuch as oft∣times in their leaping vpp, *

men. I wold be l••he to vouch this thing, but y • it is registred in y e wrytings of

this thing was not doon by y e peoples hands only, for Flaui ∣ anus y e Proconsul of

left side: which thing they are thought to doo, because they sée better wyth the

wherein are Fyshes of excellent taste, without any bones, hauing nothing but very

differ nothing in cruelnesse from the most outragious of all. But the * Albanes

These things are peculiar to y • dogs of Albanie: * the rest are common to all

eye canne beholde nothing more pleasaunt, nor nothing more wholesome than

may sée throgh them, if béeing rounde they caste theyr colour vpon the things

Vndrye thinges that haue béene reported of the Hyperboreans had béen but

a fable and a flying tale if y e thinges that haue come from thence vnto vs hadde

of the Antipodes, and our Easte, which thing reason reprooueth, considering what

nothing is so long but they passe it ouer in short time: nothing is gone so farre

stande vp, they heare verie lightly, and when they bée down, they heare nothing

Of the Germaine Iles, the greatest is Scandinauia, but there is nothing in it great

the estimation and value of the Eme ∣ rawd, it is of colour a faint gréene. Nothing

with Uines and Orchyardes, and blessed with store of all things for the behoofe of

and giue one thing for another, prouiding things necessary, rather by exchaunge

nothing of hys own, but taketh of euery mans. Hee is bounde to equitie by

he •earneth Iustice by pouertie, as who may haue nothing porper or peculiar to

nothing but sand and bare Rocks. From the Orcades vnto Thule is fyue dayes and

pow∣er, rubbe it till it be warme, and it holdeth such things

doo those Nations cou•t any thing almost to be a greater token of patience, then y •

things, whatsoeuer is cost∣lie of price, or necessary to be occupyed. If yee séeke

became ours. Nothing is in it idle, nothing barraine. Whatsoeuer grounde is not

there is no∣thing worth the noting saue the name onely. * Ebu ∣ sus, one of the Iles

called the Cretish sea. The same gull of waters wrything hys side first into the

considering the s•perfluitie thereof: and it is euident y • many things haue béene

nothing in it to pro∣long the memoriall of antiquitie with, sauing a fewe Trées like

hundred, fourescore and sixtéene myles together, is nothing but woods full of

swallowe stones, and loue aboue all things to feede of Dates. Most of all things

they shunne the sauour of a Mouse: and they wyl not eate of anie thing that Mise

They séeke nothing so much as the eyes of thē, which alonelie they know may be

The things that they bring forth are little lumps of flesh, of colour white, without

eyes. And (by reason of the hastie comming foorth before it be ripe) it is no∣thing

for the Combes, and they snatch at nothing more gréedilie then at hon∣nie. If they

stones, of monstrous kindes of creatures, and of other notable thinges of that

them. When they themselues pur•ue any thing, they further their pace with

wondrous things are reported of it. Firste that it haunteth shep∣heards cotages, and

prophesie of thinges to come. But what lyuing thing soeuer a Hyene compasseth

so as they are lighter of hearing, then of séeing any thing. As concerning the

Psylls haue left nothing whereby to be remembred, * sauing onely theyr bare

not expedient to omit any thing, wherein the pro∣uidence of nature is to be séene. *

hard matter, but so bring them out of the Country is a rare thing. For they liue not

•old a day times and hote a night times, one while sée∣thing like water on the fire,

y • selfe same veynes. It is a meruailous thing to be spoken of, y • in so short a

that felt it in the day, would beléeue it were none other thing then a winters

a∣boue the ground, and all things are chauffed with hys rayes, the water thereof is

of liuing thinges, it floweth ouer at y • same times, and returneth againe with his

Dogheades. The Syrbots * are lazie things of a 12. foote long. The Asaches * take

of al things that may be chewed, and all things that grow vnse•t. There be also

deuise to imprint or engraue any thing in it: and whatsoe∣uer is beautifull in it, is

apéede as they can, they cast them hearbes stée∣ped in thinges that haue as much

y • whē he hideth himself, he becōmeth like vnto the thing y • he is next vnto,

whither it be a quarrie of white stone, or a groue of gréene trées, or what thing

The same thing also dooth the Fyshe Polypus in the Sea, * and the * Chameleons on

it is the easier for them to resem¦ble things next vnto them, because of theyr thin

bird hath nothing of a horse but his eares. So is also the Tragop, a byrde bigger

thicknes, is nothing sette by. But it is gathered by the priestes, who make sacrifice

Sunne, which if it bee rightlie deuided, taketh fire a∣lone. Among these things that

mouth, it becommeth col∣der. And for ingrauing it is nothing méete, because it

VVonderfull things of the nations of Lybia, and of the stone called Hexacontaly thos.

affirmed that they dreame not, and that they vtterlie abstaine from all thinges

thinges to come: grounding their argument héerevp∣pon, that at y • battell of

vntill it fal into the Sea, it keepeth the name of Nyle. Among all the thinges that

misticallie name bryde Chambers. Hee giueth mani∣fest foretokens of things to

mooued with some spirit, they tell of things to come. Once in a yéere a Cowe is

may stande betwéene his chappes. * Which thing the Enhydre (which is a kynd of

to her young ones in her nest: by meanes whereof the increase of hurtfull thinges

cleane contrary to the na¦ture of all other woods, moistnes maketh it dry. TheDate trée of Egypt, * is also a thing worthy to bee spo∣ken of, properly it is called

height of any thing that can be made by mans hand: and for asmuch as they passe

drink none other thing then the liquor thereof. That it was not vnworthelie

but (which is a strange thing among barbarous nations) they goe by right of

openly at Rome. The thing is regystred in Chronicles. The measure of thē also is

water. This Lake hath no lyuing thing in it, nothing can drowne in it. Buls and

Thus time without minde (a wonderfull thing to bée spoken) the nation

woods kéepe theyr reputa∣tion still, and the high groues of Date trées are no∣thing

thys stone by the eye, it is of the colour of Myrrhe, and hath nothing that may

differeth nothing from yron: but like a makebate, wheresoeuer it is brought in, it

in olde time, it is cleane contrarye from the state of thinges present. And

after the originall of his name. Among other thinges, there was also the noble

a Ualley wyth a Well in it not far from thence, which beareth marks of the thing

wyth twinckling. Moreouer, he beholdeth thinges not wyth rolling the bals of his

to doo no kind of thing wyth all: for he neyther eateth meate, nor is nourished

sustenaunce. Hys colour is variable, and euerie moment chaungable: so that towhat thing so euer he leaneth himselfe, hee becommeth of the same colour. Two

the great Theatre beare witnes y • they haue a delight in pleasant thinges. For

of Oyntments, which thing afterward opened first the gappe of excesse vnto the

among other things, this al∣so is verie difficult: that y e stones on eache side which

they bid for the things laid downe, vtter theyr owne wares, but by not ours.

those things that himselfe hadde seene wyth hys eyes. Dennys also (who in

likewise was by king Phi ∣ ladelphus sent to sée whither those things were true or

neyther to kill anie lyuing thing, nor to eate anie flesh. Some eate only fish, & liue

wyth their flesh, which thing in that Countrey is not counted a wyckednesse, but a

secrete thinges, and standing all day long vppon the scalding sande, nowe on the

firme •ande to séeke fee∣ding. And the selfe same thing is a good argument to

beare hornes plyable to what purpose they liste, so hard hyded, that nothing is

forslowe hym, nor anie thing so broade that can let him of hys way. * There are

yeeres old, he learneth the things that are taught him more spéedilie, and beareth

of those thinges that haue respect to profit. Now will shewe howe many and what

holdeth part of the wax still, as it were some liuelie thing shold byte it. The

sun setting on their left. * Wherefore as there is nothing for men to obserue

he sent Ambassa∣dours to vs, * of whom the chiefe was Rachias, by whō all things

depo∣sed. For aboue all thinges this is most straightly ob∣serued, that the

thinges: yea euen communication wyth any manne is denyed him after he is cast. *

to the qualitie of the thing they haue glutted in, such is the disposition of the

thing cōmonly knowne that Lollia Paulina, the wy•e of the Emperour Caius, had

from the Iland Tapro¦bane let vs returne back to Inde: for the thinges of In ∣ de are

not able to be come vnto by any liuing creature: for it killeth all lyuing things that

kind of men that liue by nothing els but by the flesh of Tortoyles, rugged and

casteth vppe monstrous beastes vppon the land, which lying styll there androtting, infect all thinges wyth an horrible stinche, and therefore the qualitie of


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the terms, and accounts of the things signify’d thereby, in the several arts, both liberal and

preparations, and uses, of things natural and artificial: the rise, progress, and state of things

Piece, in which the Figures are well disposed. The when he composes a part, he thinks of nothing

When he composes a Part, he thinks of nothing

say, the design afresh, has nothing to do, but to

Design a-fresh, has nothing to do but raise the placed in certain of the little squares formed by the

Dots, placed in certain of the little Squares, form’d or outlines, of the figures, or things intended to be

Pencil, in Indian Ink, or some other Liquor: And thing, in which there must be a diversity; in as

sometimes the Design is colour’d, that is, Colours much as every thing has its peculiar character to

Grand Work. representation of an object according to its

the distance of the eye from the model, or object;

drawing; for Fear of stinting and confining their thing as designing with strict justness, but by

adjust the Bigness of their Figures to the visual objects be seen at one view, whose rays meet in a

Angle, and the Distance of the Eye, from the Model point; that the eye and object be always conceived

their Contours in great Pieces, without taking the eye, object, and picture, be at a just distance,

Drawing the Appearance of natural Objects, by drawing the appearance of natural objects, by

mathematics, makes the object of perspective.

Mechanical method of DESIGNING objects.

Frame, A B D C, (Tab. Perspective Fig. 9.) and towards the object or objects to be designed, so as

design’d, so as that the Whole thereof may be seen pen and ink draw every thing on the glass, as you

through a Dioptra, or Sight G H, fix’d thereto. see it appear thereon: or the outlines of the objects

the object are traced out by a crayon, formed of

of squares; and the objects, thus seen through the

moved up and down on the outlines of any object.

up and down, over the outlines of the object, and

shape of the object so traced.

designing objects,” referred to by Chambers as Fig. 9,

1784, but was most likely adapted from material in


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Clothing: Our Extended Skin

here as a reminder that things seem to be changing.

sought by advertisers for specific products, will be "a good thing" is a

He noted in dismay that "seventy-five per cent of your material is

everything. The mark of our time is its revulsion against imposed

patterns. We are suddenly eager to have things and people declare

things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be

It speaks, and yet says nothing.In Othello, which, as much as King Lear, is concerned with the

Of some such thing?

Nothing is that doesn't act,

this or that impure, toxic material, he looked at me with

nothing in the Sarnoff statement that will bear scrutiny, for it ignores

General Sarnoffthat any technology could do anything but add itself

of causality in a mere sequence. That one thing follows another

accounts for nothing. Nothing follows from following, except change.

sequence by making things instant. With instant speed the causes of

things began to emerge to awareness again, as they had not done

with things in sequence and in concatenation accordingly. Instead of

The whole of society, so to speak isfounded upon a single fact; everything springs from a simple

has only to find the center and everything is revealed at a glance.

nothing to do with literacy or with the cultural forms of typography.

Everything seemed cut off at its root and therefore

message of Hitler. But their failure was as nothing compared to our

Consequently, he had nothing to report. Had his methods been

the lives of children or adults, he could have found out nothing of the

even though he could understand nothing of it. Just to be in the

ishment is relishable, whereas other things that cannot be

1953). Much of his material appeared in an article in Psychiatry

concepts for which nothing has prepared them is the normal action

cubism substitutes all facets of an object simultaneously for the

message of Hitler. But their failure was as nothing compared to our

Consequently, he had nothing to report. Had his methods been

the lives of children or adults, he could have found out nothing of the

even though he could understand nothing of it. Just to be in the

ishment is relishable, whereas other things that cannot be

that we have begun to know something about maintaining

The principle that during the stages of their development all things

ancient doctrine. Interest in the power of things to reverse

"Waal, you'll never catch me in one of those durn things."

kind of material will serve any kind of need or function, forcing the

hitching posts, and colonial kitchen-ware as cultural objects.) Just as

He who boasts of what he will do succeeds in nothing;

He who is proud of his work achieves nothing that endures.

fascinated by any extension of themselves in any material other than

convey any idea that Narcissus fell inlove with anything he regarded as himself. Obviously he would have

That is why we must, to use them at all, serve these objects, these

our skins, as much as housing and clothing. More even than the

rages in our society and our psyches alike. "To the blind all things

notified that there is anything to observe.

trouble to scrutinize their action. We can, if we choose, think things

industrial technology as the basis of class liberation, nothing could

form of the thing or documentary novel. It is the poets and painters

1962) trills: There's Nothing Like a Best Seller to Set Hollywood

it is also possible to store and to translate everything; and, as for

possible to use anything for fuel or fabric or building material, so with

means translated or carried across from one kind of material form

automation when all things are translatable into anything else that is

Find tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,Sermons in stones, and good in every thing.

were one can play back the materials of the natural world in a variety

place. Something translate. Something print." (Boorstin, 141)

getting at one thing through another, of handling and sensing many

discovery. Namely, the technique of starting with the thing to be

desired object. In the arts this meant starting with the effect and then

This is a very different thing from the numbing or narcotic effect of

Uncertainty in the strivings of the soul is something which does

things; I am ashamed to use them."

position to do something about it? If there were even a remote

everything as well as possible."

model of the real thing.

breathing--a fact that makes sense of the urge to keep radio and TV

company as a monopoly. Something like this has already happened

massive work forces available for processing material were soldiers

insofar as the survival of many material objects of the past does not

tackling of all things and operations one-bit-at-a-time. This is the

intelligence would have remained totally involved in the objects of its

the feet and the body. It enables them to move from thing to thing

to learn to do this wondrous thing myself.

touchy subject. It is true that there is more material written and

materials as brick and stone, insured for the scribal caste a

the tribal web. This fact has nothing to do with the content of the

disposed to object that we have purchased our structure of specialist

yet there is nothing lineal or sequential about the total field of

acceptable to say that something "follows" from something, as if

literate West have long been in the form of things in sequence and

for exchange and for the increasing movement of raw material and

raw material supply.

the same thing, new invention. So that even though the city was

living space. Before Roman literate bureaucracy, nothing

material to speed commerce or even education. It was paper from

War is never anything less than accelerated technological change. It

an extension and separation of our most neutral and objective sense,

touch. Perhaps touch is not just skin contact with things, but the very

life of things in the mind? The Greeks had the notion of a consensus

of physical things, and with the necessary causes of things, much as

science has tended until recent times to reduce all objects to

nothing of Jung and Freud, the nonliterate and even antiliterate

responsible for the habit of seeing all things as continuous and

Functions and abstract relations. "The most valuable thing in

essence of all things perceptible to the senses. Defining number as

the measurement of something near and corporeal."

never occurred to him that the ratio among corporeal things could

components of experience, and is not something added to such

profiles of the statisticians there is the frankly expressed object of

more than one in Western attire. Clothing as an extension of our skin

less food, he may also demand more sex. Yet neither clothing nor

Clothing, as an extension of the skin, can be seen both as a

In these respects, clothing and housing are near twins, though

clothing is both nearer and elder; for housing extends the inner

heat-control mechanisms of our organism, whileclothing is a more direct extension of the outer surface of the body.

rich, courtly attire in favor of simpler materials. That was the time

This is precisely the message that the new simple clothing of our

Revolution. Clothing was then a nonverbal manifesto of political

to recognize clothing as an extension of the skin. In the age of the

clothing and in housing. Meantime, in both new attire and new

awareness of materials and colors which makes ours one of the

If clothing is an extension of our private skins to store and channel

object. A square moves beyond such kinetic pressures to enclose

extend the body's heat-control mechanism. Clothing tackles the

than socially. Both clothing and housing store warmth and energy

control is the key factor in housing, as well as in clothing. The

Once housing is seen as group (or corporate) clothing and heat

not see himself as becoming something. He does not envisage

distant goals and objectives. He has deeply involvedin his own world from day to day, and can establish no beachhead in

Clothing and housing, as extensions of skin and heat-control

principle of these media of clothing and housing; namely, their

Ferenczi, in particular, calls money "nothing other than odorless

were avid for tobacco. Since the supply was small, objects of high

Money always retains something of its commodity and community

with the development of the power to let go of objects. It gives the

other hand is extended in demand toward the object which is desired

in exchange. The first hand lets go as soon as the second object is

them; they regard it as a thing dropped from heaven.

me begin to see things in a new light, and I could not help

"The important thing in today's world of fashion is to appear to be

part of us into various materials, any study of one medium helps us

clutches the material stuff. It has become a much more abstract

thing--just a standard of value; and it only keeps this nominal

exceptional powers of substituting one kind of thing for another.

one food or fuel or raw material. Clothes and furniture can now be

made from many different materials. Money, which had been for

work has been done to some material, if only in bringing it from a

distance. The object, then, stores work and information or technical

knowledge to the extent that something has been done to it. When

the one object is exchanged for another, it is already assuming the

function of money, as translator or reducer of multiple things to some

alphabet was one thing when applied to clay or stone, and quite

as something that happens between two points. From this

measurement of time extended itself across society, even clothing

pluralism of many kinds of things co-existing. "It is what happens

but think of each thing as making its own time and its own space.

pattern. Each object and each set of objects engenders its own

was denounced as the merging of all things in a flux. We now realize

tricity is not something that is conveyed by or contained in anything,

but is something that occurs when two or more bodies are in special

are certain spatial relations between things." The painter learns how

to adjust relations among things to release new perception, and the

imposing the same set of relations on every kind of object or group

of objects. Yet in the ancient world the only means of achieving

alteration of clothing styles, much in the same way that mass

being printed at all. When a thing is current, it creates currency;

furnace, speeded the melting of materials and the rise of smooth

maps in question had nothing in common with those of later design,

continuous was unknown to the medievalcartographer, whose efforts resembled modern nonobjective art.

some way not known to me at the time. The things that hurt

anything as inadequate as a map, he counseled. ... I under-

All the words in the world cannot describe an object like a bucket,

This inadequacy of words to convey visual information about objects

any particular moment in time, or aspect in space, of an object. The

its very low degree of data about objects, and the resulting high

identify spatial relations. Confronted with objects in sunshine, they

objects, and observer are experienced separately and regarded as

space was not homogeneous and did not contain objects. Each

thing made its own space, as it still does for the native (and equally

artists do not relate things. They often contrive the most complicated,

frustration. They couldn't crate what they had created.in the low definition world of the medieval woodcut, each object

objects cease to cohere in a space of their own making, and, instead,

brains so that they can do nothing about it." Their inability to help

there are things about America we can't kid."

scenes and themes of ordinary life as funny as anything in remote

The first comic books appeared in 1935. Not having anything

eighth-century illuminations. So, having noticed nothing about the

form, they could discern nothing of the contents, either. The

viscera of the young. To live and experience anything is to translate

Nothing could be farther from typographic culture with its "place for

everything and everything in its place."

whether it be clothing or the computer. An extension appears to be

to work on the archeological assumption that things need to be

Some might object that log-rolling is closer to the spindle operation of

another material, than it is to transfer any of the motions of external

objects into another material. To extend our bodily postures and

motions into new materials, by way of amplification, is a constant

powers to changing the forms of things by cultivation. Change to

sculpture today, provided the significant outline that had nothing to

"My, that's a fine child you have there!" Mother: "Oh, that's nothing.

everywhere and to interrelate things is well indicated in the Vogue

were objects. Eric von Stroheim did a great job with the monocle in

tend to turn people into things, and the photograph extends and

terms. Right side up is apparently something we feel but cannot see

culture induces in all of us. Nothing amuses the Eskimo more than

creation from nothing (ab-nihil), or even a reduction of creation to a

Likewise, the novelist could no longer describe objects or

General Motors, for example, know, or even suspect, anything about

normal now give a sharper sense of remote time than do objects of

yesterday's newspaper, than which nothing could be more

example. Thus the world itself becomes a sort of museum of objects

the originals of various objects in their own cases. In the same way,

something with which he has long been familiar, and take his own

involve an object in an aura of pseudo-values, as with a gem, a

There is nothing new or strange in a parochial preference for those

printing from movable types. "A place for everything and everything

Photography, by carrying the pictorial delineation of natural objects

self delineation of objects, of "statement without syntax," pho-

created new forms of arranging material for readers. As early as 1

A friend of mine who tried to teach something about the forms of

Media, men whoknow nothing about the form of any medium whatever. They imagine

beings to see or re-cognize their experience in a new material form

oftener)." Nothing could more plainly indicate the idea that news

was something outside and beyond the newspaper. Under such

and fictions alike. But the press is a daily action and fiction or thing

made, and it is made out of just about everything in the community.

events, many things began to happen. Advertising and promotion,

dress. Radio does nothing for this uniform visual unity so necessary

if he were a public something-or-other is going to get into the press.

usually the first to disappear. The changing relationbetween customer and shopkeeper is as nothing compared to the

hysterical than anything that could ever be printed. All the rhinos and

car as sex object, they have at last, in so doing, drawn attention to

less a sex object than the wheel or the hammer. What the motivation

about his 50,000,000 audience when TV struck. Something had

revolutionary period in marketing, as in everything else.

could a millionaire be anything but "middleclass" in America unless

taken as anything but a car, is to mistake the whole meaning of this

magnificent accumulations of material about the shared experience

remove the baby's rattle. This kind of copy has really nothing to do

American bathroom, kitchen, and car, like everything else, got the

process of integrating and interrelating that is anything but innocent.

equally adept at dodging, and hence are rarely hit by anything.The truly lethal part of this primitive warfare is not the formal

from the material pressures of routine and convention, observing and

a game of one-thing-at-a-time, fixed positions and visibly delegated

art accessible to many minds. Real interplay is reduced to nothing in

setting up diversity, achieved, if anything, too much unity. The British

material. Games, likewise, shift familiar experience into new forms,

giving the bleak and the blear side of thingssudden luminosity. The telephone companies make tapes of the

causes embarrassment. To take mere wordly things in dead earnest

mechanical age in order to explain the very unme-chanical thing,

TV quiz shows. For one thing, the big prize seemed to make fun of

organic, endowing each object with a kind of unified sensibility, as

everything except common sense. When it was first cast aloft,

Telstarwent into operation in August when almost nothing of importance

to say something, anything, on this miracle instrument. "It was a new

the British world. And yet nothing has been more misunderstood

Monthly in 1904, indicate a rich field of social material that still

uncommon thing in the typewriting booths at the Capitol in

of material energy into some new form, as trees into lumber or paper,

materials by assembly-line fragmentation of operations and

done anything but simply to his being known for being well known.

1904-"Phony implies that a thing so qualified has no more substance

of the call-girl. To the blind, all things are unexpected. The form and

"How about that?" Nothing could induce people to begin suddenly to

into a phonograph." Nothing could more dramatically express the

And is not a great industrial civilization able to produce anything in

Recording facilities did not presume to touch anything so subtle as

qualms about popular music and culture. Anything that is

consciousness of anything in particular.

upon a ghostly paradigm of things." This was the world that haunted

effect as sequential, as if one thing pushed another along by

space of the kitten or the boot. If such objects appear, they must be

objects from the uniform continuous space of typography we got

Nothing is more congenial to the film form than this pathos of

power.) Ideas presented as a sequence of shots ormaterialized situations, almost in the manner of a teaching machine

world. It seemed possible to achieve anything by the new

The last thing at night, the first thing in the morning,

phony. I suppose "phony" is something that resonates wrong, that

exposure to the material. Each was asked to fill in the same quiz

well above the radio group. Since nothing had been done to give

allowed full opportunity to do its stuff. For radio and TV, the material

A great many things will not work since the arrival of TV. Not only the

fact that it was the word 'virgin' that was objected to in The Moon Is

The mode of the TV image has nothing in common with film or photo,

in any sense, hut a ceaselessly forming contour of things limned by

rather than the isolated contact of skin and object.

effects --to say nothing of a new concern for complex effects in

film, it does not afford detailed information about objects. The

casual thing. And whereas a glossy photo the size of the TV screen

thing.

anything that offers humble involvement and deep commitment. It is

less homogenized set of materials to work with than even the

objects from out of their storied past. Many Americans will now

book culture into something else is manifested at that point.

features one-thing-at-a-time. It is a lineal, expansive game w hich, like

explosions of batters and pitchers in numerous games. Nothing

as something to look at. They are something to put on, like pants or

a TV generation that has to be with everything and has to dig things

grimaces of which indicate involvement in depth, but "nothing to say."

Clothing and styling in the past decade have gone so tactile and

imagery in clothing, hairdo, walk, and gesture.

multi-uses for rooms and things and objects, in a single word --the

McLuhan says --something like the shy young Sheriff --while

businessman, or any of a dozen other things all at the same time is

did, the TV viewer has nothing to fill in. He feels uncomfortable with

his TV image. He says uneasily, "There's something about the guy

a rich man or like a politician. He could have been anything from a

of forms of all kinds as nothing else can."

told that, once out of the sight of their governesses, the seething

by explaining that there is nothing difficult about Einstein's ideas, but

level of full visual effectiveness. Nothing could be further from the

sense of touch, all things are sudden, counter, original, spare,

or an object, a single phase or moment or aspect is separated from

person or object. By contrast, iconographic art uses the eye as we

many moments, phases, and aspects of the person or thing. Thus

TV's mosaic image. This change of attitude has nothing to do with

forgetting that anything said here may be used by one side or

of dealing with things one at a time. Such habits are quite crippling in

literate society thinks of its artificial visual bias as a thing natural and

historians, who have often tended to find that war produces nothing

skins, even as clothing is an extension of our individual skins. But

difficult and resistant materials by the latest technology, the speedy

Between the acting of a dreadful thing,

materials in continuous process of transformation at spatially

thing that "flows" like water through a wire, oris "contained" in a battery. Rather, the tendency is to speak of

"contained" in anything. Painters have long known that objects are

The same thing happens less superficially when the electric principle

almost any sort of material can be adapted to any sort of use. This

nonelectric media had merely hastened things a bit. The wheel, the

transformed itself into the object of desire. Automation brings us into

automation have nothing to do with ideologies or social programs. If

the entire industrial matrix of materials and services of a culture.

symphonists, since a player in a big orchestra can hear nothing of

stage of technology. As anything becomes more complex, it

settings of any kind, but rather certain general-purpose things like

all automation. From the point of intake of materials t0 the output of

that are themselves electronic. The material of intake is relatively

material of the output. But the processing under these conditions


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that followe the substaunce of bodely things, by the help & grace of our Lord,

Aristotle in li. Meth. saith, that colour is the vttermost part of a cléere thing in a

bodye that is determined, for the vtter part of a bode∣ly thing, that sight

mastrie of Elements in a bodye that is compouned: For when a cléere thing and

perfection of cléere things & bright, for it bringeth the kinde of cou∣lour that is

Therefore some men meane, that the reason of thinges séene, is rooted and

is not for the default of colour: but the default is in that thing, that should

that shineth without vpon things: for y e ver∣tue of the lyght of heauen commeth

vn∣seene into the inner parts of things, and gendreth colors by help of foure

A Cléere thing well termined, is the matter of colour, and that onelye or

namely thing that is moyst: for drye & earthie is not cléere, insomuch as it is

sayd in li. de generatione. Then such a cléere∣nesse hath thrée materiall

aire failing from y e airie moysture. Or els it is airy much chaunged by the thing

for cléerenesse, is a certaine condition of things that are séene, and then the

speaketh in libro. Meth. and saith, that in poores of things that burneth, is

worketh principally in moyst things, & that moyst things is cause of black

things, and also in fleumaticke humors: for though colde gathereth moist

harder it is to make it clere, and to take white co∣lour: for a dry thing is sadde

subtill and thin. And heate gathereth to∣gether things of one name & one kinde,

thicke, as in princi∣pall working and déede, for colde gathe∣reth both thinges of

one name and kinde, and also things of diuerse names and kinde.

things y t cold bréedeth soone white coulour, as in Snowe, and that is not so

thinges maketh whitenesse, brightnesse of light, and plentye thereof, &

sight, so that nothing is séene there through: as boystrousnesse, stones, trées,

that is séene within and without. But the same kinde of colour in some things is

many things bée of one coulour with∣out, and of another coulour within, as it

fareth in blacke Pepper, and in Apple graines. And many thinges dyeth and

coloureth things without, and not with∣in, as it fareth in painting. Also redde

knowen, that coulour is the vttermost parte of sight where cléere things bee, as

multiplication of coulour, in the space and place be∣tweene the thing that is

they bee not meane coulours: For no parte of a thing may be seene vnder the

and deeme of that thing that is seene. Also meane colour well proportioned

Also the coulour of that thing that is coloured, sheweth the complection therof

thinges white, and dry blacke, and heate maketh wet things blacke, and drye

shall be sayde héereafter. Also by the vtter coulour the inner qualities of things

singular parte, to speake plurall things, but not by the plurall part to speake

singular thinges, which is the cause that men be so pru∣dent in earthie matters,

grasse, hearbes, and other things that growe in earth: For first fruite is gréene

gendered in things that bée full hot, & commeth of the same cause, that is heat,

the skin commeth of inner things: sometime by hot humours, and sometime by

yeolow colour & diuers colour commeth of thinges that maketh white &

colour is, & the lesse medled with black, then y e materiall cause of white

nothing may be séene vnder the vttermost coulour: For the vtter∣most colours

And such coulour betokeneth diuerse things and contrary by diuersitie of the

such coulour is gendered in thinges that haue colde humour and thicke, as it

colour, but only to make mētion of those things that our fore fathers haue

STibiuiu is a fained colour made of Cerus, and of other things medde∣led

pictureth Images and likenes of things is called a Paynter. A picture is called

〈...〉 vpon 〈...〉 gorgeous cloathing. But if mann eye first saw •un•••• be seeth

vapour resolued of the sub∣stance of a thing: and is drawen and passeth by the

feeling to receiue prin∣ting of things that they feele, & to ••mo tyking therein,

Then Doour is the propertie of a thing that is perceiued and felt by sum•••• To

make odour perfect and knowen in the li•u• of smelling, foure things rea∣deth

Therefore smelling things that be pro∣portionate is kinde, helpeth it and

com∣forteth, and for the contrary cause stin•∣ing things anoyeth and grieued it.

Then fumositie that commeth of the substaunce of a thing is the mat∣ter of

of hea•d that is 〈...〉 in a thing, that beginneth to appear and in take corruption,

for this default that commeth of working of heate, all thing with small & odour

is accounted but 〈...〉 Authors. For many things be soide in substaunce, as it

And thereby the thing that is toasted, may be perfectly knowe, but is the line of

that may so perfectly know the kinde of a thing. Also for the thing y t is smelled

not so well the kinde of things, but all the thing that is tasted within and with

out is layd to the lim of tasting: there∣fore a thing is more verelyer knowen, by

qualitie of a thing, the which qualitie is perceiued and known by smelling, as

I ∣ saac saith: for of the thing that is smel∣led by working of heale commeth a

owne lykenesse, and putteth off stench and roised things, and maketh it

fish loueth good odour, and hate those things that stinke, and so doe Bees.

wormes and beasts haseth good odour, & those things that smell well. And so

STinking is vapour resolued, and commeth of corrupt things, and in∣fecteth the

spirite: for as Isaac saith, fumositie that commeth of a thing of man

for heauie odour, all such hot things is vnwholesome foode: but it grieueth lests

then stinking things and rotted, as Galen saith. And this is seene in fresh fish,

moysture, heauye odour is taken awaye by heat: & so by sorthing, flesh is

helpeth: for some stinking things be put in medicine, as Aloe, Gallianum,

stink∣ing medicine is occasion of out putting of stinking things, for when one

stink∣ing thing is taken, another stinking thing to put out therewith. Also stench

things wholsom∣ly done to the nosethrils, & well smelling to the neather partes:

one is not felt, for one stench swallow∣eth another. Of things with good smell

so sauour is knowen by taste: and is the propertie of a thing, and pro∣fereth it

sower, & lesse sower, and meane sower and werishnes. Two things make sower

liking in tempe∣ratenes, and so kinde vnto more liking in sweetnes than in otherSauors. Al∣so nothing is so temperate and so such according to the euen

ge∣neration of things: for temperate heat working in moysture, heateth and

medled with gleimie things and thicke, as it fareth in Daies: and is somtime

stopping, for superfluitie of sweet things is gleimed in the poores, fille sweete

things softeneth the members, & washeth, dryeth and cleanseth and nou∣risheth

softe, and draweth out and clean∣seth sweete things, and nourisheth lyttle by

thing, is among all sauoure, most plea∣sing to the taste, and freend to kinde,

and most lyke therto, and restoreth in the bo∣dy the thinge that is lost, and most

members: and no∣thing norisheth, that is not medled with sweetnesse, and so

〈◊◊〉 be contrarie things: and so sweet∣nesse is head and well of all lyking

things was ma∣ny euills in the body, for they be vnctu∣ous, and breede

c•••se, sworde things 〈...〉 appetite, for 〈...〉 of thicke substaunce they stil

nourisheth not, but by meanes of aire, & vnctuous things passe soone into

sub∣stance of aire: & so vnctuous things that haue more water, pertain lesse to

as it fareth of butter, but soone vnc∣tuous things grieue y e brest for drines & is

therein, as it fareth of oyle of note, for such haue not pere 〈...〉. All such things

& moderate heat, commeth mode∣rate boyling & seething of moysture and so

substaunce by heate. Salt things cleanseth and tem∣pereth and departeth

being so bitten, be moued to put out moysture y t is dissol∣ued. And salt things,

depart the fast super∣fluitie of moysture, and so they mo••fie. Also 〈...〉 things

grounded therein, and all bitter thinges 〈...〉 to the tast more then any other

things with simple sauour, for it maketh more the parting are dea∣ling, &

though other things haue lesse heate then sharpe things of sauour yet it maketh

& thros•ing. Also bitter thinges purgeth Cholera, for they be like therto in

complection: or for in Cholera be ma∣ny pores that take the bitter things that

maketh the Cholera fléeting and things and w••ing, and bringeth it out in that

wise. Also bitter things exciteth appetite, for it putteth out Cholera, that is also

gathered, as a thing that is light aboue the mouth of the stomacke, & feedleth

the appetite. And also thicknes of bitter things helpeth therto, for they hold

of k••h meat. Also better things vnstoppeth the 〈...〉 and the sauor, for with heatit ope∣neth the p••res, and dissolueth and bea∣reth downe the 〈...〉 that be

dissol∣ued with thicknes, & putteth them out Also bitter things be cōtrary to

they be made made 〈...〉ting & f〈...〉ting. Also bitter thinges saueth the vtter

things, for if they bee tempered with some licour, they haue those three, that

deepe in the thing, and lieth in thicke substance, and hardeneth the thing, &

greene the tast, yet it is more needfull to many other things then is sw••• things.

And thinne things with sharpe sa∣uour biteth, and be full hot and dry, and

Al such things fret and dissolue, for by qualitye and by substance it dissolueth

exciteth appetite in that wise. Also such biting things no∣rish but little, for of

sub∣staunce, and thereof commeth sowre sa∣uour. Sowre things make good

feeling. Also sowre things la•eth the full 〈...〉, But if the stomacke •• voide, it

findeth but lyttle moysture. And sowre things dryeth it with drynesse, and

bin∣deth it with colde. All such things ope∣neth stoppings of the splene, and of

by qualitie, but by subtill substance. Also such things greeueth the spirituall

drynesse in the third degree in the sub∣staunce that is thicke, and such thinges

for if sowrenesse wath sweete things and vnctuous cōmeth into y e pores, it

sowrish things exciteth appe∣tite, and lareth after meat, and the cause is, for

tast, for water is simple in com∣parison to the tongue, and taketh foure things in

not distemperately the first degree: Such wearish things be Courds, Citrone,

composition, for it worketh one wise in standing thinges, & other wise in

fleeting things: other wise in hearbes and trees, and other wise in men & in

thinges, and of bodies with soule and without soule: but of licours, in the

confect & made of diuerse things medled together. And those be simple that

kind of things, and name∣ly Galen, y e horne is vnprofitable meat, and greeuous

hot thing with honnie, therein is sharp∣nesse meddeled with sweetnesse. The

heere∣in knew much but not all thinges, and they are not wise y t will leane so

as Huguti ∣ on sayth. Also the Beare loueth honnie most of anye thing. And he

in colde y t seemeth not to wet things and tough And therefore seales the wet,

her things that be in darkness. For in the Taper be three things, the matter, &

the wike, and turneth them into his owne likenes: and things of diuers kinde

hot & more moist, & neere to the heat of bloud, & turneth soo∣ner vnto bloud.And as men of olde time tell, things y e turneth soonest into bloud, nourisheth

often it hap∣peneth, that thing which accordeth not to the throate, accordeth to

bo∣dy is not made, subtill therewith, as it is with other things that are subtill in

other things, that helpe in other maner, and tourneth them into worse

Of the vertues of diuers things, as humour and licour. Chap. 77.

IN humoures, licoures, and other things be certaine vertues, of whom some we

in diuers things, diuers manner of working is found, as the vertue of o∣pening,

the substaunce of a thing, and dissol∣ueth moysture that is 〈...〉ut thereto, and

proper∣ties, and medling of things gendred kind∣ly, either happely, as it is

and maketh softe in y t wise, other things that be softened by heate that hath

softneth such things, so that the parts cleaueth scarcely together in great

working of heate, as it fareth in waxe & in other things that melteth, for vertue

ver∣tues, but it worketh more strongly, and so some things that draw laxe also

Metheororum. For all that is earthye & cold rotteth later then the thing that is

hot, as Aristotle sayeth. Also the thing y t is hardned by colde, rotteth slowly, as

therefore it selfe to bée ouercome nor chaunging made against the thing that is

feruent. And all that moueth rotteth more slowly then that thing that moueth

heate that is therein, as the Commentour sai∣eth 〈...〉 things be grieuous to the

Serpents, and to wormes. And things that be dispo∣sed to rot, they rot y e sonner

if they touch a thing that is rotted, and corrupt and rotted members corrupteth

moyst thing hath moyst humour with∣in, and some without, as he saith. Some

eate, for in all thing what is di∣gest, is more swéete and farre more ly∣king then

vn∣cleane things, and he telleth, that these egges be good for Witches and euill

TO the foresaid propertyes of things, it séemeth mée good at last to set

to vnderstand of other numbers. And no∣thing we may know and learne

ac∣counts. Take away (as he sayth) num∣ber and tale, and all things be lost. Doe

knowen that nothing is knowen by the Science Mathematica, without number,

conteineth all vnder it selfe, and al things be therin, as in the taker, as he sayth

said, libro. 4. cap. •. And for asmuch as one is, y t well of al things, the more a

thing maketh to one and v∣nitie, the more it nigheth to veri••e and truth, as he

withholdeth al things, as it is sayd li. 5. cap. 31. One and vnitie is so praised

things, that is continuall and discreet, as Auicen sayth, lib. 3. ca. 1 Also one is

the which all things be reduct, bee they neuer so diuerse, for one is saide in

perfectnesse, for al particular things, which is perfect each in himselfe, be

and qualitie, as Snowe and Cerusa, and other white things. One in likenesse of

perfection, as is a circle. And one in matter, as all bodyly things. Bar ∣ nard

foure maner wise One is a vnity by assembling of diuers & distinct things, as

vnity, y e be∣ginning and end of all things maye be one, that is God, that is

Mar∣tires shall passe the ioye of consectoure, to that they be lyke other things.

Arethmetik passeth all other to helpe to knowe all thinges of kinde, of the

might of all reasonable things & of spiri∣tuall wits be distinguished. And the

all thing vsed coniunction of numbers both spirituall and corporall, both of

certeine maner kind 〈...〉ulation, fol∣lowing all things. For heauen is round• in shape, &

seemeth wonderfull in all things, and namely in numbers & in figures: Of other figures,

conteyneth all thing vnder an angle: For the highnesse

that commeth from the thing, y t is seene straight to the eye maketh Pirame: * of the

which the point is in the blacke of the eye, and the broad ende in the thing that is

spiritually taken, and spiritual things with corporal be accorded. Under these

Of measures of bodies. ca. 131.MEasure, as Isid. sayth, li. 16. cap. pe. is some thing in his manner meet, or his

mesure of body is as of mē, of trees, and of other bodily things in length and in

called measure, by whome fruit & corne & licuor, and other things moist and

Congiarium is speciallye a measure of fleeting things, & the Romanes ordeined

Metreta is a measure of fleeting things, & hath that name of this Greeke name,

Metron, & is a common name of al mea∣sures, that conteine fleeting things.

in the first day God made seuen manner things, matter & forme, light or fire,

instru∣ment. And the third day he made foure things, y e seas, séeds, hearbs, &

trées. The fourth daye he made three thinges, the Sunne, Moone, and Starres.

and man. And so. 21. manner things were made in sixe dayes. And 22.

33. pound .4. ounces, of Oyle 30. pound, of 〈...〉 50. pound. It is of our measurestandard, two gallons and a quart. Bee∣ing a measure of drye things, it is our

Bacus is a measure that holdeth 5•. Sextarius, & Batus is in fleeting things, as

Chorus and Ephi in drye things.

mysticall meaning : for euerye vessell in which things be kept that be measen,

Archa is a vessell and mesure, onely in the which things be put and kept out of

before. Batus is a measure of fleeting things, ordeined by y e law. Bachia is ame∣sure, ordained generaly to y e vse of wine. Calix is a certain porsion &

Curriferum, bering things that runneth, for wheate and other corne runneth ther

〈...〉 of some ashe••••ce thing, & light is closed therin, for the wind sh•ld not

Mola is a great bell déepe & round, & was so called, for all rounde things are

Quisquiliarium is a vessell or anye thing, in which coddes, huskes, or small

bur∣neth therein, and is a manner pan, in the which things be fryed with chéese,

other things that they need in the way.

things, which néedeth to houshold. Or hath y t name, for it is ofte made of rods

money is kept and other preuy things. Salinum is a saler, as Isidore saith.

propertie, that the light thing & vyle passeth out, and the heauie and cleanea∣bideth therein.

MEasure he sayeth, is all thing which hath 〈...〉 in w•ight, capacitie in length,

& sleight, they lesse nothing vnmeasured, from the most to the least. An inche

Vehiculum, a thing which beareth, for therein commeth and meeteth caria∣ges,

Isidore sayth, for the might of kinde giueth to all bodely things theyr owne

set∣teth all things in theyr owne place, for weight is not els, but receiuing a

thing toward his own place. Two things ma∣keth weight, lightnesse and

weight and heauinesse is all one: for things that moue down ward be called

weighty, for their heauinesse, and things that moue vpward, are called light

things: and so light and weight be diuided as contra∣ries. Therefore li. 15.

commonly, the thing in y e which a thing as wayed, is called a weight: and

somtime the thing that is weyed, & som∣time ma••ie things & heuy, by the

Also instruments in the which things be weighed, haue diuers names: For

as humorous, and talents, & small balan∣ces, for to weye small things and lyttle

standeth euen weyed by a thing y t bea∣reth it vp in the middle.

thing that is weighed is in the o∣ther, and the weight to rightfull, when both y e

Solide hath that name, for it seemeth that he lacketh nothing: and therefore men

in old time called a thing that was whole and vnbroken, Solidum & Totū. Also a

Talentum is accounted the greatest weyght among the Greekes for nothing is

sparpled by small and diuers breathing: the blind voyce stinteth soone, and is

which was most buste about such things. And so it was sayd, y t by y e same

neuertheles disposition of kindly things & proportion of numbers, as Boctius

ver∣tue of nūbers, thereby it may be proued, that those thinges which doe

stande by themselves, be rather in kind, then those things which be in

comparison to some other things. And the melody of Musick is taken & called

comprehended all things. And so then reuolue and consider heereof in thy

minde, that Musicke and harmonye ioyneth and accordeth diuerse thinges that

contrary workings: and diuersly mani∣festeth & sheweth, y e earthly things may

be ioyned in accord to heauenly things: & causeth & maketh glad & ioyfull

verse. 17. 18. 19. Giue thanks alwayes for all things vnto God, euen the Father,

7.8. Moreouer, thinges without lyfe which giue a sounde, whether it bee a Pipe

were vnder them spoken, which thing heereby he proueth to be st••e, be∣cause

abuse, and not the thing it selfe.

onelye, is adorned with nothing but vertue. Alexander the great loued Musicke,

thing of all, which passeth the abuse of Musicke, is, that as the Gentiles and

THis that we haue shortlye placed heere of accidents of kindly things, as of

small or simple, that be like to mee in Christ Those things of properties of

kindly things that be fully conceiued in minde, & treated in .19. parcells or

books, shall suffies to finde some reason of the likenesse of things, for which

holy writ vseth so ready likenesse & figures of kind, not in all things, & of the

bookes seeke and finde all the properties of thinges, of the which holy writ

Page  [unnumbered]and to haue knowledge of greater, higher, and more subtill things. I coun∣sell,


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CAP. VII. Of Italy and the prayse therof: and of many peculiar thinges that are foundetherein.

CAP. XI. Of the thyrd Coast of Europe: of the Countryes and places of Greece: of many thinges worthy to be re∣counted in them: and of the Nature of Partriches.

CAP. XV. Of Creta, and of many other thinges pertay∣ning thereunto.

CAP. XXXIX. Of Affrick, of Lyons, of the Hyene, of the sundry sorts of Serpents, of precious stones, of monstrous kindes of creatures, and of other notable thinges of that Countrey.

CAP. XLIII. VVonderfull things of the nations of Lybia, and of the stone called Hexacontaly thos.


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